Biopesticides: Use of Rhizosphere Bacteria for Biological Control of Plant Pathogens

2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 135 ◽  
Author(s):  
Satyavir S Sindhu ◽  
Anju Sehrawat ◽  
Ruchi Sharma ◽  
Anupma Dahiya
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Hydrolytic Enzymes ◽  
Crop Plants ◽  
Plant Diseases ◽  
Alternative Methods ◽  
Genetic Enhancement ◽  
Pests And Diseases ◽  
Antagonistic Microorganisms

The pesticides used to control pests and diseases are also implicated in ecological, environmental and human health hazards. To reduce the deleterious effects of these agrochemicals, certain antagonistic microorganisms have been characterised from rhizosphere of different crop plants that suppress various plant diseases and thus, minimize the use of pesticides. The application of these specific antagonistic microorganisms in biological control of soilborne pathogens has been studied intensively in the last two decades. These beneficial rhizosphere microorganisms inhibit the pathogenic bacteria and fungi by producing antibiotics, bacteriocins, siderophores, hydrolytic enzymes and other secondary metabolites. The efficiency of these biocontrol products can be improved by manipulation of the environment, using mixtures of beneficial organisms, physiological and genetic enhancement of the biocontrol mechanisms, manipulation of formulations and integration of biocontrol with other alternative methods that provide additive effects. These biocontrol agents could be effectively utilised in sustainable agriculture for improving growth of crop plants.

scholarly journals Microbial antagonists against plant pathogens in Iran: A review

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 404-440 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mehrdad Alizadeh ◽  
Yalda Vasebi ◽  
Naser Safaie
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Chemical Control ◽  
Plant Disease ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Plant Diseases ◽  
Agricultural Products ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Plant Disease Management ◽  
Published Research

AbstractThe purpose of this article was to give a comprehensive review of the published research works on biological control of different fungal, bacterial, and nematode plant diseases in Iran from 1992 to 2018. Plant pathogens cause economical loss in many agricultural products in Iran. In an attempt to prevent these serious losses, chemical control measures have usually been applied to reduce diseases in farms, gardens, and greenhouses. In recent decades, using the biological control against plant diseases has been considered as a beneficial and alternative method to chemical control due to its potential in integrated plant disease management as well as the increasing yield in an eco-friendly manner. Based on the reported studies, various species of Trichoderma, Pseudomonas, and Bacillus were the most common biocontrol agents with the ability to control the wide range of plant pathogens in Iran from lab to the greenhouse and field conditions.

scholarly journals Trichoderma: a beneficial antifungal agent and insights into its mechanism of biocontrol potential

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ria Mukhopadhyay ◽  
Deepak Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
G Protein ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Hydrolytic Enzymes ◽  
Main Body ◽  
Antifungal Metabolites ◽  
Camp Pathway ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Biocontrol Potential ◽  
Chemical Pesticides

Abstract Background Agriculture is an indispensable part of any country to feed the millions of people but it is under constant threat of pests. To protect the crops from this huge yield loss recently, chemical pesticides are used. Though chemical pesticides have shown effective results in killing the crop pests, it causes negative impact on the environment as well as humans. So to find an eco-friendly alternative, biological control methods are being used. Main body Biological control is a great renaissance of interest and research in microbiological balance to control soil-borne plant pathogens and leads to the development of a better farming system. In biological control, genus Trichoderma serves as one of the best bioagents, which is found to be effective against a wide range of soil and foliar pathogens. Genus Trichoderma is a soil inhabiting green filamentous fungus, which belongs to the division Ascomycota. The efficacy of Trichoderma depends on many abiotic parameters such as soil pH, water retention, temperature and presence of heavy metals. The biocontrol potential of Trichoderma spp. is due to their complex interaction with plant pathogens either by parasitizing them, secreting antibiotics or by competing for space and nutrients. During mycoparasitic interactions, production of hydrolytic enzymes such as glucanase, chitinase and protease and also signalling pathways are initiated by Trichoderma spp. and the important ones are Heterotrimeric G protein, MAP kinase and cAMP pathway. G protein and MAPK are mainly involved in secretion of antifungal metabolites and the formation of infection structures. cAMP pathway helps in the condition and coiling of Trichoderma mycelium on pathogenic fungi and inhibits their proliferation. Short conclusion Trichoderma being an efficient biocontrol agent, their characteristics and mechanisms should be well understood to apply them in field conditions to restrict the proliferation of phytopathogens.

