scholarly journals Determinants of Women's Economic Empowerment in Selected Arab Countries for the Period (2000-2018)

Webology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (Special Issue 04) ◽  
pp. 229-240
Author(s):  
Dr. Dina Ahmed Omar ◽  
Dr. Zakariya Hassan Hussein Abu Dames
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Education ◽  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Fertility Rate ◽  
Arab Countries ◽  
Economic Empowerment ◽  
Average Life ◽  
Average Life Expectancy ◽  
Life Expectancy At Birth ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Per Capita

This study examines the determinants of economic empowerment of women in selected Arab countries (Iraq, Qatar, the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Jordan, the Arab Republic of Egypt and Algeria) during the period (2000-2018), using the usual small squares method, and in this study we reviewed the concept and the economic determinants that affect empowerment Women, which in turn affect all other variables in these countries, the most important of which are the political and social aspects. In order to know the specific factors for women's economic empowerment, the study adopted the quantitative method to estimate these factors which are (the ratio of women’s enrollment in secondary education to males, average life expectancy at birth for males and females, fertility rate, per capita GDP). The results of the study found that the most important factors affecting the economic empowerment of women in most Arab countries are health, the proportion of women’s enrollment in secondary education to males, average life expectancy at birth for males and females, per capita gross domestic product that had a significant and positive impact, while the fertility rate was found. It appeared morally and negatively.

Healthcare of Mexico

2020 ◽  
pp. 76-80
Author(s):  
Elena Vladimirovna Frolova
Keyword(s):  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Mexico City ◽  
The United States ◽  
World Health ◽  
Average Life ◽  
Average Life Expectancy ◽  
Large Cities ◽  
Life Expectancy At Birth ◽  
The World ◽  
Per Capita

Mexico is the largest Spanish-speaking state in North America that borders the United States on one side, and Guatemala and Belize on the other. The country is home to more than 120 million people, in terms of population Mexico ranks 10th. Many Mexicans prefer to live in large cities (for example, every 5th inhabitant of the country lives in the capital of Mexico City, and Mexico City itself is the second largest city in the world), but there are many villages and fishing villages scattered along the coast. The level of medical care in large metropolitan areas and small settlements varies greatly. Mexico was ranked 21st in the 2018 Bloomberg World Health System Performance Index. This ranking, which allows assessing healthcare systems, was based on three key indicators: average life expectancy at birth, government spending on health as a percentage of GDP per capita, and the cost of health services per capita. However, in terms of life expectancy, Mexico ranks only 80th in the world (the average life expectancy in this country was 75 years in 2018).

scholarly journals The Effects of the Natural Components on the Ageing of the Italian Population

2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 221
Author(s):  
Giuseppina Sacco ◽  
Pietro Sacco
Keyword(s):  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Theoretical Basis ◽  
Time Trend ◽  
Social Effects ◽  
Italian Population ◽  
Detailed Data ◽  
Average Life ◽  
Average Life Expectancy ◽  
Life Expectancy At Birth ◽  
Natural Components

The most remarkable demographic changes that have been happening in our society, and causing considerable social effects, are the significant decrease of fecundity and the increase of average life expectancy at birth. The combined effect of these factors causes the ageing of population, thus representing the theoretical basis of the phenomenon under study in this essay. We will analyse the evolution of fecundity in Italy and in Italian single regions , thus highlighting the change of its intensity over the years. Moreover, we will focus on the analysis of average life expectancy at birth by verifying both its time trend and how it changes because of the variations of mortality by age. Thanks to a suitable method, detailed data of ISTAT and EUROSTAT will be used to show the interesting findings of the fecundity geography and variations of mortality by age. Nowadays, compared to just over twenty years ago, we have been characterized a reversal of the fecundity geography. Furthermore, a new increase of life expectancy at birth a further increase has been achieved.

scholarly journals REDUCING HEALTH INEQUALITIES AS A COMPONENT OF THE HEALTH TRAINING PROGRAMS

2020 ◽  
Vol 73 (5) ◽  
pp. 937-942
Author(s):  
Tetiana S. Gruzieva ◽  
Nataliia V. Hrechyshkina ◽  
Mykhаilo D. Diachuk ◽  
Vasyl A. Dufynets
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Health Care ◽  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Health Inequalities ◽  
Premature Mortality ◽  
Average Life ◽  
Average Life Expectancy ◽  
Medical Needs ◽  
Life Expectancy At Birth ◽  
The Difference

