scholarly journals Cultural characteristics of Islamic cities that emerge as centers of knowledge at the 10th century A.D.Miladi X. yüzyılda ilim merkezleri olarak öne çıkan İslam şehirlerinin kültürel nitelikleri

2015 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 1168
Author(s):  
Lütfi Şeyban
Keyword(s):  
Tenth Century ◽  
Cultural Development ◽  
Cultural Characteristics ◽  
Cultural Centers ◽  
Cultural Life ◽  
The Social ◽  
Civil Status ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Rich ◽  
Almost All

<p>The purpose of this paper is to identify the cultural characteristics of Islamic cities, which emerge as centers of knowledge, and consequently to draw attention to the cultural level attained by the Muslim states of the era.</p><p>Information on the cultural life and the identities, personalities, the course and venues of education, mentors and students of the scholars are generally contained in sources known as tabakât [i.e. collections] and a'lâm [i.e. traces]. These sources provide detailed information on the scholarship, education and cultural life of Muslim lands, while also shedding light on the cities frequented by the scholars for rihla [i.e. journey undertaken especially for divine wisdom and knowledge]. Information on the level of cultural development of such cities in a given period of time is often set out in sources on the history of cities, history of geography and general history of Islam.</p><p>Information contained in these sources and the interpretation of this information call attention to three particular issues: firstly, the rich variety of the scholarly and cultural activities performed in terms of both form and content implies that the Muslim lands in the tenth century attained a high cultural and civil status in comparison with its contemporaries. The second important aspect is that almost all of the scholars who were active agents in the social and cultural life went to cities renowned as cultural hubs to receive higher education. Lastly, those who completed their education in cities emerging as cultural centers started working as active scientists and educators, having been convinced that they had been educated in accordance with the norms of their time.</p><p> </p><p><strong>Özet</strong></p><p>Bu tebliğin amacı, hicri IV./miladi X. yüzyılda ilim merkezleri olarak öne çıkan İslam şehirlerinin kültürel niteliklerini tanımak ve dolayısıyla o çağın Müslüman devletlerinin sahip oldukları kültürel düzeye dikkat çekmektir.</p><p>İslâm tarihinde kültürel hayat ile bilginlerin kimlik, kişilik, tahsil hayatı ve tahsil yerleri, ders aldıkları hocaları ve ders verdikleri talebeler hakkındaki bilgiler, daha çok <em>tabakât</em> veya <em>a’lâm</em> kitapları olarak adlandırılan kaynaklarda bulunmaktadır. Bu kitaplardaki kayıtlar Müslüman yurdunun ilim, eğitim ve kültür hayatı hakkında ayrıntılı bilgi sunarken, aynı zamanda bilginlerin ilim tahsili yani rıhle amacıyla gittikleri şehirleri de haber vermektedir. Bu şehirlerin özellikle o çağa özgü kültürel gelişmişliği hakkındaki bilgiler ise daha çok şehir tarihi, coğrafya tarihi ve genel İslam tarihi kaynaklarında bulunmaktadır.</p><p>İşte bu kaynakların analiz edilmesi yoluyla elde edilen bilgi ve tespitler şu üç olguya dikkat çekmektedir. Birincisi, icra edilen ilim ve kültür faaliyetlerinin hem çeşit hem de içerik bakımından oldukça zengin olması, miladi X. Yüzyılda İslam ülkesinin hemen her bakımdan kendi çağdaşları arasında yüksek bir kültürel ve medeni düzeye erişmiş olduğuna işaret etmektedir. İkinci önemli sonuç, sosyal ve kültürel hayat üzerinde oldukça etkin bir konumda bulunan bilginlerin hemen tamamının kültür merkezleri olarak öne çıkan şehirlerde yüksek tahsil amacıyla bulundukları gerçeğidir. Üçüncü sonuç ise, kültürel merkezler olarak öne çıkan şehirlerde tahsilini tamamlayanların, zamanın kurallarına uygun şekilde kendini yetiştirdiğine kani olarak bilim ve eğitim faaliyetlerinde aktif görev almış olmalarıdır.</p>

scholarly journals Oedipus Sang Raja dan Bujang Munang: Mitos Peletak Dasar Larangan Incest dalam Masyarakat

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 36
Author(s):  
Laura Andri Retno Martini
Keyword(s):  
Social Life ◽  
Basic Structure ◽  
West Kalimantan ◽  
The Past ◽  
The People ◽  
The Social ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Rich ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Diverse Cultures

