Analisis Spasial Kejadian Filariasi di Kabupaten Demak Jawa Tengah

Latar Belakang: Filariasis merupakan salah satu penyakit tular vektor yang kurang mendapatkan perhatian, termasuk kelompok Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs). Kabupaten Demak merupakan salah satu wilayah di Propinsi Jawa Tengah yang merupakan daerah endemis filarisis (mf rate>1%). Kejadian filarisis di daerah ini diduga berkaitan dengan kondisi lingkungan fisik dan biologis (nyamuk) yang mempunyai peran penting dalam penyebaran penyakit filarisis. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menemukan adanya penderita baru, mengidentifikasi kondisi lingkungan fisik dan biologi yang berkaitan dengan sebaran filarisis di Kabupaten Demak.Matede: Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian observasional dengan rancangan cross-sectional. Sebanyak 30 kasus filariasis dijadikan indek kasus yang selanjutnya dipilih secara purposif sebanyak 140 yang tinggal di sekitar 30 kasus tersebut untuk dilakukan pengamblan darah jari. Observasi lingkungan dilakukan untuk mengidentifikasi kondisi lingkungan (breeding places dan resting places) dari yang diduga sebagai nyamuk vektor filariasis. Penangkapan nyamuk dilakukan di sekitar rumah penderita filariasis. Pengukuran koordinat kasus filariais dilakukan dengan pesawat Geographic Positioning System (GPS). Pemeriksaan darah jadi jari dilakukan di Laboratorium Kesehatan Daerah (LABKESDA) Propinsi Jawa Tengah. Sedang bedah nyamuk dilakukan di Balai Penelitian Vektor Penyakit Banjarnegara. Analisis data dlakukan secara deskriptif, analisis spasial dilakukan dengan software ArcGis 9.3.Hasil: Penelitian ini tidak menemukan penderita baru filarisis (mf rate=0%). Sebanyak 129 ekor nyamuk telah dilakukan pembedahan dengan hasil semuanya negatip cacing filaria. Hasil identifikasi nyamuk menemukan spesies nyamuk Culex quinquefasciatus merupakan nyamuk yang dominan (72,86%) di lokasi penelitian.Terdapat breeding places (40%) berupa genangan air terbuka (SPAL) dan resting places (83,3%) berupa semak-semak di sekitar rumah penderita. Analisis spasial menunjukkan bahwa kasus filariasi hampir menyebar di seluruh wilayah Kaputaen Demak. Daerah cekungan aliran air nampaknya merupakan kondisi dimana kasus filariasis banyak terjadi. Simpulan: Kasus filariasis hampir menyebar di seluruh wilayah Kabupaten Demak dengan konsentrasi lebih banyak pada daerah cekungan aliran air Semarang-Demak. ABSTRACTTitle: Spatial Analysis of Lymphatic Filariasis in Demak Dictric, Central JavaBackground: Lymphatic filariasis (LF) is one of vector related diseaseswhich less attention from goverment, It was classified as Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs). Demak District is one of area in Central Jawa which was endemic of LF (mf rate>1%). It may be related to the physical and biologycal environment condition which have important role in the spreading of LF. This research aimed to identify new cases, find mosquitoe vector , and asses the condition of physical and biologycal environment related to the distribuion of LF cases in Demak District. Methods: It was an observational research using cross-sectional design. As more as 30 LF cases defined as index case and then 140 persons living around index case were selected for blood testing of microfilaria. Observation was conducted to assess the presence of breeding and resting places for mosquitoes development. Mosquito collection was conducted around the houses the LF cases early in the morning. Site of LF cases were measured using Geographic Positioning System (GPS) Apparatus. Blood test for identifying microfilaria was performed at Province Health Labotatory of Centra Java. Mosquotoes dissection was performed at Research Institule of Disease Vector Banjarnegara. Data would be analyzed descriptively and spatial analysis was performed using ArcGis 9.3.Results: This research did’t find new cases of filariasis (mf rate=0%). As more as 129 mosquitoes had been dissected and all of them indicated negative of filarial worm. This research showed that Culex quinquefasciatus as dominant mosquitoe species with the proportion of 72,86%. Water puddle (40%) and small three (83,3%) were found as a good habitats located around the house of filariasis cases. Spatial analysis indicated that filariasis cases spread in all over area of Demak Distirct, and It concentated in the area of undergroud water flow of Semarang-DemakConclusion: Lymphatif Filariasis cases were nearly distributed all over area of Demak Distict and It was concentrated in area with underground water flow Semarang-Demak.

