Characteristics Analysis of Bio-Based Silica Extracted from  Sarawak Palm Oil Waste

Due to high production of palm oil, surplus quantities of palm oil wastes such as empty fruit bunches (EFB) and palm kernel shells (PKS) are generated. This study aims to analyze the characteristics of EFB and PKS ashes and their respective bio-silica content when combusted at different temperatures; 400°C, 600°C and 800°C. Several tests like weight loss, colour and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) analysis are conducted. EFB records higher weight loss compared to PKS for all combustion temperatures, thus implying less silica content compared to the later. Both wastes also show the highest weight loss at 99.20% and 98.51% respectively, when they are burnt at 800°C than those combusted at lower temperatures. This happens because more impurities evaporate at 800°C, thus resulting in greater relative amount of silica in the ash. Colour analysis shows that the whiteness of both EFB and PKS ashes are the highest when combustion occurs completely at 800°C, particularly at 71.56 and 42.40 respectively. Besides, FTIR analysis depicts distinct presence of Si-O and Si-O-Si functional groups in both EFB and PKS ashes for all temperatures. It is also shown that combustion at 400°C are insufficient to remove impurities like hydroxyl groups, CH2 components and organic compounds.

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Characteristics of calcined palm oil pastes for biosilica extraction as a function of calcination temperatures

Journal of Applied Research and Technology ◽

10.22201/icat.24486736e.2021.19.1.1489 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 19 (1) ◽

pp. 23-34

Author(s):

N. A. S. Abdul Samat ◽

U. Z. Kamarul Jaman ◽

S. Saree ◽

D. S. A. Mahmod ◽

J. C. H. Lai

Keyword(s):

Weight Loss ◽

Palm Oil ◽

Palm Kernel ◽

Silica Content ◽

High Porosity ◽

Color Analysis ◽

Palm Kernel Shell ◽

Calcination Temperatures ◽

Empty Fruit Bunches ◽

Bet Analysis

Palm oil production in Malaysia has increased over the years. As the consequence of high production of palm oil, surplus quantities of palm oil biomass wastes such as empty fruit bunches (EFB), palm kernel shell (PKS), and oil palm decanter cake (DC) are generated. Generally, these wastes are used as fuel to generate steam for boilers, which end up as ash. As several agricultural wastes are well-known to be rich in silica content, this study aims to investigate the bio-silica content of EFB, PKS and DC and their characteristics when calcined at various calcination temperatures from 400°C to 800°C. Several analyses were conducted such as weight loss, color, BET, SEM and FTIR. The results have shown that all samples favorably exhibited silica at higher temperatures, i.e., 800°C. Color analysis depicted that combustible elements were mostly removed at 800°C, leaving non-combusted silica in the waste ash. Weight loss analysis presented that EFB achieved the highest weight loss at 99.05%, followed by PKS at 95.65% and DC at 83.95%. This led to a relatively high amount or purity of silica in the sample. BET analysis showed highest surface area, 20.087m2/g (PKS) and the lowest is 9.492m2/g (DC) at 800°C which verified the high porosity of samples for further absorption applications. The presence of silica was also significantly observed in 800°C FTIR spectra for all waste samples. Overall, it is concluded that EFB, PKS, and DC are highly potential wastes to contribute to the production of bio-silica, which thus can be an option to overcome waste disposal issues in palm oil industries.

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PERCEPATAN PENGOMPOSAN TANDAN KOSONG KELAPA SAWIT (TKKS) DENGAN PEMBERIAN UREA (Acceleration Composting Empty Fruit Bunches (Efb) With The Application Of Urea)

AgriPeat ◽

10.36873/agp.v18i02.14 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 18 (02) ◽

pp. 113-124

Author(s):

Journal Journal

Keyword(s):