The aim: identifying the characteristics and trends of inequalities in the health of the population to substantiate the educational content of the curriculum for the training of Master in Public Health. Materials and methods: Bibliographic, sociological, medical-statistical and information-analytical methods were used in the study. Ukraine’s healthcare institutions were the scientific base of the study. The data on the average life expectancy, morbidity, mortality, satisfaction of medical needs of different groups of the population for revealing the social gradient are analyzed. Documents on strategies to reduce health inequalities have been examined. Results: Health inequalities between WHO countries have been identified, including a difference in the average life expectancy at birth of 17.1 years in premature mortality due to differences in the levels of economic development of countries. The inequality in the prevalence of diseases and the difference in the satisfaction of specific medical needs among the first and tenth decile population of Ukraine were determined. The prevalence of diseases of the genitourinary system in the population older than 60 years with low rates by 27.3% was higher than the figure among financially insured persons. The incidence of ocular pathology among adults with different income levels varied 1.8 times. The provisions of the WHO strategic documents on reducing health inequalities and its protection and on developing the public health system are analyzed. We justify the necessity of expanding the coverage of the problems of reducing disparities in health and health care in the course of training of the Master in Public Health. A modern curriculum “Social Medicine, Public Health” has been developed with the inclusion of inequalities in public health and appropriate educational and methodological support. Conclusion: The strategic goal of reducing inequalities in public health and its care requires integrating these issues into a modern master’s in public health program. The curriculum developed covers various aspects of health inequalities and health care, including the identification and assessment of disparities, the clarification of causes, the identification of counter-measures. Created educational and methodological support allows acquiring theoretical knowledge and practical skills that form the necessary competencies of professionals in the context of overcoming inequalities in health.

scholarly journals QUANTITATIVE ASSESSMENT OF THE VALUE OF HUMAN LIFE IN RUSSIA AND IN THE WORLD

2018 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 52-75
Author(s):  
А. N. Zubets ◽  
А. V. Novikov
Keyword(s):  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Quantitative Assessment ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Average Life ◽  
Average Life Expectancy ◽  
Emergency Situations ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The World ◽  
Average Person ◽  
Per Capita

The authors of the article present modern approaches to the assessment of the value of human life abroad and in contemporary Russia, which can be used to determine the fair amount of compensation payments to victims in emergency situations of various natures. To this end, a wide range of initial data was used: the results of Russian and international sociological surveys, statistics of Rosstat, the World Bank, and other international databases. The analysis of the legislation carried out by the authors showed that the value of human life in Russia fixed in the normative acts is from 0.5 to 9.2 million roubles. The authors obtained estimates of material losses for the national economy due to the premature death of the average person as a result of emergency situations and for the individual household — they amount to 31.7 and 7.9–10.5 million roubles respectively (in 2017 prices). The authors also provided estimates of the value of the life of the average person in Russia, obtained on the basis of sociological surveys conducted in 2017. The average value of human life in Russia, obtained by methods of sociology, is 5.2 million roubles; the median value is 1.4 million roubles. The article presents the author’s method of assessing the value of human life, taking into account the material and moral damage caused to the family of the deceased, built on the balance of average life expectancy, per capita final consumption, and satisfaction of the population of different countries with their lives. As an equivalent of people’s satisfaction with their lives, the authors also used data on the level of domestic violence in society and the balance of migration flows, both at the national and regional levels. Within the framework of this method, the value of the life of the average person is the average increase in the level of individual consumption, necessary to restore a normal level of satisfaction with their lives in conditions of increased mortality and reduction of the average life expectancy. The article presents also the author’s calculations performed by this method for different groups of countries. It is shown that the total value of human life in the world as a whole is 4.6–4.7 million uS dollars in 2011 prices. In the group of countries with per capita consumption of more than 10 thousand uS dollars the value of human life reaches 18.5 million dollars per year. In the group of countries with incomes below this mark, the value of human life reaches 0.5–1.9 million dollars. According to the authors, in Russia, the “value” of human life should be 51–61 million roubles in the prices of 2017 (about 1 million uS dollars depending on the official exchange rate). The results of the study of the quantitative assessment of the value of human life in Russia are correlated with the conclusions about the social need for just compensation of the damage suffered by the families of the victims of natural, man-made and other emergencies.

scholarly journals Life Expectancy in Rural Areas of Kurdistan Province, Iran in 2013

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 117-182
Author(s):  
Rahmatoolah Bahrami ◽  
◽  
Kamran Noori ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Rural Women ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Social Economic ◽  
Health Planning ◽  
Average Life ◽  
Average Life Expectancy ◽  
Life Expectancy At Birth ◽  
The Social ◽  
And Gender

Life expectancy at birth is one of the most important indicators of the social, economic, cultural, and health development in any society. This descriptive epidemiological study aims to measure life expectancy by age and gender in rural areas of Kurdistan Province, Iran. Data were collected directly using mortality information obtained from the health center of Kurdistan Province and the registered population in 2013. The findings showed that life expectancy is different in rural areas of Kurdistan Province. Life expectancy at birth in rural areas of the Province was estimated at 70.6 years on average, where it was 72 years for women and 69.3 years for men. The highest life expectancy of men is in Saqez city with 70.6 and the lowest in Kamyaran and Devandarah city with 68.6 years. The highest life expectancy is estimated in rural women with 74 years in Baneh city and the lowest in Dehgolan city with 69.9 years, respectively. The results showed different years of life expectancy in terms of gender in rural areas of Kurdistan Province. The national average life expectancy is about 2 years higher than that in rural areas of Kurdistan Province. Therefore, it is necessary to improve the life expectancy in these Province via fair distribution of facilities and services and prioritizing its rural areas in health planning.