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The Epitome of Novel Techniques and Targeting Approaches in Drug Delivery for Treating Lymphatic Filariasis

Current Drug Targets ◽

10.2174/1389450121666200630111250 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 21 (12) ◽

pp. 1250-1263

Author(s):

Saurabh Shrivastava ◽

Anshita Gupta ◽

Chanchal Deep Kaur

Keyword(s):

Lymphatic Filariasis ◽

Neglected Tropical Diseases ◽

Therapeutic Interventions ◽

Tropical Diseases ◽

Human Beings ◽

Therapeutic Approaches ◽

Preventive Chemotherapy ◽

Bioactive Substances ◽

Lymphatic Diseases ◽

Life Threatening

Background: Lymphatic filariasis is a pervasive and life-threatening disease for human beings. Currently, 893 million people in 49 countries worldwide affected by lymphatic filariasis as per WHO statistics. The concealed aspects of lymphatic diseases such as delayed disease detection, inappropriate disease imaging, the geographical outbreak of infection, and lack of preventive chemotherapy have brought this epidemic to the edge of Neglected Tropical Diseases. Many medications and natural bioactive substances have seen to promote filaricidal activity against the target parasitic species. However, the majority of failures have occurred in pharmaceutical and pharmacokinetic issues. Objective: The purpose of the study is to focus on the challenges and therapeutic issues in the treatment of filariasis. The review brings novel techniques and therapeutic approaches for combating lymphatic filariasis. It also offers significant developments and opportunities for such therapeutic interventions. Conclusion: Through this review, an attempt has made to critically evaluate the avenues of innovative pharmaceuticals and molecular targeting approaches to bring an integrated solution to combat lymphatic filariasis.

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An integrated approach to assess Knowledge, Attitude and Practices (KAP) regarding major Neglected Tropical Diseases endemic in the Mbengwi health district (North West Region, Cameroon)

10.1101/658849 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Laurentine Sumo ◽

Cédric G Lenou-Nanga ◽

Ngum H Ntonifor ◽

Nicanor Chenkumo-Kengmoni ◽

Vanessa T Amana-Bokagne ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Neglected Tropical Diseases ◽

Health District ◽

Tropical Diseases ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

North West ◽

Attitudes And Practices ◽

West Region ◽

Knowledge Attitudes And Practices ◽

Soil Transmitted Helminthiasis ◽

Main Strategy

AbstractBackgroundPreventive chemotherapy (PCT) is the main strategy currently used to control and/or eliminate onchocerciasis (Oncho), lymphatic filariasis (LF) and Soil Transmitted Helminthiasis (STH), and community participation (through implementation of MDA or adherence to PCT) is critical to achieve this goal. However, these Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs) are still persisting in most endemic areas as a consequence of sub-optimal treatment coverage, the presence of systematic non-compliers in communities … This study aimed at investigating whether the knowledge, attitudes and practices of populations about these NTDs can explain the poor trends towards elimination.MethodologyA cross-sectional survey was carried out in the Mbengwi Health District (North West Region, Cameroon) using the cluster sampling technique. Clusters were selected using the Probability Proportionate to Estimate Size strategy. In each cluster, the random walk technique was used for the selection of households, and a structure questionnaire was administered to 2-3 of its members.Principal FindingsA total of 254 households from 26 clusters were visited, and 514 individuals were interviewed. The sex ratio of interviewees (1.08) was unbiased, and their ages ranged between 10 and 99 years old. Though most of the respondents declared having already heard of these NTDs (41.2%, 73.7% and 89.9% for Oncho, LF and STH respectively), only a minority of them were aware of correct response of how they are acquired/transmitted (3.7%, 6.8% and 12.5% for Oncho, LF and STH respectively), and prevented (23.1%, 18.9% and 47.2% for Oncho, LF and STH respectively). Even when respondents were aware that medicines were useful to prevent and/or treat these NTDs, almost none of them knew the drug used or the treatment frequency.Conclusion/SignificanceThis study reveals that interviewees exhibit poor knowledge, attitudes and practices as regards to these NTDs, although they are endemic in the study area and PCTs given yearly since a while. These misconceptions can seriously affect the adherence and contribution of populations to the success of PCTs, and it appears compulsory to improve individual knowledge, with a focus on the importance and rationale behind MDA, to optimize their attitudes and practices, especially community participation to PCTs.Author summaryThe control and/or elimination of Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs) are currently on top of the agenda of endemic countries’ control programs and stakeholders. Ivermectin- and Albendazole/Mebendazole-based mass distribution is currently the main strategy to control/interrupt transmission of onchocerciasis, lymphatic filariasis and soil-transmitted helminthiasis, and adherence of communities is compulsory for the success of this approach. Despite the success registered in the fight against these diseases, the trend towards elimination remains unsatisfactory in many endemic areas. This study was carried out to assess whether the perceptions, attitudes, and practices of the Mbengwi health district (North West Region, Cameroon) populations regarding these three parasitic diseases can explain the poor trend towards elimination. A cross-sectional study revealed important misconceptions about these NTDs amongst most of the respondents, which can clearly affect their adherence and contribution to the success of preventive chemotherapies, and seriously slower the momentum towards elimination.

