Callus Induction of Leaves and Stems in Krisan (Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat cv Dewi ratih) with Alternative Foliar Fertilizers Media

Availability of quality seeds in production of krisan (Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat cv Dewi ratih) cultivation is still rare, therefore research on seed multiplication through tissue culture is needed. The media used in tissue culture is relatively expensive for home industry. This study aims to determine the respond of leaf and stem explants using foliar fertilizers (Growmore, Gandasil D and Mutiara) as an alternative media for callus inductions. This study used a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) consisted of 4 treatments: P0: ½ MS + 0,25 mg/l BAP, P1 (Growmore + 0,25 mg/l BAP), P2 (Gandasil D + 0,25 mg/l BAP), P3 (Mutiara + 0,25 mg/l BAP). The variables observed in this study included callus appearance time, callus color and callus texture. The result of this study indicated that the use of BAP (6-Benzyl Amino Purine) affected the time of callus formation and callus morphology. Callus was formed on leaf explants 13 days after planting while on stem explants 7 days after planting and compact texture. Growmore + 0,25 mg/l BAP treatment yields the best callus on leaf explant, while Gandasil D + 0,25 mg/l BAP treatment yields the best callus on stem explant.

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INDUKSI KALUS TANAMAN KRISAN (Chrysanthemum morifolium) DENGAN PEMBERIAN BENZIL AMINO PURIN (BAP) DAN DICHLOROFENOKSI ACETIL ACID (2,4 D)

Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan IPA ◽

10.29303/jppipa.v2i1.37 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 2 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Maspan Hariyati ◽

Imam Bachtiar ◽

Prapti Sedijani

Keyword(s):

Tissue Culture ◽

Growth Regulators ◽

Callus Formation ◽

Chrysanthemum Morifolium ◽

Treatment Combination ◽

Randomized Design ◽

Dependent Variables ◽

Two Factors ◽

Completely Randomized Design

Production of chrysant flowers (Chrysanthemum morifolium) is halted due to seedling supplay, that it is necessary to produce seedling on tissue culture. This study aims to determine the effect of BAP and 2.4 D for callus formation of chrysanthemum. The research using completely randomized design (CRD). The treatment was consistsed of two factors. BAP (0,0 mg/l, 1,0 mg/l, 1.5 mg/l and 2,0 mg/l) and concentration of 2,4 D (0,0 mg/l, 2,0 mg/l, 3,0 mg/l, 4,0 mg/l). Dependent variables measured were days of callus occurrence, callus colour and texture of callus. Result showed that growth regulators BAP and 2.4 D influenced the timing of the callus formation. Most rapid callus formation appeared at concentration of 2,0 mg/ l 2,4 D and longest callus formation appeared at concentrations of 0,0 mg/l 2,4 D. Callus did not appear on treatment of 0,0 mg/l BAP. The combination of BAP and 2.4 D did not influence on colour and texture of callus. Highest callus score was obtained in the treatment combination of D0B1, D0B0,5 and D0B2. The lowest callus score obtained in the treatment D4B0.Keyword: BAP, 2,4 D, Chrysanthemum morifolium, explants, Callus.

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IN VITRO MULTIPLICATION OF JABON (ANTHOCEPHALUS CADAMBA (ROXB)) ON VARIOUS CONCENTRATION OF BAP AND IAA

AGROLAND The Agricultural Sciences Journal ◽

10.22487/j24077593.2017.v4.i2.9540 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 4 (2) ◽

pp. 60

Author(s):

Asgar Taiyeb ◽

Baharuddin Baharuddi

Keyword(s):

