Gender and Representation of Ethnic Koreans in Japan During the Period of the Developmental State in South Korea in the 1960s and 1970s: Case Studies on the Love and Marriage Narratives of Ethnic Korean Men in Japan and South Korean Women based on Movies

2018 ◽  
Vol 57 (2) ◽  
pp. 175-216
Author(s):  
Eunsook Jee
Keyword(s):  
South Korea ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Developmental State ◽  
Korean Women ◽  
South Korean ◽  
Koreans In Japan ◽  
1960S And 1970S ◽  
The 1960S

The Emergence of Business Groups: Israel and South Korea Compared

2002 ◽  
Vol 23 (5) ◽  
pp. 737-758 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Maman
Keyword(s):  
South Korea ◽  
Multinational Corporations ◽  
Business Groups ◽  
South Korean ◽  
Economic Organizations ◽  
Self Sufficiency ◽  
Institutional Contexts ◽  
1960S And 1970S ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Korean State

This paper examines the emergence of business groups in Israel and South Korea. The paper questions how, in very different institutional contexts, similar economic organizations emerged. In contrast to the political, cultural and market perspectives, the comparative institutional analysis adopted in this research suggests that one factor alone could not explain the emergence of business groups. In Israel and South Korea, business groups emerged during the 1960s and 1970s, and there are common factors underlying their formation: state-society relations, the roles and beliefs of the elites, and the relative absence of multinational corporations in the economy. To a large extent, the chaebol are the result of an intended creation of the South Korean state, whereas the Israeli business groups are the outcome of state policies in the economic realm. In both countries, the state elite held a developmental ideology, did not rely on market forces for economic development, and had a desire for greater economic and military self-sufficiency. In addition, both states were recipients of large grants and loans from other countries, which made them less dependent on direct foreign investments. As a result, the emerging groups were protected from the intense competition of multinational corporations.

Providing Reassurance and Affirmation

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
John P. DiMoia
Keyword(s):  
Family Planning ◽  
South Korea ◽  
University Hospital ◽  
Number Of Children ◽  
South Korean ◽  
National University ◽  
1960S And 1970S ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Seoul National University ◽  
Voluntary Program

This chapter looks at the voluntary vasectomy campaigns headed by Dr. Lee Hui-Yong at Seoul National University hospital, concurrent with ongoing family planning campaigns for much of the 1960s and 1970s. In particular, the surgery was first tested on a range of civilian subjects before becoming specifically attached to the Home Reserve Army (Yebigun), a body created in the late 1960s in the aftermath of a North Korean incursion and direct assault on the Blue House, or presidential residence. In a wonderful bit of irony, the hyper-masculinist rhetoric of the period asked South Korean males to stand for the nation, to father children and nurture them, and at the same time, to curb their reproductive urges after a proscribed number of children. Carrying into the 1970s, reservists received additional incentives (access to apartments, education for children, reduced reserve periods) for compliance with the “voluntary program. The logic and zeal of the program was such that numbers continued to peak into the 1980s and early 1990s, even as South Korea underwent democratization and the transition to pro-natal initiatives.

South Korea during the Park Chung Hee Era: Explaining Korea’s Developmental Decades

2013 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 175-192
Author(s):  
Kurtuluş Gemici
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
South Korea ◽  
Social Transformation ◽  
Critical Evaluation ◽  
Developmental State ◽  
Theoretical Perspectives ◽  
Park Chung Hee ◽  
History Of ◽  
1960S And 1970S ◽  
The 1960S

Abstract Despite the voluminous literature on South Korea’s rapid economic development and social transformation in the 1960s and 1970s, the literature in English on Park Chung Hee — the political figure who indelibly marked this era — is still lacking. Furthermore, the existing studies approach the subject of Korea’s fateful decades from general theoretical perspectives, such as the developmental state. This approach inevitably flattens out historical particularity in the process. A recent edited volume, The Park Chung Hee Era: The Transformation of South Korea, fills these gaps by bringing political history back into the study of Korean modernization. The goal of this review essay is a critical evaluation of this volume’s contribution to scholarship on South Korea. It is posited that The Park Chung Hee Era throws light on topics such as Park’s leadership that have been hitherto neglected in the analysis of arguably the most consequential decades in the history of South Korea. However, while the edited volume mounts an effective criticism of existing perspectives on Korea’s developmental decades under Park Chung Hee’s rule, it is less successful in offering a consistent framework to analyze different causal factors shaping the Korean trajectory of economic development.