Folklore is a story of the past that characterizes every nation with its diverse cultures, including the rich culture and history of each nation. The folklore that tells incest is found all over the world. In almost all ethnic groups there is an incest first mythology. Versions are submitted vary, depending on the social life of the community. Bujang Munang and Oedipus are cultural myth stories that have the theme of the origin of the incest ban. Oedipus is a myth that developed in Greece while Bujang Munang is a myth that developed in Nanga Serawai Santang district of West Kalimantan. There is a linkage of the basic structure of the narrative in the story of Oedipus and Bujang Munang. Incest behavior is also not allowed to occur in the norms of life of Greek society and the people of West Kalimantan. There will be unfavorable consequences for incest and surrounding people if the rule is violated.

scholarly journals Dampak Digital Game Terhadap Perkembangan Sosial Budaya Masyarakat

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (01) ◽  
pp. 33-44
Author(s):  
Henry Bastian ◽  
Khamadi Khamadi
Keyword(s):  
Negative Emotion ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Digital Games ◽  
Modern Society ◽  
Cultural Development ◽  
Digital Game ◽  
Cultural Life ◽  
The Social ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Impact

AbstrakSejarah panjang perkembangan game menjadi digital game saat ini ikut membawa perkembangan di berbagai lini kehidupan manusia. Jika dahulu game hanya dikenal sebagai media hiburan dalam waktu luang, kini digital game telah menjadi sebuah kebutuhan utama masyarakat dalam keseharian. Di berbagai aktivitasnya, digital game selalu mewarnai kehidupan sosial dan budaya masyarakat, khususnya para remaja. Sebagai dampaknya muncul wacana negatif sebagai budaya baru yang merusak seperti membuat kecanduan, memberi efek emosi yang negatif kepada pemain, dan sebagainya. Tulisan ini bertujuan untuk memberikan sebuah pandangan baru tentang bagaimana fenomena tersebut terjadi. Apakah dampak digital game sebenarnya yang terjadi di masyarakat dan bagaimana hal itu terjadi. Melalui observasi, wawancara, dan studi literatur terhadap pengguna aktif digital game didapatkan data perkembangan digital game di kehidupan masyarakat saat ini. Selanjutnya data dianalisis melalui pendekatan teori kebutuhan Maslow, teori interaksi sosial, dan teori perkembangan budaya masyarakat modern. Sebagai hasilnya digital game telah menjadi ciri masyarakat modern yang dinantikan perkembangan dan kehadirannya sebagai sebuah kebutuhan baru bersosialisasi. Digital game sebagai media komunikasi yang secara simbolik menawarkan simulasi kenyataan yang membuat penggunanya betah untuk berlama-lama memainkannya. Kata Kunci: digital game, sosial, budaya, masyarakat AbstractThe long history of game development involving the development of today’s digital games ignites the development of various sectors of human life. If the first game was only known as a medium of entertainment in leisure time, now, digital games have become society’s major necessity in everyday life. In many activities, digital games always spark the social and cultural life of society, especially the youths. As a result, negative discourse appears as a new destructive culture. It creates addiction and stimulates  negative emotion effecting the players, and so on. This paper aims to give a new view on how the phenomenon occurs. What is the impact of digital game in the society? and how can it happen? By conducting a literature review, and also observing and interviewing the active users of digital game, the data pertaining to the development of digital game in nowadays’ public life can be obtained. Furthermore, the data were analyzed by using Maslow's needs theory,theory of social interaction, and theory of cultural development of modern society. As a result, digital games have become the hallmark of modern society in which their development is being anticipated  and their presence is seen as a new requirement to socialize. As a medium of communication that symbolically offers simulated reality, digital games make the users feel comfortable playing them. Keywords: digital game, social, culture, society

scholarly journals Bishop Jozef Gaganec (1793–1875) – a leading figure of the religious, national and cultural life of Greek Catholics and Rusins in the mid-19th century in present-day Slovakia

Rusin ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 55-75
Author(s):  
J. Coranič ◽  
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Political Life ◽  
Cultural Institutions ◽  
Cultural Life ◽  
The Social ◽  
Organizational Stability ◽  
Austrian Emperor ◽  
History Of ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Revolution Of 1848