Tissue Culture ◽

Culture Techniques ◽

In Vitro Multiplication ◽

Supportive Environment ◽

Randomized Design ◽

The Media ◽

Completely Randomized Design ◽

The Difference ◽

Tissue Culture Techniques

One of problems in the Jabon propagation is the availability of seeds both quality and quantity. Tissue culture technology is one of the alternatives that can be used for the supply of Jabonseeds to produce organs of plants (buds, leaves, roots). The success of plant tissue culture techniques is determined by the condition of explants, a supportive environment and the addition of growth regulators are expected to provide a response to the cultured explants. This study aimed to know the effect of Benzyl Amino Purine (BAP) and Indole Acetic Acid (IAA) to in vitro multiplication of Jabon. This research conducted at the Laboratory of Forestry Sciences, Faculty of Forestry, University of Tadulako from March to May 2015. Using a completely randomized design with treatments: 0.1 mg / l IAA + 1 mg / l BAP (JB1), 0.1 mg / l IAA + 1.5 mg / l BAP (JB2), 0.1 mg / l IAA + 2 mg / l BAP ( JB3) and 0.1 mg / l IAA + 2.5 mg / l BAP (JB4). Each treatment was repeated three times to obtain 12 experimental units. The results showed that the difference in response Jabon of treatment tested was the highest number of buds and leaves were in the media added 0.1 mg / l IAA + 1.5 mg / l BAP. Furthermore, the formation of callus obtained in media which added 0.1 mg / l IAA + 1 mg / l BAP.

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Callus Derived Regeneration of Some Selected Brassica Genotypes

The Agriculturists ◽

10.3329/agric.v15i2.35458 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 15 (2) ◽

pp. 1-10

Author(s):

S K Biswas ◽

M Z Tareq ◽

S Ahmmed ◽

A B M Z Hoque ◽

M T Rahman

Keyword(s):

Callus Induction ◽

Callus Formation ◽

Brassica Species ◽

Direct Organogenesis ◽

Stem Explants ◽

Root Induction ◽

Ms Medium ◽

Cotyledon Explants ◽

Randomized Design ◽

Completely Randomized Design

The experiment was conducted to observe the callus induction ability of Brassica species. Plantlets were regenerated from cotyledon and stem explants of Brassica napus, Brassica campestris and Brassica juncea through direct organogenesis. The experiments were conducted in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with 4 replications. The highest frequency of callus formation was recorded in MS containing 2.0 mgl-1 BAP, 0.5 mgl-1 NAA and 2.0 mgl-1 AgNO3 in both stem and cotyledon explants. Among these explants, stem was found to be better responsive in callus induction than cotyledon. Among the genotypes used, BINA Sarisha-4 induced the highest percentage (100.00%) of callus from stem explants which was followed by BINA Sarisha-5 (100.00%) and Sampad (83.35%). On the other hand, BINA Sarisha-4 induced callus from 91.67% cotyledon explants, followed by BINA Sarisha-5 (75.00%) and Sampad (66.67%). Similarly, the highest percentage of shoot regeneration (58.34%) from stem explants of BINA Sarisha-4 was observed in MS medium supplemented with combination of hormone and silver nitrate concentrations. The highest percentage of root induction was 66.67 and 58.33% in plantlets derived from stem and cotyledon explants, respectively in ½ MS medium supplemented with 2.0 mgl-1 IBA and 0.5 mgl-1 of NAA. The highest survival rate was found after acclimatization of plants derived from stem (77.78%) and cotyledon (64.28%) explants of BINA Sarisha-4 in pot and 64.33 and 55.55%, respectively in field.The Agriculturists 2017; 15(2) 01-10

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Analysis of Secondary Metabolites of Shoot, Callus Culture and Field Plant of Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat

Jurnal ILMU DASAR ◽

10.19184/jid.v21i1.8665 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

pp. 1

Author(s):

Tia Setiawati ◽

Alma Ayalla ◽

Mohamad Nurzaman ◽

Valentina A. Kusumaningtyas ◽

Ichsan Bari

Keyword(s):