A Geopolitical Economy of Heavy Industrialization and Second Tier City Growth in South Korea: Evidence from the ‘Four Core Plants Plan’

2017 ◽  
Vol 44 (3) ◽  
pp. 405-420 ◽  
Author(s):  
Young-Jin Choi ◽  
Jim Glassman
Keyword(s):  
South Korea ◽  
Developmental State ◽  
Korean Economy ◽  
Us Military ◽  
Original Plan ◽  
Second Tier ◽  
1960S And 1970S ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
The City

In this article, we examine heavy industrialization and second tier urbanization in South Korea during the 1970s from a geopolitical economic perspective. We highlight the crucial, spatially complex geopolitical process of forming transnational class alliances, embedded in Cold War geopolitics, which has been neglected within state-centric developmental state theories and approaches to urbanization. Specifically, we trace the changes in the state’s original developmental plan for promoting the machinery industry in the southeast region during the 1960s and 1970s. We show how Hyundai, one of the most dominant chaebols, grew to exercise decisive influence over the state’s developmental strategy and became a powerhouse in the Korean economy, particularly in the city of Ulsan. Based on a case study of the Four Core Plants Plan, we show that the success of Hyundai was not an outcome of the effectiveness of the state’s developmental policy but was, ironically, due to the failure of the government’s original plan. The successful substitution of Hyundai’s own strategy for the state’s plan, which contributed enormously to the growth of Ulsan, would have been impossible without Hyundai’s enrollment into the transnational geopolitical economic alliance spurred by US military projects in Asia.

Modern Womanhood, the Ideology of the Housewife, and Young Female Rural–Urban Migrants in the 1960s and 1970s in South Korea

2020 ◽  
pp. 171-194
Author(s):  
Jaok Kwon
Keyword(s):  
South Korea ◽  
Migrant Workers ◽  
Filial Piety ◽  
Developmental State ◽  
Young Female ◽  
Private Sphere ◽  
Single Female ◽  
Female Workers ◽  
1960S And 1970S ◽  
The 1960S

This paper attempts to clarify how young female rural–urban migrant workers were positioned within the ideology of the housewife as a form of modern womanhood, which was regulated by the developmental state as part of the modern nation-state building in the 1960s and 1970s in South Korea, by analyzing media discourses on the mobility, space and labor of single female workers. First, within the ideology of the housewife, in which women were required to settle down in the private sphere away from the main breadwinners after the Korean War, the mobility of young rural girls was depicted as ‘unsettled’ and ‘unstable’ and thus was socially deviant relative to the ‘settled’ and ‘cared for’ women in the private sphere. Second, the working space as well as the residential space for single female workers was illustrated as a loss of control of their bodies and sexuality under the normative ideology of the housewife, which led to the idealization of the institution of marriage as the final savior for single female workers. Finally, under the patriarchal system and the redefinition of women’s labor in the developmental state based upon familism, the labor by single female workers was ‘housewifized’ either as ‘filial piety’ or a ‘natural duty’ to the family as well as to the motherland.

Mixed-Race Children and Their Korean Mothers

Framed by War ◽  
2019 ◽  
pp. 148-173
Author(s):  
Susie Woo
Keyword(s):  
South Korea ◽  
Mixed Race ◽  
The United States ◽  
Racial Identification ◽  
Korean Women ◽  
South Korean ◽  
Segregated Schools ◽  
Child Placement ◽  
Women And Children ◽  
Identification Practices

This chapter looks at what happened to the Korean women and children who remained in South Korea. It sets the stage by describing how President Rhee’s 1953 directive to remove children with American fathers to the United States heightened the vulnerability of those who stayed. The South Korean government worked closely with Harry Holt and in 1954 established Korea’s first welfare agency, Child Placement Service, expressly to remove mixed-race children. The chapter describes how US racial identification practices used to determine which children were “part-black” were introduced to and became institutionalized in South Korea. It also describes how Korean women were erased in this process. They were coerced to give up their mixed-race children and were offered no support from either government. For the children, solutions ranging from segregated schools to welfare reports that pathologized them as “social handicaps” relegated this population to the margins. The chapter ends with a consideration of how mixed-race children and the mothers who fought to raise them navigated the ongoing legacies of US militarization in South Korea.