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Are current preventive chemotherapy strategies for controlling and eliminating neglected tropical diseases cost-effective?

BMJ Global Health ◽

10.1136/bmjgh-2021-005456 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 6 (8) ◽

pp. e005456

Author(s):

Hugo C Turner ◽

Wilma A Stolk ◽

Anthony W Solomon ◽

Jonathan D King ◽

Antonio Montresor ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Lymphatic Filariasis ◽

Low Income ◽

Neglected Tropical Diseases ◽

Cost Effective ◽

Healthcare Spending ◽

Tropical Diseases ◽

Preventive Chemotherapy ◽

Middle Income ◽

Disability Adjusted Life ◽

The Cost

Neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) remain a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in many low-income and middle-income countries. Several NTDs, namely lymphatic filariasis, onchocerciasis, schistosomiasis, soil-transmitted helminthiases (STH) and trachoma, are predominantly controlled by preventive chemotherapy (or mass drug administration), following recommendations set by the WHO. Over one billion people are now treated for NTDs with this strategy per year. However, further investment and increased domestic healthcare spending are urgently needed to continue these programmes. Consequently, it is vital that the cost-effectiveness of preventive chemotherapy is understood. We analyse the current estimates on the cost per disability-adjusted life year (DALY) of the preventive chemotherapy strategies predominantly used for these diseases and identify key evidence gaps that require further research. Overall, the reported estimates show that preventive chemotherapy is generally cost-effective, supporting WHO recommendations. More specifically, the cost per DALY averted estimates relating to community-wide preventive chemotherapy for lymphatic filariasis and onchocerciasis were particularly favourable when compared with other public health interventions. Cost per DALY averted estimates of school-based preventive chemotherapy for schistosomiasis and STH were also generally favourable but more variable. Notably, the broader socioeconomic benefits are likely not being fully captured by the DALYs averted metric. No estimates of cost per DALY averted relating to community-wide mass antibiotic treatment for trachoma were found, highlighting the need for further research. These findings are important for informing global health policy and support the need for continuing NTD control and elimination efforts.

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Distribusi Kasus Leptospirosis di Kabupaten Demak Jawa Tengah

JURNAL KESEHATAN LINGKUNGAN INDONESIA ◽

10.14710/jkli.15.2.56-61 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 15 (2) ◽

pp. 56

Author(s):

Kuswati Kuswati

Keyword(s):

Spatial Analysis ◽

Data Collection ◽

Endemic Area ◽

Observational Research ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Central Java ◽