The second bishop of Prešov, Jozef Gaganec is one of the greatest figures in the history of the Greek Catholic Eparchy of Prešov. During his tenure (1843–1875), Bishop Gaganec successfully continued the work of his predecessor, Bishop Tarkovič. He took upon himself a task of firmly establishing the eparchy and securing its future development and prosperity in the mid-19th century. He ensured its organizational stability, financial provision, and pastoral unity. Bishop Gaganec governed his eparchy in very uncertain and complicated times (revolution of 1848–1849, poor harvests, famines, emigration, etc.) that significantly affected his episcopacy. He made every effort to alleviate the social impacts that this period brought upon both the clergy and regular folks. Bishop Gaganec got involved in ecclesiastical and religious reforms, for instance, he introduced a strict liturgical order in the eparchy. He also channelled his effort into improving the religious life of the clergy and congregation. He strongly promoted cultural and publishing activities, which he considered vital for a spiritual life of his flock. Bishop Gaganec participated in almost all cultural activities of Greek Catholics and largely contributed to the establishment of many cultural institutions in the Prešov and Mukachevo eparchies. He also played an important role in the national and political life of Greek Catholic Rusins during and after the revolutionary years of 1848–1849. In appreciation of his many religious, cultural, and national activities, Bishop Gaganec was acknowledged by the Austrian emperor and the Roman Pontiff. He justly deserves the title “the Father of the Prešov Eparchy”.

Conclusion

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefan Winter
Keyword(s):  
Middle Eastern ◽  
Rich Diversity ◽  
The Social ◽  
Local Contexts ◽  
History Of ◽  
Religious Oppression ◽  
The Rich ◽  
To Come

This concluding chapter summarizes key themes and presents some final thoughts. The book has shown that the multiplicity of lived ʻAlawi experiences cannot be reduced to the sole question of religion or framed within a monolithic narrative of persecution; that the very attempt to outline a single coherent history of “the ʻAlawis” may indeed be misguided. The sources on which this study has drawn are considerably more accessible, and the social and administrative realities they reflect consistently more mundane and disjointed, than the discourse of the ʻAlawis' supposed exceptionalism would lead one to believe. Therefore, the challenge for historians of ʻAlawi society in Syria and elsewhere is not to use the specific events and structures these sources detail to merely add to the already existing metanarratives of religious oppression, Ottoman misrule, and national resistance but rather to come to a newer and more intricate understanding of that community, and its place in wider Middle Eastern society, by investigating the lives of individual ʻAlawi (and other) actors within the rich diversity of local contexts these sources reveal.

Czechs and Slovaks in the Russian Empire (last third of the 19th century – early 20th century)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elena P. Serapionova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Czech Republic ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Cultural Development ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Official Policy ◽  
The Social ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
The 19Th Century

The book deals with the historical contacts of Czech, Slovak and Russian peoples, the beginning of mass Czech and Slovak relocation to Russia, Russian official policy towards settlers. The author marks the main centers of their residence, pauses in detail on public organizations created by them, ties with the historical homeland, their participation in the Slavic movement. Special attention is paid to the prominent representatives of the compatriots. The monograph analyzes the social, professional composition of the Czech and Slovak diasporas, evaluates their contribution to the economic and cultural development of Russia. It is based on documents published and identified in the archives of Russia, Czech and Slovak republics, printing masters, memories and literature on the topic. The book is intended for specialists in the history of Russia, the Czech Republic and Slovakia, as well as all those interested in the ties of the peoples of the three countries.

The Modern City

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
DIANE E. DAVIS
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Mexico City ◽  
Political Alliances ◽  
The Social ◽  
Shifting Balance ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Rich ◽  
The City ◽  
Rich History

What constitutes modern Mexico? Is there a clear distinction between the historic and modern Mexico City? And if there are, does this distinctions hold up throughout the twentieth century, when what is apparent is a mix of legacies coexisting overtime? This chapter discusses the semiotics of history and modernity. It discusses the struggle of the Mexico City to find its own image including its struggle to preserve historic buildings amidst the differing political alliances that either promote change or preserve the past. However, past is not a single entity, hence if the preservation of the rich history of Mexico is pursued, the question arises as to what periods of history represented in the city are to be favoured in its future development. In this chapter, the focus is on the paradoxes of the Torre Bicentenario and on the pressures to preserve Mexico’s past, the ways they have been juxtaposed against the plans for its future and how the balance of these views has shifted over time. It determines the key actors and the institutions who have embraced history as opposed to progress, identifies the set of forces that dominated in the city’s twentieth-century history, and assesses the long-term implications of the shifting balance for the social, spatial and built environmental character of the city. The chapter ends with a discussion on the current role played by the cultural and historical authorities in determining the fate of the city.