scholarly journals A precise measure of the impact of the first wave of Covid-19 on life expectancy. Regional differentials in Switzerland

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philippe Wanner
Keyword(s):  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Sharp Decrease ◽  
Life Tables ◽  
Average Life ◽  
Average Life Expectancy ◽  
Life Expectancy At Birth ◽  
Precise Measure ◽  
The One ◽  
Health Situation ◽  
The Impact

AbstractBased on publicly available data supplied by the Swiss Federal Statistical Office (FSO), we calculated life tables by sex and by week for seven major regions of Switzerland in 2020, up to October 26th. These life tables provide information on the trends of life expectancy at birth and at the age of 65 years during the first wave of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) epidemic.The results show a strong cyclical decrease in life expectancy, particularly in Ticino, where this variable has decreased by almost 6 years compared to the 2019 life expectancy, and in the Lake Geneva region. The other regions of Switzerland observed more modest decreases during the first wave, generally not exceeding a 2-year reduction. This decrease can be explained to some extent by seasonal variations in this indicator.In conclusion, the very sharp decrease in the average lifespan observed in the two regions mentioned above suggests that the first wave of the epidemic had a significant impact. It also reflects an unfavourable health situation. The life expectancy at the age of 65 years observed at the end of March 2020 in Ticino corresponded to the average life expectancy observed in Switzerland forty years ago.The calculated indicators have the advantage of accounting for the age structures of the respective populations. They therefore demonstrate their usefulness in monitoring during a pandemic, such as the one occurring currently.

scholarly journals The discounted value of human lives lost due to COVID-19 in France

F1000Research ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. 1247 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joses Muthuri Kirigia ◽  
Rose Nabi Deborah Karimi Muthuri ◽  
Lenity Honesty Kainyu Nkanata ◽  
Newton Gitonga Muthuri
Keyword(s):  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
International Health ◽  
Discount Rates ◽  
Average Life ◽  
Average Life Expectancy ◽  
World Average ◽  
Life Expectancy At Birth ◽  
The World

Background: This study estimates the total discounted value of human lives lost (TDVHL) due to COVID-19 in France as of 14 September 2020. Methods: The human capital approach (HCA) model was used to estimate the TDVHL of the 30,916 human lives lost due to COVID-19 in France; i.e., assuming a discount rate of 3% and the national average life expectancy at birth of 83.13 years. To test the robustness of the estimated TDVHL, the model was rerun (a) using 5% and 10% discount rates, while holding the French average life expectancy constant; and (b) consecutively substituting national life expectancy with the world average life expectancy of 73.2 years and the world highest life expectancy of 88.17 years.  Results: The human lives lost had a TDVHL of Int$10,492,290,194, and an average value of Int$339,381 per human life lost. Rerun of the HCA model with 5% and 10% discount rates decreased TDVHL by Int$1,304,764,602 (12.4%) and Int$3,506,938,312 (33%), respectively. Re-calculation of the model with the world average life expectancy decreased the TDVHL by Int$7,750,187,267 (73.87%). Contrastingly, re-estimation of the model with the world’s highest life expectancy augmented TDVHL by Int$3,744,263,463 (35.7%). Conclusions: The average discounted economic value per human life lost due to COVID-19 of Int$339,381 is 8-fold the France gross domestic product per person. Such evidence constitutes an additional argument for health policy makers when making a case for increased investment to optimise France’s International Health Regulation capacities and coverage of essential health services, and safely managed water and sanitation services.

scholarly journals The Life Expectancy Gap between Registered Disabled and Non-Disabled People in Korea from 2004 to 2017

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (14) ◽  
pp. 2593 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jinwook Bahk ◽  
Hee-Yeon Kang ◽  
Young-Ho Khang
Keyword(s):  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Disabled People ◽  
Average Life ◽  
Average Life Expectancy ◽  
Life Expectancy At Birth ◽  
Disability Status ◽  
The Government ◽  
Information Database ◽  
Severe Grade

This study aimed to estimate and compare life expectancy at birth among people with and without officially registered disabilities in Korea between 2004 and 2017. We used the National Health Information Database in Korea to obtain aggregate data on the numbers of population and deaths according to calendar year (2004 to 2017), sex, age groups, and officially registered disability status. A total of 697,503,634 subjects and 3,536,778 deaths, including 33,221,916 disabled subjects (829,464 associated deaths), were used to construct life tables. Between 2004 and 2017, life expectancy for people with disabilities increased by 9.1 years in men and 8.3 years in women, while life expectancy for the non-disabled increased by 5.5 years in men and 4.6 years in women. The average life expectancy difference between non-disabled and disabled people was 18.2 years during the study period, decreasing from 20.4 years in 2004 to 16.4 years in 2017. In 2017, the life expectancy of people with the most severe grade of disabilities was 49.7 years, while the life expectancy of people with the least severe grade of disabilities was 77.7 years. The government should implement more effective policies to protect the health of people with officially registered disabilities.

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