Secondary Metabolites ◽

Secondary Metabolite ◽

Callus Culture ◽

Leaf Explants ◽

Shoot Culture ◽

Chrysanthemum Morifolium ◽

Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽

Stem Explants ◽

Chrysanthemum Plant ◽

Chrysanthemum Morifolium Ramat

The chrysanthemum plant (Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat.) contains many secondary metabolites such as flavonoids and various volatile compounds that can be utilized as drugs. Tissue culture can be an alternative to enhance the production of certain secondary metabolite. The study aimed to determine the types of secondary metabolites that contained in shoot culture, callus and field plants of C. morifolium. The research method was exploration in the laboratory to analyze and compare the content of secondary metabolite from shoot culture, callus and field plants of C. morifolium. Callus was induced by explants of C. morifolium plantlet stems and leaves respectively on MS medium with an addition of 3 ppm 2,4-D + 2 ppm kinetin and 4 ppm 2,4-D. For shoot culture, single nodule explants with one leaf were planted on MS media with the addition of 1 ppm BAP. The secondary metabolite compouds were analized and identified by GC-MS (Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry). The results showed that various types of secondary metabolites contained in shoot culture, callus and field plants of C. morifolium. In callus culture from leaf explants, four compounds from groups of alcohol, acetic acid and organosilicon were identified, whereas in callus culture from stem explants were identified eight compounds from aldehydes, esters, alkanes, and carboxylic acids group. In the shoot culture, nine compounds of alcohol, ketone, aldehyde, cycloalkane and organosilicon group were identified, while in the field plants five compounds were identified from the cycloalkanes, ketones, organoborones and organosilicon group. Some detected compounds have a potential as precursors of alkaloid, phenolic, and flavonoid.Keywords: chrysanthemum, culture, shoots, callus, secondary metabolites.

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Effects of Planting Density and Concentration of NPK Fertilizer on the Growth of Potted Chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat)

JURNAL AGRONIDA ◽

10.30997/jag.v4i1.1530 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 4 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Feby Steviani Anugrah Ramadhan ◽

Setyono Setyono ◽

Evi Dwi Sulistya Nugroho

Keyword(s):

Economic Value ◽

Chrysanthemum Morifolium ◽

Ornamental Plant ◽

Stem Diameter ◽

Planting Density ◽

Randomized Design ◽

Ornamental Crops ◽

Npk Fertilizer ◽

Completely Randomized Design ◽

Chrysanthemum Morifolium Ramat

Chrysanthemum is an ornamental plant that people likes, grows the whole year, and hashigh economic value. This study was aimed at assessing the effects of planting density andconcentration ofNPK fertilizer on the growth of potted chrysanthemum. The study was conductedin a plastic house at the Indonesian Ornamental Crops Research Institute (IOCRI), Cipanas,Cianjur, West Java from March to June 2017. Shoot cuttings of ±7 cm of potted chrysanthemum ofAvanthe Agrihorti cultivar were used. A completely randomized design in a factorial pattern withfactors was used. The first factor was planting density and the second factor was concentrationofNPK (16:16:16) fertilizer. The planting density consisted of 5, 6, and 7 shoot cuttings andconcentrationof NPK fertilizer were 150, 200, 250, and 300 ppm. Results showed that plantingdensity significantly affected stem diameter, number of buds, and width of canopy. No effectconcentrationof fertilizer was found on all variables.Keywords: potted chrysanthemum, planting density, NPK fertilizer

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Callus formation and organogenesis in tissue culture Deschampsia antarctica E. Desv.

Visnik ukrains'kogo tovaristva genetikiv i selekcioneriv ◽

10.7124/visnyk.utgis.17.1.1196 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 17 (1) ◽

pp. 8-15

Author(s):

I. I. Konvalyuk ◽

L. P. Mozhylevs’ka ◽

V. A. Kunakh

Keyword(s):

Tissue Culture ◽

Callus Induction ◽

Shoot Growth ◽

Callus Formation ◽

Leaf Explants ◽

Deschampsia Antarctica ◽

Donor Plant ◽

Growth Point ◽

The Media

Aim. The aim of the work was to determine the optimal conditions for induction and proliferation of tissue culture obtained from D. antarctica plants from various localities of the Maritime Antarctica. Methods. Tissue and organ culture techniques. Results. The media В5 supplemented with 2 mg/l 2,4-D + 0,1 mg/l BAP, В5 supplemented with 10 mg/l 2,4-D + 0,2 mg/l BAP and МС, supplemented with 5 mg/l 2,4-D + 0,1 mg/l Kin were optimal for callus induction from different types of explants. The media with a reduced concentrations of auxins and cytokinins were the most effective for maintenance of continuous tissue culture compared to the media for callus induction: B5 + 2 mg/l 2,4-D mg/l + 0,1 mg/l BAP and MC + 1 mg/l 2,4-D + 0.1 mg/l Kin. Tissues from shoot growth point and leaf explants of genotypes DAR12a and G/D12-2a on medium B5 with 2 mg/l 2,4-D + 0.1 mg/l BAP and B5 with 10 mg/l 2,4-D + 0,2 mg/l BAP demonstrated the ability to spontaneous organogenesis and formed separate shoots. Conclusions. Conditions have been determined for the induction and proliferation of tissue culture from leaf, root, and shoot growth point explants of D. antarctica. The frequency of callus formation depended on the mineral composition of medium, ratios and concentrations of growth regulators, type of explant, and genotype of a donor-plant. As a result of spontaneous organogenesis, regenerated plants were obtained, conditions for their rooting in vitro were elaborated. The proposed methods for induction and proliferation tissue culture of D. antarctica in vitro can be used to produce the plant material useful for a various investigations. Keywords: Deschampsia antarctica E. Desv., tissue culture, organogenesis in vitro, frequency of callogenesis.