scholarly journals Inducing Fungus-Resistance into Plants through Biotechnology

2010 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 14-21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shabir Hussain WANI
Keyword(s):  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Hydrolytic Enzymes ◽  
Defense Responses ◽  
Stilbene Synthase ◽  
Fungal Disease ◽  
Plant Diseases ◽  
Fungal Cell ◽  
Oxidase Gene ◽  
Enhanced Resistance

Plant diseases are caused by a variety of plant pathogens including fungi, and their management requires the use of techniques like transgenic technology, molecular biology, and genetics. There have been attempts to use gene technology as an alternative method to protect plants from microbial diseases, in addition to the development of novel agrochemicals and the conventional breeding of resistant cultivars. Various genes have been introduced into plants, and the enhanced resistance against fungi has been demonstrated. These include: genes that express proteins, peptides, or antimicrobial compounds that are directly toxic to pathogens or that reduce their growth in situ; gene products that directly inhibit pathogen virulence products or enhance plant structural defense genes, that directly or indirectly activate general plant defense responses; and resistance genes involved in the hypersensitive response and in the interactions with virulence factors. The introduction of the tabtoxin acetyltransferase gene, the stilbene synthase gene, the ribosome-inactivation protein gene and the glucose oxidase gene brought enhanced resistance in different plants. Genes encoding hydrolytic enzymes such as chitinase and glucanase, which can deteriorate fungal cell-wall components, are attractive candidates for this approach and are preferentially used for the production of fungal disease-resistant plants. In addition to this, RNA-mediated gene silencing is being tried as a reverse tool for gene targeting in plant diseases caused by fungal pathogens. In this review, different mechanisms of fungal disease resistance through biotechnological approaches are discussed and the recent advances in fungal disease management through transgenic approach are reviewed.

scholarly journals Selection of antagonists for biocontrol of Xanthomonas euvesicatoria

2020 ◽  
pp. 181-189
Author(s):  
Ivana Pajcin ◽  
Vanja Vlajkov ◽  
Dragoljub Cvetkovic ◽  
Maja Ignjatov ◽  
Mila Grahovac ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Plant Disease ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Plant Diseases ◽  
Bacterial Spot ◽  
Cultivation Medium ◽  
Microbial Strains ◽  
Xanthomonas Euvesicatoria ◽  
Selection Of

Xanthomonas euvesicatoria is a worldwide causer of pepper bacterial spot, a bacterial plant disease responsible for massive losses of fresh pepper fruits. Considering the current problems in management of bacterial plant diseases, biological control using antagonistic microbial strains with high potential for plant pathogens suppression emerges as a possible solution. The aim of this study was to select suitable antagonists for suppression of X. euvesicatoria among the bacteria, yeast and fungi from the genera Pseudomonas, Lactobacillus, Saccharomyces and Trichoderma, based on in vitro antimicrobial activity testing using the diffusion disc method. The results of this study have revealed that cultivation broth samples of the antagonists Lactobacillus MK3 and Trichoderma reseii QM 9414, as well as supernatant samples of the antagonist Pseudomonas aeruginosa I128, have showed significant potential to be applied in biological control of X. euvesicatoria. Further research would be required to formulate suitable cultivation medium and optimize bioprocess conditions for production of the proposed pepper bacterial spot biocontrol agents.

scholarly journals Allelopathy and Agricultural Sustainability: Implication in weed management and crop protection—an overview

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 54-61
Author(s):  
Zahir Muhammad ◽  
Naila Inayat ◽  
Abdul Majeed ◽  
Hazrat Ali ◽  
Kaleem Ullah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weed Management ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Crop Protection ◽  
Soil Health ◽  
Crop Plants ◽  
Plant Diseases ◽  
Agricultural Sustainability ◽  
Biotic And Abiotic Stresses ◽  
Diverse Plant

Abstract Crop plants have defined roles in agricultural production and feeding the world. They are affected by several environmental and biological stresses, which range from soil salinity, drought, and climate change to exposure to diverse plant pathogens. These stresses pose risk to agricultural sustainability. To avoid the increasing biotic and abiotic pressure on crop plants, agrochemicals are extensively used in agriculture for attaining desirable yield and production of crops. However, the use of agrochemicals is also challenging the integrity of ecosystems. Thus, to maintain the integrity of ecosystem, sustainable measures for elevated crop production are required. Allelopathy, a process of chemical interactions between plants and other organisms, could be used in the management of several biotic and abiotic stresses if the basic mechanisms of the phenomena and plants with allelopathic potentials are known. Allelopathy has a promising future for its application in agriculture for natural weed management, improving soil health and suppressing plant diseases. The aim of this review is to discuss the importance of allelopathy in agriculture and its role in sustainability with a specific focus on weed management and crop protection.

