scholarly journals Development of comparative investigation method for timing chain wear analysis using oscillating tribometer

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
László Paulovics ◽  
Rajmund Kuti ◽  
Jan Rohde-Brandenburger ◽  
Csaba Tóth-Nagy
Keyword(s):  
Friction And Wear ◽  
Test Procedure ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Comparative Investigation ◽  
Test Method ◽  
Wear Analysis ◽  
Tribological System ◽  
Specimen Material ◽  
Complicated Surface ◽  
Ball On Disc

This paper presents the development of a test procedure to investigate timing chain components under abrasive stress on a tribometer. Engine developers use cost and time expensive engine dynamometer tests to investigate timing chain life expectancy under different conditions. Tribometer tests are fast and cost effective, but these use standardized specimen material and geometry that greatly differ from the original tribological system of the timing chain. Manufacturing specimens from the original chain material using the original technology is complicated; surface quality and hardness properties cannot be guaranteed. The aim of research was to develop a test method for rapid and cost-effective comparison of engine lubricants, timing chain materials or coatings, as well as to assess the wear resistance of the chain to contaminants.  Various uncontaminated and carbon black blended lubricants were compared using standard-based ball-on-disc tribometer tests to tribometer tests using actual timing chain components (bush-on-pin test) of a Diesel engine. Lubricants were ranked in terms of coefficient of friction and wear. Results showed that bush-on-pin tests were comparably suitable for testing lubricants when evaluated against standard ball-on-disc tribometer tests.

Einfluss von Silan-dotierten Umgebungsatmosphären auf tribologischen Eigenschaften von Titan

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Selina Raumel ◽  
Khemais Barienti ◽  
Folke Dencker ◽  
Florian Nürnberger ◽  
Marc C. Wurz
Keyword(s):  
Low Temperatures ◽  
Surface Oxidation ◽  
Wear Volume ◽  
Ambient Atmosphere ◽  
Free Atmosphere ◽  
Metalworking Industry ◽  
Tribological System ◽  
Identification And Characterization ◽  
Ball On Disc

The production processes of the metalworking industry are usually carried out in the presence of oxygen. Par ticularly due to surface oxidation on tools and parts during production under normal atmosphere, high wear is observed in tribological systems. The focus of these investigations is the question to what extent the ambient atmosphere has an influence on the tribological system. For this purpose, the identification and characterization of wear mechanisms in an oxygen-free atmosphere is of high relevance. To analyse the influence of the ambi ent atmosphere on the tribological properties of titanium, ball-on-disc investigations are carried out on a univer sal tribometer (UMT) in an air, argon and silane-anodized atmosphere. By suppressing the oxidation under ex clusion of oxygen, a reduction of the tribochemical wear could be shown, which is accompanied by a reduction of the wear volume by a Factor of 4.5. However, due to the adhesion of both friction partners, which already occurs at low temperatures, caused by the omission of the friction-reducing cover layers, the friction coefficient increased. In addition, novel alloy formations at the interfaces were detected and analysed.

Friction and Wear Analysis of Deep Rolled and Vibrorolled Specimens in Lubricated Contact

2018 ◽  
Vol 767 ◽  
pp. 93-100
Author(s):  
Fritz Klocke ◽  
Anton Shirobokov ◽  
Rafael Hild ◽  
Andreas Feuerhack ◽  
Daniel Trauth ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plastic Deformation ◽  
Surface Layer ◽  
Surface Treatment ◽  
Friction And Wear ◽  
Wear Behavior ◽  
Shear Stresses ◽  
Deep Rolling ◽  
Microscopy Imaging ◽  
Friction And Wear Behavior ◽  
Wear Analysis