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Isolation and Characterization of Yeasts from Rumen Fluids for Potential Use as Additives in Ruminant Feeding

Veterinary Sciences ◽

10.3390/vetsci8030052 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 8 (3) ◽

pp. 52

Author(s):

Chanon Suntara ◽

Anusorn Cherdthong ◽

Metha Wanapat ◽

Suthipong Uriyapongson ◽

Vichai Leelavatcharamas ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Incubation Time ◽

Cellulase Activity ◽

The Other ◽

Pichia Kudriavzevii ◽

Factor B ◽

Yeast Strains ◽

Randomized Design ◽

Holstein Friesian ◽

The Media ◽

Completely Randomized Design

Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a yeast strain often used to improve the feed quality of ruminants. However, S. cerevisiae has limited capacity to provide biomass when inoculated with carbon sources and a low ability to produce cellulase enzymes. Here, we hypothesized that yeast in the rumen produces a large amount of biomass and could release cellulase enzymes to break down fiber content. Therefore, the aim of this study was to screen, isolate and identify yeast from the rumen fluids of Holstein Friesian steers and measure the efficiency of biomass production and cellulase activity. A fermentation medium containing sugarcane molasses as a carbon source and urea as a nitrogen source was optimized. Two fistulated–crossbred Holstein Friesian steers averaging 350 ± 20 kg body weight were used to screen and isolate the ruminal yeast. Two experiments were designed: First, a 12 × 3 × 3 factorial was used in a completely randomized design to determine biomass and carboxymethyl cellulase activity. Factor A was the isolated yeast and S. cerevisiae. Factor B was sugarcane molasses (M) concentration. Factor C was urea (U) concentration. In the second experiment, potential yeasts were selected, identified, and analyzed for 7 × 4 factorial use in a completely randomized design. Factor A was the incubation times. Factor B was the isolated yeast strains, including codes H-Khon Kaen University (KKU) 20 (as P. kudriavzevii-KKU20), I-KKU20 (C. tropicalis-KKU20), and C-KKU20 (as Galactomyces sp.-KKU20). Isolation was imposed under aerobic conditions, resulting in a total of 11 different colonies. Two appearances of colonies including asymmetric colonies of isolated yeast (indicated as A, B, C, E, and J) and ovoid colonies (coded as D, F, G, H, I, and K) were noted. Isolated yeast from the rumen capable of providing a high amount of biomass when inoculant consisted of the molasses 15% + urea 3% (M15 + U3), molasses 25% + urea 1% (M25 + U1), molasses 25% + urea 3% (M25 + U3), and molasses 25% + urea 5% (M25 + U5) when compared to the other media solution (p < 0.01). In addition, 11 isolated biomass-producing yeasts were found in the media solution of M25 + U1. There were 4 isolates cellulase producing yeasts discovered in the media solution of M25 + U1 and M25 + U5 whereas molasses 5% + urea 1% (M5 + U1), molasses 5% + urea 3% (M5 + U3), molasses 5% + urea 5% (M5 + U5), molasses 15% + urea 1% (M15 + U1), molasses 15% + urea 3% (M5 + U3), and M25 + U3 were found with 2, 3, 1, 2, 1, and 2 isolates, respectively. Ruminal yeast strains H-KKU20, I-KKU20, and C-KKU20 were selected for their ability to produce biomass. Identification of isolates H-KKU20 and I-KKU20 revealed that those isolates belonged to Pichia kudriavzevii-KKU20 and Candida tropicalis-KKU20 while C-KKU20 was identified as Galactomyces sp.-KKU20. Two strains provided maximum cell growth: P. kudriavzevii-KKU20 (9.78 and 10.02 Log cell/mL) and C. tropicalis-KKU20 (9.53 and 9.6 Log cells/mL) at 60 and 72 h of incubation time, respectively. The highest ethanol production was observed in S. cerevisiae at 76.4, 77.8, 78.5, and 78.6 g/L at 36, 48, 60, and 72 h of incubation time, respectively (p < 0.01). The P. kudriavzevii-KKU20 yielded the least reducing sugar at about 30.6 and 29.8 g/L at 60 and 72 h of incubation time, respectively. The screening and isolation of yeasts from rumen fluids resulted in 11 different yeasts being obtained. The potential yeasts discovered in the rumen fluid of cattle were Pichia kudriavzevii-KKU20, Candida tropicalis-KKU20, and Galactomyces sp.-KKU20. P. kudriavzevii-KKU20 had higher results than the other yeasts in terms of biomass production, cellulase enzyme activity, and cell number.