Weight Loss ◽

Water Content ◽

Palm Oil ◽

Organic N ◽

Empty Fruit Bunches ◽

Randomized Design ◽

Compost Application ◽

Completely Randomized Design ◽

Total P

ABSTRAK Kelapa sawit merupakan tanaman perkebunan yang memegang peranan penting dalam industri pangan. Luas perkebunan kelapa sawit di Indonesia pada tahun 2014 mencapai 10 juta Ha. Pertumbuhan yang pesat diikuti dengan produksi crude palm oil (CPO) dan palm karnel oil (PKO) yang juga meningkat, sekaligus produk sampingan berupa limbah. Salah satu limbah pabrik kelapa sawit yang jumlahnya besar adalah tandan kosong kelapa sawit (TKKS). Tandan kosong kelapa sawit merupakan limbah organik yang berpotensi dimanfaatkan dibidang pertanian. Akan tetapi, TKKS memiliki nilai C/N yang cukup tinggi, akibatnya sukar dan lama untuk terdekomposisi. Salah satu cara pemanfaatan TKKS adalah dengan dilakukan pengomposan dengan pengkayaan urea. Diharapkan dengan perlakuan tersebut TKKS akan cepat terdekomposisi dan dapat segera dimanfaatkan oleh tanaman. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk (1) mengetahui pengaruh pemberian urea terhadap pengomposan TKKS dan (2) mengetahui pengaruh peningkatan dosis urea terhadap kualitas kompos TKKS. Rancangan yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) faktor tunggal dengan 5 perlakuan, yaitu U1 (urea 0 g setara dengan nilai C/N=), U2 (urea 30,9 g setara dengan nilai C/N=), U3 (urea 79,3 g setara dengan nilai C/N=), U4 (urea 176,1 g setara dengan nilai C/N=) dan U5 (urea 466,3 g setara dengan C/N = ) dan 9 ulangan, sehingga diperoleh 45 satuan percobaan. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa pemberian urea berpengaruh sangat nyata terhadap susut bobot, kadar air, nilai pH kompos, C-organik, N-total, P-tersedia, dan nilai C/N, selain itu pemberian urea mengakibatkan terjadi perubahan tekstur dan warna pada kompos TKKS. Pemberian dosis urea 466,3 g mampu meningkatkan kandungan N-total, serta menurunkan nilai C/N dan nilai pH kompos. Pemberian dosis urea 79,3 g atau setara dengan C/N = mampu meningkatkan kandungan P-tersedia dan kadar air, menurunkan susut bobot dan kandungan C-organik, serta menunjukan perubahan tekstur dan warna yang lebih baik. Kata kunci: tanda kosongkelapa sawit (TKSS), kompos, urea ABSTRACT Empty fruit bunches (EFB) is a solid wastes produced in large quantity from palm oil industry. Empty fruit bunches can be used as compost material, additionally difficult to decompose because it contain cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin, as well as value of ratio C/N is high. Use EFB as compost material through the provision of urea has been done in this research. Urea are expected to reduce the value of ratio C/N and became a starter for microbial decomposers. The purpose of this research were (1) to determine the effect of urea on composting of EFB and (2) to determine the effect of increasing doses of urea to the quality of compost of EFB. This research was used a single factor of Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with 5 treatments, namely U1 (urea 0 g), U2 (urea 30,9 g), U3 (urea 79,3 g), U4 (urea 176,1 g), and U5 (urea 466,3 g), and 9 replications, until result 45 experimental units. The result showed that urea significant effect on weight loss, water content, value of pH compost, C-organic, N-total, P-available, and value of ratio C/N, besides urea resulted Widodoe, K. dkk Percepatan Pengomposan Tandan Kosong Kelapa Sawit…..…. 114 in a change in texture and color on the compost EFB. Application of urea 466,3 g was able to increase the content of N-total, reduce the value of ratio C/N and the value of pH compost. Application of urea 79,3 g can improve the content of P-available and water content, reduce the weight loss and the content of C-organic, and showed the changes in texture and color as better. Keywords: empty fruit bunches, compost, urea

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High Quality Solid Biofuel Briquette Production From Palm Oil Milling Solid Wastes

ASME 2009 3rd International Conference on Energy Sustainability, Volume 1 ◽

10.1115/es2009-90122 ◽

2009 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Abd Halim Shamsuddin ◽

Mohd Shahir Liew

Keyword(s):

Moisture Content ◽

Palm Oil ◽

Palm Kernel ◽

Calorific Value ◽

Solid Wastes ◽

Biomass Fuels ◽

High Quality ◽

Palm Kernel Shell ◽

Empty Fruit Bunches ◽

Solid Biofuel

Malaysia has about 4.2 million hectares of oil palm plantation. The palm oil milling industry has over 400 mills throughout the country with total milling capacity of 82 million tonnes fresh fruit bunches, FFB, per year. In 2003, the amount of FFB processed was 67 million tonnes, which generated solid wastes in the forms of empty fruit bunches, EFB (19.43 million tonnes), mesocarp fibres (12.07 million tonnes) and palm kernel shell (4.89 million tonnes). These wastes has moisture content of 60–70% for EFB and mesocarp fibre, and 34–40% for palm kernel shell, and calorific value of 5.0 – 18.0 Mj/kg. A processing technology was developed to process these low quality biomass fuels into high quality solid biofuel briquettes with moisture content in the range 8–12%. Depending on the formulations and the sources of the raw biomass, the final solid biofuel briquettes can have calorific values in the range of 18–25 Mj/kg. The production of the solid biofuel briquettes would be an attractive financial advantage for full exploitation of biomass fuels. Logistic problems due to the disperse nature of the biomass resources would significantly be addressed.