Deep rolling is an established mechanical surface treatment technology based on local plastic deformation of the surface layer. By these means, residual stresses, and strain hardening are induced into the surface layer as well as its surface structure is smoothed. Vibrorolling is a derivate technology of deep rolling characterized by sinusoidal rolling lanes. Due to process kinematics of vibrorolling the surface layer is incrementally deformed multiple times in different directions. As a result, a more intensive plastic deformation of the surface layer is achieved and potentially tribologically active surface structures are produced. To investigate and compare the effects of both surface treatment technologies on the tribological behavior of a processed component, a friction and wear analysis under lubricated conditions was conducted in this work. Friction and wear behavior of untreated, deep rolled, and vibrorolled specimens using a pin-on-cylinder tribometer was conducted. Hardness, roughness, and geometrical measurements of the wear traces were used to characterize the specimens. Additionally, qualitative assessments of the wear traces using scanning electron microscopy imaging were made. The measurements were performed before, during, and after the friction and wear analysis. Furthermore, contact forces between a tribometer pin and the workpiece were determined to analyze the development of contact shear stresses. Based on the conducted investigations, the effects of deep rolling and vibrorolling on the friction and wear behavior of the treated specimens are discussed and explanations for the observed phenomena are formulated in this work.

Multiple loading method for field testing drilled piers

1985 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 592-599
Author(s):  
R. G. Horvath
Keyword(s):  
Test Procedure ◽  
Load Cell ◽  
Load Test ◽  
Test Method ◽  
Single Test ◽  
Loading Test ◽  
Shaft Resistance ◽  
Loading Method ◽  
Multiple Loading ◽  
Base Load

A multiple loading testing method is suggested, which permits testing a single drilled pier foundation under three different conditions of load support. The pier may be tested under conditions of combined shaft and end-bearing resistance, end-bearing resistance only, and shaft resistance only. The advantages of this multiple loading test method include observation of the load-transfer and displacement behaviours of the pier under these three different support conditions and verification of the values obtained for the components of load support, i.e., shaft and end-bearing resistance, all from a single test pier.A special base load cell capable of performing a different function during each cycle of loading is required. A suitable load cell, consisting of a series of Freyssi flatjacks, and the method of operation are described.A multiple loading test procedure was used successfully as part of a field investigation program on full-scale pier sockets in weak shale. Data on the load-displacement behaviour of the pier tested using the multiple loading method are reported. Information concerning piers tested using conventional single loading methods are provided for comparison.The multiple loading test results were in good agreement with results obtained from conventional testing methods. Thus the multiple loading test method provides an economical means of obtaining a large amount of design information for drilled pier foundation systems, using a single test pier. Key words: field load test, multiple loading, drilled piers and caissons, shaft resistance, end-bearing resistance, combined shaft and end-bearing resistances, base load cell, shale.

scholarly journals Automatic measurement and characterization of the dynamic properties of tethered membrane wings

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-55 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan Hummel ◽  
Dietmar Göhlich ◽  
Roland Schmehl
Keyword(s):  
Dynamic Properties ◽  
Test Procedure ◽  
Control Unit ◽  
Automatic Measurement ◽  
Simulation Models ◽  
Test Method ◽  
Subsequent Work ◽  
Aerodynamic Parameter ◽  
Mean Values

Abstract. We have developed a tow test setup for the reproducible measurement of the dynamic properties of different types of tethered membrane wings. The test procedure is based on repeatable automated maneuvers with the entire kite system under realistic conditions. By measuring line forces and line angles, we determine the aerodynamic coefficients and lift-to-drag ratio as functions of the length ratio between power and steering lines. This nondimensional parameter characterizes the angle of attack of the wing and is varied automatically by the control unit on the towed test bench. During each towing run, several test cycles are executed such that mean values can be determined and errors can be minimized. We can conclude from this study that an objective measurement of specific dynamic properties of highly flexible membrane wings is feasible. The presented tow test method is suitable for quantitatively assessing and comparing different wing designs. The method represents an essential milestone for the development and characterization of tethered membrane wings as well as for the validation and improvement of simulation models. On the basis of this work, more complex maneuvers and a full degree of automation can be implemented in subsequent work. It can also be used for aerodynamic parameter identification.