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The effect of auxin 2,4-D and cytokinin 2-ip on direct somatic embryogenesis formation of Coffea arabica L. leaf explant

Pelita Perkebunan (a Coffee and Cocoa Research Journal) ◽

10.22302/iccri.jur.pelitaperkebunan.v27i2.146 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 27 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Rina Arimarsetiowati

Keyword(s):

Tissue Culture ◽

Somatic Embryogenesis ◽

Coffea Arabica ◽

Callus Formation ◽

Culture Technique ◽

Plant Production ◽

Direct Somatic Embryogenesis ◽

Arabica Coffee ◽

Randomized Design ◽

Coffea Arabica L

One of the propagation technique for coffee plant production is tissue culture. Tissue culture technique for Coffea arabica L. faces some problems, mainly in the planlet formation regenerated from explants. The objective of this experiment was to examine the effect 2,4-D and 2-ip combination on the formation of direct somatic embryogenesis of Coffea arabica L. in leaves explant. Auxin (2,4-D) and cytokinin (2-ip) concentrations of, respectively, 1; 5 µM and 5; 10; 15; 20 were used as treatments. This research was conducted using completely randomized design with 10 replications. Observation to induce somatic embryos was done by quantitatively on number of callus from explant and number of embryogenic callus. Beside that, observation by qualitative descriptive was also done on deve lopment of embryogenesis. The results showed that Arabica coffee leaves explant of AS 2K clones could be induced in all medium combination except 5µM 2,4-D and 20µM 2-ip combination. Arabica coffee leaves explant of S 795, Sigararutang and AS 1 varieties could be induced in all medium combination. The highest frequency of callus formation was found in AS 2K, Sigararutang and AS 1 varieties on medium containing 1µM 2,4-D in combination with 10µM 2-ip, whereas for the S 795 variety on medium containing 5µM 2,4-D in combination with 10µM 2-ip. The highest frequency of embriogenic callus in all Arabica coffee variety could be reached on medium containing 5µM 2,4-D in combination with 15µM 2-ip. Key words : Coffea arabica L., somatic embryogenesis, 2,4-D, 2-ip, tissue culture, leaves, callus embryogenic.

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Seleksi Toleransi Kekeringan In Vitro terhadap Enam Belas Aksesi Tanaman Terung (Solanum melongena L. ) dengan Polietilena Glikol (PEG)

Jurnal Hortikultura Indonesia ◽

10.29244/jhi.6.1.20-28 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 6 (1) ◽

pp. 20

Author(s):

Erna Sinaga ◽

Megayani Sri Rahayu ◽

Awang Maharijaya

Keyword(s):