scholarly journals Innovation and Application of the Type III Secretion System Inhibitors in Plant Pathogenic Bacteria

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (12) ◽  
pp. 1956
Author(s):  
Xiaochen Yuan ◽  
Manda Yu ◽  
Ching-Hong Yang
Keyword(s):  
Type Iii Secretion ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Type Iii Secretion System ◽  
Transcriptional Regulators ◽  
Secretion System ◽  
Plant Diseases ◽  
Host Cells ◽  
Type Iii

Many Gram-negative pathogenic bacteria rely on a functional type III secretion system (T3SS), which injects multiple effector proteins into eukaryotic host cells, for their pathogenicity. Genetic studies conducted in different host-microbe pathosystems often revealed a sophisticated regulatory mechanism of their T3SSs, suggesting that the expression of T3SS is tightly controlled and constantly monitored by bacteria in response to the ever-changing host environment. Therefore, it is critical to understand the regulation of T3SS in pathogenic bacteria for successful disease management. This review focuses on a model plant pathogen, Dickeyadadantii, and summarizes the current knowledge of its T3SS regulation. We highlight the roles of several T3SS regulators that were recently discovered, including the transcriptional regulators: FlhDC, RpoS, and SlyA; the post-transcriptional regulators: PNPase, Hfq with its dependent sRNA ArcZ, and the RsmA/B system; and the bacterial second messenger cyclic-di-GMP (c-di-GMP). Homologs of these regulatory components have also been characterized in almost all major bacterial plant pathogens like Erwiniaamylovora, Pseudomonassyringae, Pectobacterium spp., Xanthomonas spp., and Ralstonia spp. The second half of this review shifts focus to an in-depth discussion of the innovation and development of T3SS inhibitors, small molecules that inhibit T3SSs, in the field of plant pathology. This includes T3SS inhibitors that are derived from plant phenolic compounds, plant coumarins, and salicylidene acylhydrazides. We also discuss their modes of action in bacteria and application for controlling plant diseases.

scholarly journals Exploiting Genotypic Diversity of 2,4-Diacetylphloroglucinol-Producing Pseudomonas spp.: Characterization of Superior Root-Colonizing P. fluorescensStrain Q8r1-96

2001 ◽  
Vol 67 (6) ◽  
pp. 2545-2554 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jos M. Raaijmakers ◽  
David M. Weller
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Random Amplified Polymorphic Dna ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Genotypic Diversity ◽  
Plant Diseases ◽  
Growth Cycles ◽  
Antagonistic Microorganisms ◽  
Rhizosphere Population ◽  
Biochemical Analyses ◽  
Take All

ABSTRACT The genotypic diversity that occurs in natural populations of antagonistic microorganisms provides an enormous resource for improving biological control of plant diseases. In this study, we determined the diversity of indigenous 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol (DAPG)-producingPseudomonas spp. occurring on roots of wheat grown in a soil naturally suppressive to take-all disease of wheat. Among 101 isolates, 16 different groups were identified by random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis. One RAPD group made up 50% of the total population of DAPG-producing Pseudomonas spp. Both short- and long-term studies indicated that this dominant genotype, exemplified by P. fluorescens Q8r1-96, is highly adapted to the wheat rhizosphere. Q8r1-96 requires a much lower dose (only 10 to 100 CFU seed−1 or soil−1) to establish high rhizosphere population densities (107 CFU g of root−1) than Q2-87 and 1M1-96, two genotypically different, DAPG-producing P. fluorescens strains. Q8r1-96 maintained a rhizosphere population density of approximately 105 CFU g of root−1 after eight successive growth cycles of wheat in three different, raw virgin soils, whereas populations of Q2-87 and 1M1-96 dropped relatively quickly after five cycles and were not detectable after seven cycles. In short-term studies, strains Q8r1-96, Q2-87, and 1M1-96 did not differ in their ability to suppress take-all. After eight successive growth cycles, however, Q8r1-96 still provided control of take-all to the same level as obtained in the take-all suppressive soil, whereas Q2-87 and 1M1-96 gave no control anymore. Biochemical analyses indicated that the superior rhizosphere competence of Q8r1-96 is not related to in situ DAPG production levels. We postulate that certain rhizobacterial genotypes have evolved a preference for colonization of specific crops. By exploiting diversity of antagonistic rhizobacteria that share a common trait, biological control can be improved significantly.