scholarly journals Art and History, 1969–2019

2020 ◽  
Vol 50 (4) ◽  
pp. 567-586
Author(s):  
Peter Burke
Keyword(s):  
Case Studies ◽  
Art History ◽  
Turning Point ◽  
Art Market ◽  
Half Century ◽  
The Reformation ◽  
Art Historians ◽  
1960S And 1970S ◽  
The 1960S

The 1960s and 1970s marked a turning point in the encounters between generalist historians and art historians regarding the study of art. Before that moment, art history, from its very inception as an independent department in universities, had been entirely distinct from the discipline of generalist history. However, three case studies—art and the Reformation, the rise of the art market, and the proliferation of political monuments—reveal the convergence between the two disciplines that has unfolded during the last half-century, culminating in recent discussions of agency and attempts to answer the question, What is Art?

Introduction to the Evolution of the South Korean Developmental State

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-18
Author(s):  
Hyeong-ki Kwon
Keyword(s):  
Developmental State ◽  
Production Networks ◽  
Global Production Networks ◽  
Economic Success ◽  
The South ◽  
South Korean ◽  
Long Period ◽  
Korean Economy ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Key Questions

This chapter explores key questions of this book, including not only why Korea was able to achieve such sustained economic success from the 1960s to the 2010s, but also to what extent and why the Korean economy has changed. After critically reviewing prevalent theories including neoliberalism, the Global Production Networks, and the institutionalist developmental state (DS) theory, this chapter proposes a theoretical alternative by emphatically reviving the politics among diverse actors. In order to better account for endogenous changes and sustained economic success over a long period, this chapter suggests institutional adaptability and endogenous changes through elite competition.

Global Capital, Business Groups and State Coordination: the Changing Profile of Chaebol-State Relations in South Korea

2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Soyon Kim
Keyword(s):  
Civil Society ◽  
South Korea ◽  
Developmental State ◽  
Government Control ◽  
South Korean ◽  
Financial Behaviour ◽  
State Coordination ◽  
Korean State ◽  
State Relations ◽  
Political Economic

This article examines the effects of global capitalism and state coordination on the financial behaviour of <em>chaebol</em> (business conglomerates) in South Korea. This study focuses on the evolution from controller to coordinator in the post-developmental South Korean state. In recent times, the Korean government has been studied as the exemplar of the Asian newly industrializing economies (NIEs) based on its ability to <em>control</em> economic development. As civil society pressures outgrew government control in the 1990s, the government’s mission shifted from control to <em>coordination </em>– the state sought to accommodate newly emerging or enlarged bargaining domains of key political-economic actors. However, the emergent post-developmental state is buffeted by the growing strength of the private sector, domestically and transnationally. While civil society strived to mobilize mass movements to further social democracy, the neoliberal evolution of capitalist class interests generated institutional configurations favouring the hegemony of finance capital.

From Learning to Creating: Biotechnology and the Postindustrial Developmental State in Korea

2004 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 491-517 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
South Korea ◽  
Price Competition ◽  
Developmental State ◽  
Information And Communications Technologies ◽  
South Korean ◽  
Communications Technologies ◽  
Manufacturing Sectors ◽  
Catch Up ◽  
Transformative Process ◽  
Capital Development

South Korea is currently undergoing a process of industrial restructuring. As competitors in the Asian region have begun to catch up—in terms of technological know-how, investment mobilization, price competition, and human capital development—advanced Asian economies such as South Korea's have had to shift their industrial focus away from conventional manufacturing sectors toward postindustrial sectors including biotechnology, nanotechnology, and advanced information and communications technologies. As such, the ongoing processes of postindustrial restructuring in South Korea have involved a transition from the industrial learning paradigm to a new knowledge creation paradigm where technology innovation, rather than technology borrowing, is key. This article examines this transformative process in the area of biotechnology and bioindustry development. It specifically looks at how the South Korean developmental state has begun to reinvent itself in order to meet the challenges of innovation-driven industrialization.

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