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Fluidization of palm kernel shell, palm oil fronds, and empty fruit bunches in a swirling fluidized bed gasifier

Particulate Science And Technology ◽

10.1080/02726351.2016.1139021 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 35 (2) ◽

pp. 150-157 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

M. Shahbaz ◽

S. Yusup ◽

M. Y. Naz ◽

S. A. Sulaiman ◽

A. Inayat ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fluidized Bed ◽

Palm Oil ◽

Palm Kernel ◽

Palm Kernel Shell ◽

Empty Fruit Bunches ◽

Fluidized Bed Gasifier

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COMPARISON ON ACOUSTIC PERFORMANCE BETWEEN DUST AND COIR FORM EMPTY FRUIT BUNCHES (EFB) AS SOUND ABSORPTION MATERIAL

Jurnal Teknologi ◽

10.11113/jt.v78.8280 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 78 (5) ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Emedya Murniwaty Samsudin ◽

Lokman Hakim Ismail ◽

Aeslina Abdul Kadir ◽

Sharifah Salwa Sayed Mokdar

Keyword(s):

Palm Oil ◽

High Frequency ◽

Sound Absorption ◽

Palm Kernel ◽

Low Frequency ◽

Raw Material ◽

High Frequency Region ◽

Sound Energy ◽

Empty Fruit Bunches ◽

Negative Effect

Positive growth in palm oil Industry resulting in large quantities of solid waste generation and created a major disposal problem to the country. Among the major solid wastes generated from oil palm manufacturing processed are empty fruit bunches (EFB), mesocarp fruit fibres (MF) and palm kernel shells (PKS). This study investigated the utilization of EFB as sound absorption material for noise control in building. The effect of different form of EFB (coir and dust) was investigated in three different thicknesses (6mm, 12mm and 18mm) to determine the maximum sound absorption coefficient (SAC) and optimum frequencies. All samples were tested using impedance tube at low and high frequencies guided by BS EN ISO 10534. Results shows that dust EFB samples absorbed more sound energy compared to coir EFB samples at both low and high frequency region. Maximum SAC obtained by 18mm thick dust EFB samples at low frequency is 0.6 at 1500Hz while at high frequency; the maximum absorption was also obtained by 18mm thick dust EFB samples with SAC value of 0.990 at 3750Hz. This result indicated that thicker samples absorbed more sound energy compared to thinner samples. Moreover, small particles fibers consequently create less pores to the samples with higher density and higher sound absorption. In conclusion, palm oil fibre is highly potential to be used as raw material for sound absorption material replacing synthetic materials since these fiber are renewable, cheaper, nonabrasive, abundance and give less negative effect to human health.

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Influence of Dolomite on the Mechanical Properties of Boiler Ash Geopolymer Paste

Key Engineering Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.594-595.8 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 594-595 ◽

pp. 8-12 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Y. Zarina ◽

Hussin Kamarudin ◽

Abdullah Mohd Mustafa Al Bakri ◽

I. Khairul Nizar ◽

A.R. Rafiza

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Compressive Strength ◽

Sodium Silicate ◽

Palm Oil ◽

Palm Kernel ◽

Empty Fruit Bunches ◽

Maximum Compressive Strength ◽

Solid Liquid ◽

Geopolymer Paste ◽

Boiler Ash

The waste material from palm oil industry has been increasing since Malaysia was the world largest exported of palm oil mill. The waste such as palm fibers, nut shells, palm kernel and empty fruit bunches are the solid waste the obtained from palm oil processing for oil extraction. When these wastes were incinerated, the waste from the burning process known as boiler ash was obtained at the lower compartment of the boiler. The production of boiler ash was estimated to be over 4 million tones/ year. This paper investigates the influence of dolomite on the mechanical properties of boiler ash based geopolymer pastes. The boiler ash was calcined at 800oC for 1 hour. After that, the dolomite was replaced in boiler ash at 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5% wt where the geopolymer samples were cured 80 oC. Sodium silicate and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) with concentration 12 Molar has been used as alkaline activator to synthesis the boiler ash to produce geopolymer paste. The ratio of solid/liquid and sodium silicate/NaOH was 1 and 2.5 for all geopolymer paste. The result showed the addition of dolomite has decrease the strength of boiler ash based geopolymer. The geopolymer sample without addition of dolomite showed the maximum compressive strength (19.4 MPa) at 28 days testing. Meanwhile the addition of 4% of dolomite into geopolymer paste has the maximum compressive strength (7.3 MPa) compared to others. Additions of dolomite into boiler ash based geopolymer have reduced the compressive strength at 28 days of testing.