scholarly journals TINGKAT PENERAPAN PENGENDALIAN HAYATI TERHADAP HAMA DAN PENYAKIT TANAMAN (HPT) OLEH PETANI DI DUSUN KARANG, JURUG, MOJOSONGO, BOYOLALI

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sheila Nandya Safira
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Target Location ◽  
Plant Diseases ◽  
Crop Failure ◽  
Control Techniques ◽  
Pests And Diseases ◽  
Crop Diseases ◽  
Chemical Pesticides

The two main types of commodities cultivated by farmers in Karang Hamlet, Jurug Village, Mojosongo Sub-District, Boyolali are rice and corn. Of the ten farmers using different varieties. The cultivation of rice and corn crops is inseparable from pest attacks and crop diseases (HPT) with a diverse percentage of attacks. Efforts to control HPT by farmers relatively always use chemical pesticides. Insurmountable populations of pests and plant diseases will cause population blasting even up to 100% resulting in crop failure. Pesticide control is able to suppress pest and disease populations by up to 1%. Bio-control techniques have not been widely applied by farmers. The purpose of this study is to find out the level of application of biological control to pests and diseases of crops by farmers at the target location mentioned.

Antibiotic Resistance in Plant-Pathogenic Bacteria

2018 ◽  
Vol 56 (1) ◽  
pp. 161-180 ◽  
Author(s):  
George W. Sundin ◽  
Nian Wang
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Pseudomonas Syringae ◽  
Xanthomonas Campestris ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Resistance Management ◽  
Plant Diseases ◽  
Plant Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Continued Use

Antibiotics have been used for the management of relatively few bacterial plant diseases and are largely restricted to high-value fruit crops because of the expense involved. Antibiotic resistance in plant-pathogenic bacteria has become a problem in pathosystems where these antibiotics have been used for many years. Where the genetic basis for resistance has been examined, antibiotic resistance in plant pathogens has most often evolved through the acquisition of a resistance determinant via horizontal gene transfer. For example, the strAB streptomycin-resistance genes occur in Erwinia amylovora, Pseudomonas syringae, and Xanthomonas campestris, and these genes have presumably been acquired from nonpathogenic epiphytic bacteria colocated on plant hosts under antibiotic selection. We currently lack knowledge of the effect of the microbiome of commensal organisms on the potential of plant pathogens to evolve antibiotic resistance. Such knowledge is critical to the development of robust resistance management strategies to ensure the safe and effective continued use of antibiotics in the management of critically important diseases.

scholarly journals Evaluating the efficacy of Trichoderma harzianum and Bacillus thuringiensis on induce the plant growth and resistance of local variety patchouli under covered and uncovered seedlings methods

2022 ◽  
Vol 951 (1) ◽  
pp. 012106
Author(s):  
R Sriwati ◽  
T Chamzurni ◽  
F Razi ◽  
Syaifullah ◽  
Yunita ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Bacillus Thuringiensis ◽  
Plant Growth ◽  
Biological Control Agent ◽  
Dose Range ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Control Agent ◽  
Plant Diseases ◽  
Biological Control Agents ◽  
Pests And Diseases

Abstract To increase plant resistance from an early age, it is necessary to introduce biological control agents from groups of fungi and bacteria. This study aims to determine the effect of Trichoderma harziaunum and Bacillus thuringiensis Aceh isolates in increasing the superiority of Aceh patchouli plants that are resistant to pests and plant diseases. The study used non-factorial RAL method with cover and uncovered seedling methods. Both series were treated with the same biological control agent, the control without any treatment, the treatment of T. harzianum and B. thuringiensis while the observations were made when the seedling covered was opened. Observations included plant morphological characters, plant growth development and peroxidase enzymes. The results showed that morphologically the original patchouli growing in Lhoong district had similar morphological characters to the Lhokseumawe variety. The application of biological control agents of the T. harzianum and B. thuringiensis groups was more effective in increasing plant growth in the closed seedling treatment compared to the uncovered seedling. T. harzianum gave the best effect at a dose range of 1-1.5 while B. thuringensis showed a better effect at a concentration of 10-15 ml. Both treatments increased the growth of patchouli seedlings as indicated by the better plant height and number of shoots. Furthermore, higher peroxidation enzymes were found in the closed seedling treatment with 1.5 g T harzianum and 15 ml B. thuringiensis. The high peroxidase enzyme as an indicator of the more resistant plants have been induced to pests and diseases. From the screen house experiment, T. harzianum and B. thuringiensis were more efficient in inducing plant growth and disease resistance of local varieties of patchouli using the closed seedling method.

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