Tissue Culture ◽

Drought Tolerance ◽

In Vitro Selection ◽

Solanum Melongena ◽

Survival Percentage ◽

Drought Tolerant ◽

Randomized Design ◽

Number Of Leaves ◽

Completely Randomized Design

ABSTRACTThe objectives of this study were to study the effect of several concentrations of polyethylene glycol (PEG) on the in vitro growth of eggplant, to find the appropriate PEG concentration for in vitro selection to drought tolerance of eggplant and the drought tolerant eggplant accessions. The experiment was conducted at the Laboratory of Tissue Culture, Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, Bogor Agricultural University. The experiment was arranged in a completely randomized design with two factor. The first factor was concentration of PEG (0, 5, 10, and 15%) while the second factor was eggplant accessions (Kania F1, 001, 007, 013, 016, 030, 034, 035, 055, 057, 069, 071, 072, 078, 085, and 090). The results showed that the addition of PEG to in vitro media significantly affected the survival percentage, the percentage of callus, developed the bud and the number of leaves of eggplant. Addition of PEG 10 and 15% in media can be used as the drought tolerance selective agent of eggplant in vitro. Kania F1, 001, 007, 016, 034, 035, 055, 057, 069, 071, 072, 078, 085, and 090 were eggplant accessions which might be tolerant to drought.Keywords: in vitro selection, solanaceae, tissue culture, tolerant, drought ABSTRAKPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk mempelajari pengaruh beberapa konsentrasi polietilena glikol (PEG) terhadap pertumbuhan tanaman terung in vitro, mendapatkan konsentrasi PEG yang dapat digunakan untuk seleksi tanaman terung secara in vitro dan nomor terung toleran terhadap cekamankekeringan. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan di laboratorium Kultur Jaringan, Departemen Agronomi dan Hortikultura, Institut Pertanian Bogor. Penelitian ini disusun dalam rancangan acak lengkap dua faktor. Faktor pertama adalah konsentrasi PEG terdiri atas 0, 5, 10, dan 15%. Faktor kedua adalah nomor terung terdiri atas enam belas nomor (Kania F1, 001, 007, 013, 016, 030, 034, 035, 055, 057, 069, 071, 072, 078, 085, dan 090). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa penambahan PEG pada media in vitro memberikan pengaruh nyata dan sangat nyata terhadap persentase hidup eksplan, persentase eksplan berkalus, pertambahan tinggi tunas, dan jumlah daun tanaman terung. Media PEG 10 dan 15% merupakan media yang dapat digunakan untuk seleksi kekeringan tanaman terung in vitro. Nomor terung Kania F1, 001, 007, 016, 034, 035, 055, 057, 069, 071, 072, 078, 085, dan 090 merupakan nomor-nomor terung yang toleran terhadap cekaman kekeringan.Kata kunci: kultur jaringan, seleksi in vitro, solanaceae, toleran kekeringan

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Phloroglucinol Mediated Plant Regeneration of Ornithogalum dubium as the Sole “Hormone-Like Supplement” in Plant Tissue Culture Long-Term Experiments

Plants ◽

10.3390/plants9080929 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (8) ◽

pp. 929

Author(s):

Carloalberto Petti

Keyword(s):

Tissue Culture ◽

Plant Regeneration ◽

Callus Formation ◽

Total Phenolic ◽

Naturally Occurring ◽

Long Term Experiments ◽

Direct Embryogenesis ◽

The Media ◽

Synthetic Hormones

Tissue culture is an essential requirement in plant science to preserve genetic resources and to expand naturally occurring germplasm. A variety of naturally occurring and synthetic hormones are available to induce the processes of dedifferentiation and redifferentiation. Not all plant material is susceptible to tissue culture, and often complex media and hormone requirements are needed to achieve successful plant propagations. The availability of new hormones or chemicals acting as hormones are critical to the expansion of tissue culture potentials. Phloroglucinol has been shown to have certain hormone-like properties in a variety of studies. Ornithogalum dubium, an important geophyte species, was used to characterise the potential of phloroglucinol as the sole plant-like hormone in a tissue culture experiment. Tissue culture, plant regeneration, total phenolic and genetic variability were established by applying a variety of methods throughout long-term experiments. Phloroglucinol did induce callus formation and plant regeneration when used as the sole supplement in the media at a rate of 37%, thus demonstrating auxin/cytokines-like properties. Callus formation was of 3 types, friable and cellular, hard and compact, and a mixture of the two. The important finding was that direct somatogenesis did occur albeit more frequently on younger tissue, whereby rates of induction were up to 52%. It is concluded that phloroglucinol acts as a “hormone-like” molecule and can trigger direct embryogenesis without callus formation.

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