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Extraction of Phenolic Compounds from Palm Oil Processing Residues and Their Application as Antioxidants

Food Technology and Biotechnology ◽

10.17113/ftb.57.01.19.5784 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 57 (1) ◽

pp. 29-38 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Erminda Tsouko ◽

Maria Alexandri ◽

Keysson Vieira Fernandes ◽

Denise Maria Guimarães Freire ◽

Athanasios Mallouchos ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Phenolic Compounds ◽

Palm Oil ◽

Sunflower Oil ◽

Phenolic Content ◽

Palm Kernel ◽

Total Phenolic ◽

Hydroxybenzoic Acid ◽

Solid Ratio ◽

Empty Fruit Bunches ◽

A Value

The side streams derived from the palm oil production process, namely palm kernel cake, palm pressed fibre, palm kernel shells and empty fruit bunches, were evaluated as sources of phenolic compounds. Among these streams, kernel cake had the highest total phenolic content (in mg of gallic acid equivalents (GAE) per g of dry sample) with a value of 5.19, whereas the empty fruit bunches had the lowest value (1.79). The extraction time and liquid-to-solid ratio were investigated to optimize the phenolic extraction. Kernel cake exhibited the highest total phenolic content (5.35 mg/g) with a liquid-to-solid ratio of 40:1 during 20 min of extraction. The main phenolic compounds of the extracts deriving from all byproduct streams were also identified and quantified with HPLC-DAD. Pyrogallol, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, gallic acid and ferulic acid were the main compounds found in kernel cake extracts. Empty fruit bunch and pressed fibre extracts were also rich in 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, while pyrogallol was the predominant compound in kernel shell extracts. All extracts showed antioxidant activity as it was indicated from the results of DPPH analysis and subsequently tested in sunflower oil aiming to prolong its shelf life. The addition of 0.8 % kernel cake extract increased the induction time of sunflower oil more than 50 %. According to the results obtained in this study, kernel cake extracts could be considered as a value-added co-product with a potential application as antioxidants in the food industry.

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Potential of biomass residues from oil palm agroindustry in Indonesia

MATEC Web of Conferences ◽

10.1051/matecconf/201819713008 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 197 ◽

pp. 13008

Author(s):

Dwi Ermawati Rahayu ◽

Dutarama Nasarani ◽

Wahyono Hadi ◽

Budisantoso Wrjodirjo

Keyword(s):

Solid Waste ◽

Palm Oil ◽

Oil Palm ◽

Palm Kernel ◽

Added Value ◽

Palm Tree ◽

Waste Biomass ◽

Biomass Waste ◽

Empty Fruit Bunches ◽

Palm Oil Mill

Oil Palm agroindustry is growing rapidly in Southeast Asia especially Indonesia and Malaysia. Based on GAPKI data, Indonesia's CPO production 2017 is 38.17 million tons and PKO of 3.05 million tons. Production activities in palm oil agro-industry in addition to producing PKO and CPOl produce solid waste from the plantation and palm oil mill, Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) from the palm oil mill. The biomass waste of oil palm agro-industry comes from activities in plantations in the form of midrib, leaves and palm tree trunks. While from the palm oil mill produced solid waste in the form of palm kernel shells (PKS), mesocarp fibers (MF) and empty fruit bunches (EFB). The waste is classified as biomass residue that can be utilized so that it has added value. Biomass potential in Indonesia can be estimated from the productivity of oil palm. The volume of biomass is 5,5-8%, empty bunches 20-23%, palm fronds 13.5-15%, 15% palm fiber from 1 ton of fresh fruit bunches. The total potential of oil palm solid waste biomass in Indonesia 2017 is 20.07 million tons and POME is 23.7 million tons. The largest distribution of biomass is in Riau, North Sumatra, South Sumatra province.