A Development of a New Life Test Procedure for Fan Motors

2006 ◽  
Vol 321-323 ◽  
pp. 1539-1542
Author(s):  
Wae Gyeong Shin ◽  
Soo Hong Lee ◽  
Young Sik Song
Keyword(s):  
Automotive Industry ◽  
Field Condition ◽  
Test Procedure ◽  
Test Method ◽  
Accelerated Life Test ◽  
Test Time ◽  
Life Test ◽  
Dc Motors ◽  
Accelerated Life ◽  
Automotive Parts

Reliability of automotive parts has been one of the most interesting fields in the automotive industry. Especially small DC motor was issued because of the increasing adoption for passengers’ safety and convenience. For several years, small DC motors have been studied and some problems of a life test method were found out. The field condition was not considered enough in the old life test method. It also needed a lot of test time. For precise life estimation and accelerated life test, new life test procedure was developed based on measured field condition. First, vibration condition on vehicle and latent force on fan motor shaft were measured and correlated with each other. Second, test condition was decided by obtained data. Finally, life of fan motors was estimated by new life test method in shorter test time.

A Perspective on Tribology and Design

2021 ◽  
Vol 143 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nam Pyo Suh
Keyword(s):  
System Performance ◽  
Manufacturing Systems ◽  
Rational Design ◽  
Friction And Wear ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Symbiotic Relationship ◽  
Functional Requirements ◽  
Continuous Testing ◽  
Tribological System

Abstract The quality of design determines the performance of all tribological systems. Tribological failures of the system may be avoided through rational and creative design. In that sense, there is a symbiotic relationship between tribology and design. Many tribology problems encountered are often the result of poor system design. By properly designing the tribological system, potential failures caused by friction and wear can be avoided or minimized. Continuous testing of poorly designed tribological systems, which occur in some cases, can be costly without noticeable improvements in the system performance. Since well-designed products yield immense benefits, the creation of tribological systems based on rational design should be pursued. The biggest source of tribological problems is the coupling of the functional requirements (FRs) that are introduced during the early stage of design. We should attempt to eliminate coupled tribological systems to improve the performance of tribological systems. Some examples are given to illustrate the importance of rational designs in implementing tribological systems, including the design of additive manufacturing systems.

Bulk Solution Assay Test Procedure Development and validation for Esomeprazole Sodium Injection 40mg as a CPP

2021 ◽  
pp. 177-192
Author(s):  
Santoshkumar R. Mulik ◽  
Rishikesh S. Bachhav
Keyword(s):  
Potentiometric Titration ◽  
Method Development ◽  
Uv Spectroscopy ◽  
Test Procedure ◽  
Processing Parameters ◽  
Test Method ◽  
Bulk Solution ◽  
Uv Spectrometry ◽  
Delayed Release ◽  
It Impact

Assay analytical test procedure at the Bulk-Solution stage for Esomeprazole Sodium Injection 40mgas a Critical Processing Parameters during manufacturing developed and validated. As per current available literature and the references, Esomeprazole active substance is available in market in the five forms, i.e. Esomeprazole as Plain [Tablet]; Esomeprazole Magnesium Trihydrate [Tablet, Capsule Delayed Release]; Esomeprazole Potassium [Tablet and Capsule]; Esomeprazole Strontium [Capsule Delayed Release] and Esomeprazole Sodium [Injectable].Assay test procedure for Active and other dosage forms [Tablet, Capsule] were available based on either Potentiometric Titration or HPLC basis. Product Esomeprazole Sodium Injection 40mg is not available in official pharmacopeia. As per available reference and literature assay test method for intermediate testing and finished product is based on HPLC. Intermediate testing [In-Process Testing] required as Critical Process Parameters [CPP] to ensure the quality i.e. appropriate bulk-solution purity, before to proceed for filtration and filling of Bulk-solution in unit dosage form [Vials]. To test the bulk solution purity approximate 5-6 hours required by HPLC. Which leads to hold the Bulk solution, further it impact and may risk to Bio-Burden of bulk solution. Also it impact and reduce the productivity of line by 5-6 hours. HPLC testing required special skilled manpower and cost. Considering all above concerns Study carried for test method development based on UV-Spectroscopy, HPLC and potentiometric titration. Based on method validation performed for UV-Spectrometry, HPLC and potentiometric titration; Test procedure developed and validated based on UV-Spectrometry is found Simple, Accurate, Precise, Economical and Rapid to save time and cost with increase in productivity as a Critical Processing Parameters for Esomeprazole Sodium Injection 40mgat the Bulk-Solution stage during manufacturing.