Conservative Liberalism as a Disciplinary Revolution

2020 ◽  
pp. 77-96
Author(s):  
Kenneth Dyson
Keyword(s):  
Social Economic ◽  
Social Process ◽  
Time Consistency ◽  
The Social ◽  
History Of ◽  
Exclusive Property ◽  
Franz Böhm ◽  
The Rich ◽  
Internal Fragmentation ◽  
Porous Boundaries

This chapter examines economic and monetary discipline. It notes that conservative liberals accorded great importance to law as the source of discipline, as exemplified by Franz Böhm, Louis Brandeis, and Maurice Hauriou. The chapter considers discipline in the history of liberalism, noting that it is not the exclusive property of conservative liberalism—though it is its predominant characteristic. It considers the social, economic, and political functions of rules, notably the work of Friedrich Hayek; the Currency and Banking Schools; the difficulties that arise in the choice, design, and use of rules; the reinforcement provided by credibility and time-consistency literature since the 1970s; the legitimacy and accountability problems of unelected power; the question of when discipline becomes the enemy of democracy and liberty; and the respective roles of the state and the market as sources of destabilizing shocks. The chapter stresses the rich and revealing use of metaphor by conservative liberals: their rejection of engineering metaphors for those of gardening, architecture, health and medicine, and religion. Ordo-liberalism is characterized as an open-ended tradition, with internal fragmentation and porous boundaries, its membership including migrants as well as natives. The notion of a mainstream is defined by a social process of selecting key texts as essential references and citations.

Lucian as Social Satirist

1961 ◽  
Vol 11 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 199-208 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Baldwin
Keyword(s):  
Roman Empire ◽  
Social Problem ◽  
Economic History ◽  
Dio Chrysostom ◽  
The Social ◽  
History Of ◽  
Practical Politics ◽  
Revolutionary Movements ◽  
The Rich ◽  
Actual Participation

This paper owes its inspiration to a remark made by Professor M. Rostovtzeff; in a note in his Social and Economic History of the Roman Empire on the widespread social unrest of the first two centuries A.D., having cited other literary authorities such as Dio Chrysostom, Aelius Aristides, etc., he writes: ‘The social problem as such, the cleavage between the poor and the rich, occupies a prominent place in the dialogues of Lucian; he was fully aware of the importance of the problem.’ No one, as far as I know, has attempted to collect and discuss the main passages in Lucian on this topic, and the latest writer on this aspect of Lucian reaches a conclusion quite opposed to Rostovtzeff and one which I believe to be wholly misleading. The aim of this paper is to collect and discuss the main references in Lucian to the social problem interpreting them in the light of Lucian's life and background, and the social and economic conditions of his age. In particular I shall stress the importance of the Cynic tradition as it bears on Lucian's attitude, but shall endeavour to show that this tradition is firmly rooted in practical politics and actual participation in social revolutionary movements and goes far beyond the repetition of mere ethical cliches generally ascribed to it.

Perceptions of a New Era? Historical Writing in Early Ottoman Damascus

Arabica ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 51 (4) ◽  
pp. 419-434 ◽  
Author(s):  
Astrid Meier
Keyword(s):  
Turning Point ◽  
Historical Writing ◽  
Comprehensive Understanding ◽  
New Era ◽  
The Social ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Rich ◽  
Social Uses ◽  
Source Of Information ◽  
Scholarly Attention

AbstractThe year 922/1516-7 is usually treated as an important turning point in the history of Bilād al-Šām. The Ottoman conquest initiated change in various fields which has been the focus of much scholarly attention. However, it is still difficult to understand in what ways the new Ottoman subjects perceived these changes, especially in terms of allegiance to the ruling dynasties. To trace the attitudes of different persons and groups, scholars have often turned to the rich body of contemporary historical writing and used it as a source of information. In this article, which is centred on Ottoman Damascus, I argue that chronicles and biographical collections themselves are important witnesses of change and worth to be studied in their own right. As a step towards a more comprehensive understanding of the social uses of knowledge, I suggest that we need to enquire further into the significance of melancholy and solitude in Ottoman historical writing.

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