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STUDI PEMANFAATAN LIMBAH PADAT KELAPA SAWIT

Konversi ◽

10.20527/k.v3i2.161 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 3 (2) ◽

pp. 20

Author(s):

Andi Haryanti ◽

Norsamsi Norsamsi ◽

Putri Suci Fanny Sholiha ◽

Novy Pralisa Putri

Keyword(s):

Solid Waste ◽

Palm Oil ◽

Oil Palm ◽

Palm Kernel ◽

Liquid Waste ◽

Composite Fiber ◽

Coir Fiber ◽

Fiber Glass ◽

Empty Fruit Bunches ◽

Palm Kernel Shells

Abstrak- Setiap tahunnya produksi kelapa sawit makin meningkat, sehingga akan terjadi peningkatan juga pada limbah kelapa sawit. Limbah kelapa sawit adalah sisa-sisa hasil tanaman kelapa sawit yang tidak termasuk dalam produk utama atau merupakan hasil ikutan dari proses pengolahan kelapa sawit. Limbah padat kelapa sawit dapat berupa tandan kosong, cangkang dan sabut, dimana pada 1 ton kelapa sawit menghasilkan limbah berupa tandan kosong kelapa sawit sebanyak 23% atau 230 kg, limbah cangkang sebanyak 6,5% atau 65 kg, sabut 13% atau 130 kg. Umumnya limbah padat industri kelapa sawit mengandung bahan organik yang tinggi sehingga jika penanganan limbah secara tidak tepat akan mencemari lingkungan. Pada tandan kosong kelapa sawit (TKKS) dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai PLT biomassa, pupuk dan bioetanol. Untuk cangkang kelapa sawit dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai karbon/arang aktif, pembuatan pupuk cair kalium sulfat, pengawet alami tahu, bahan bakar (biomassa), briket. Untuk sabut kelapa sawit dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai bahan penguat sifat mekanik komposit, fiber glass, pengolah limbah cair, pembuatan pulp, media tanaman alternatif, alternatif pengganti solar dan batubara sebagai bahan bakar pembangkit listrik. Masih banyak yang bisa di lakukan untuk pemanfaatan limbah padat kelapa sawit dengan dilakukan penelitian. Kata Kunci: limbah padat kelapa sawit, TKKS, cangkang kelapa sawit, sabut kelapa sawit Abstract- Each year, palm oil production increased, so that there will be an increase also in palm oil waste. Waste of palm oil crops are not included in the main product or a by-product of the processing of palm oil. Solid waste can be either oil palm empty fruit bunches, shells and fiber (coir), which on 1 ton of palm oil generates waste in the form of empty fruit bunches of oil pam as much as 23% or 230 kg, the waste shell as much as 6.5% or 65 kg, coir (fiber) 13% or 130 kg. Generally palm oil industrial solid waste contain organic matter so that if the improper handling of waste will pollute the environment. In the oil palm empty fruit bunches (EFB) PLT can be used as biomass, manure and bioethanol. For palm kernel shells can be used as a carbon/charcoal, liquid potassium sulphate fertilizer production, and natural preservatives. To coir (fiber) palm oil can be used as a reinforcing material for the mechanical properties of the composite, fiber glass, liquid waste processing, manufacture of pulp, media alternative crops, alternative to diesel and coal as fuel for electricity generation. There is still much that can be done for solid waste utilization of palm oil by doing a research.Keywords: solid waste of palm oil, EFB, palm kernel shells, fiber of palm oil

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The Analysis of Potential of Straw Mushroom Development by Using Empty Fruit Bunches Material in Lampung Province

Journal of Engineering and Scientific Research ◽

10.23960/jesr.v1i2.16 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 1 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Sarono Sarono

Keyword(s):

Palm Oil ◽

Efficiency Ratio ◽

Crude Palm Oil ◽

Production Scale ◽

Empty Fruit Bunches ◽

Straw Mushroom

The empty fruit bunches (EFB) are by-product of crude palm oil (CPO) production, and it is not widely used optimally. One of products produced from EFB with development potentials is straw mushroom. The objective of this research was to analyze the potentials of EFB material and straw mushroom based on EFB material in Lampung province. The result showed that the EFB potential in Lampung province was 111,144 ton annually and straw mushroom was 4,835 ton annually. The biology efficiency ratio of EFB into straw mushroom in production scale was averagely 3.93%. Districts having potentials for developing straw mushroom business by using EFB material were Mesuji, Middle Lampung, Tulang Bawang, Way Kanan, and North Lampung.

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