Integration of Electrografted Layers for the Metallization of Deep TSVs

2010 ◽  
Vol 2010 (DPC) ◽  
pp. 000803-000830
Author(s):  
Claudio Truzzi ◽  
F. Raynal ◽  
V. Mevellec ◽  
N. Frederich ◽  
D. Suhr ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effective ◽  
High Volume ◽  
Molecular Engineering ◽  
Test Method ◽  
Film Properties ◽  
Wet Process ◽  
Integration Schemes ◽  
Chemical Grafting ◽  
3D Packaging ◽  
Conductive Surfaces

Electrografting (eG) is a molecular engineering technology delivering high-quality films for Through Silicon Vias (TSVs). It generates surface-initiated conformal films which are thin, continuous, adherent and uniform. It is a wet-process technique, operated in standard plating tools, and is used on (semi)-conductive surfaces. Chemical grafting (cG) is a similar technology, used to graft films on non-conductive surfaces. A wet deposition of insulator, barrier and copper seed layers inside deep TSVs using a combination of electrografting and chemical grafting techniques has already been demonstrated [1, 2]. Electrografting and chemical grafting formulations and processes have been developed and specifically tailored for TSV diameters ranging from 1 to 200 μm, covering a depth/diameter Aspect Ratio (AR) range from 2:1 to 20:1. Film thickness can be controlled to any value from 50nm to few microns, depending on the layer, with 5% 3ó in-wafer non-uniformity, providing a step coverage (bottom/top thickness ratio) value of up to 90%. Adhesion of all layers is measured using a 16-square scribe tape test method: all layers successfully pass the test. The presentation will focus on film properties and show how TSV formed using these layers meet all key process requirements such as conformality, uniformity, adhesion, reliability and industrial compatibility for cost-effective high volume manufacturing of TSV wafers. A comprehensive set of film properties and reliability data characterized on blanket and pattern 200-mm Si wafers will be discussed. Integration schemes of electrografted layers within current 3D packaging process flows will be presented.

scholarly journals Effect of Ionicity of Three Protic Ionic Liquids as Neat Lubricants and Lubricant Additives to a Biolubricant

Coatings ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 713 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hong Guo ◽  
Angela Rina Adukure ◽  
Patricia Iglesias
Keyword(s):  
Ionic Liquid ◽  
Ionic Liquids ◽  
Friction And Wear ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Lubricant Additive ◽  
Lubricant Additives ◽  
Environmental Damage ◽  
Protic Ionic Liquids ◽  
Protic Ionic Liquid ◽  
Wear Process

Friction and wear of sliding surfaces are responsible for important energy losses and negative environmental effects. The use of environmentally friendly and cost-effective protic ionic liquids as neat lubricants and lubricant additives has the potential to increase the efficiency and durability of mechanical components without increasing the environmental damage. In this work, three halogen-free protic ionic liquids with increasing extent of ionicity, 2-hydroxyethylammonium 2-ethylhexanoate, 2-hydroxymethylammonium 2-ethylhexancate, and 2-hydroxydimethylammonium 2-ethylhexanoate, were synthesized and studied as neat lubricants and additives to a biodegradable oil in a steel–steel contact. The results show that the use of any protic ionic liquid as a neat lubricant or lubricant additive reduced friction and wear with respect to the biodegradable oil. The ionic liquid with the lowest ionicity reached the highest wear reduction. The one possessing the highest ionicity presented the poorest friction and wear behaviors as a neat lubricant, probably due to the more ionic nature of this liquid, which promoted tribocorrosion reactions on the steel surface. This ionic liquid performed better as an additive, showing that a small addition of this liquid in a biodegradable oil is enough to form protective layers on steel surfaces. However, it is not enough to accelerate the wear process with detrimental tribocorrosion reactions.

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