High Incidence ◽

The Media ◽

Cross Sectional Design ◽

Biological Environment

Title: Distribution of Leptospiosis Incidence in Demak District, Central JavaBackground: Leptospirosis is zoonotic disease caused by Leptospira bacteria and transmitted to human through contact with animal urine into contaminated environment. Demak District is one of the endemic area in Central - Java. The number of cases is fluctuative over the year 2011-2016 with the peak of 20 cases in 2011, and It decreased at low number in 2016. Many factors may contributed such as water puddle, rat, and behaviour. Nowdays,the information about the distribution and spreading of cases was lacking. The purpose of this study was to describe the leptospiroses incidence based on the epidemiological variable and spatially in Demak District.Method: It was an observational research using cross sectional design. The subjects were 89 cases over the year 2011-2016. The variables studied consisted of epidemiological variabels (man, place, and time), physical and biological environment factors, and behaviour aspects. Interviews and observation were conducted as the data collection techniques.The collected data would be analysed descriptively and spatially.Result: The results of this research showed that the lepstospirosis incidence was –suffered more by male (66%) compared to female. Most of them (67,4%) were farmers. The peak of leptospirosis incidence occured in 2011. The existence of water puddle around the house, and drainage functioning as the media where the rat died. There were rats in the house where the cases occured (98,7%). Most of the subjects (66,7%) stated that they did their activities everyday in bare foot. Spatial analysis showed that Mranggen and Karangawen sub district had high numbers of leptospirosis cases.Conclusion: Most of the leptispirosis cases were suffered more by male compared to female and the subjects worked as farmers. Mranggen and Karangnawen were two districts with high incidence of leptospirosis relatively. These areas held a history as flooding areas in previous time.

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Frequency and distribution of neglected tropical diseases in Mozambique: a systematic review

Infectious Diseases of Poverty ◽

10.1186/s40249-019-0613-x ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 8 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Berta Grau-Pujol ◽

Marilia Massangaie ◽

Jorge Cano ◽

Carmen Maroto ◽

Alcino Ndeve ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Systematic Review ◽

Neglected Tropical Diseases ◽

Case Reports ◽

Grey Literature ◽

Case Series ◽

Epidemiological Data ◽

Effective Control ◽

Tropical Diseases ◽

Case Control Studies ◽

Cross Sectional

Abstract Background Neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) affect more than one billion people living in vulnerable conditions. In spite of initiatives recently contributing to fill NTDs gaps on national and local prevalence and distribution, more epidemiological data are still needed for effective control and elimination interventions. Main text Mozambique is considered one of the countries with highest NTDs burden although available data is scarce. This study aims to conduct a systematic review on published available data about the burden and distribution of the different NTDs across Mozambique since January 1950 until December 2018. We identified manuscripts from electronic databases (Pubmed, EmBase and Global Health) and paper publications and grey literature from Mozambique Ministry of Health. Manuscripts fulfilling inclusion criteria were: cross-sectional studies, ecological studies, cohorts, reports, systematic reviews, and narrative reviews capturing epidemiological information of endemic NTDs in Mozambique. Case-control studies, letters to editor, case reports and case series of imported cases were excluded. A total of 466 manuscripts were initially identified and 98 were finally included after the revision following PRISMA guidelines. Eleven NTDs were reported in Mozambique during the study span. Northern provinces (Nampula, Cabo Delgado, Niassa, Tete and Zambezia) and Maputo province had the higher number of NTDs detected. Every disease had their own report profile: while schistosomiasis have been continuously reported since 1952 until nowadays, onchocerciasis and cysticercosis last available data is from 2007 and Echinococcosis have never been evaluated in the country. Thus, both space and time gaps on NTDs epidemiology have been identified. Conclusions This review assembles NTDs burden and distribution in Mozambique. Thus, contributes to the understanding of NTDs epidemiology in Mozambique and highlights knowledge gaps. Hence, the study provides key elements to progress towards the control and interruption of transmission of these diseases in the country.

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African regional progress and status of the programme to eliminate lymphatic filariasis: 2000–2020

International Health ◽

10.1093/inthealth/ihaa058 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 13 (Supplement_1) ◽

pp. S22-S27

Author(s):

Kebede Deribe ◽

Didier K Bakajika ◽

Honorat Marie-Gustave Zoure ◽

John O Gyapong ◽

David H Molyneux ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Vector Control ◽

Lymphatic Filariasis ◽

Neglected Tropical Diseases ◽

Public Health Problem ◽

World Health ◽

Malaria Vector Control ◽

Tropical Diseases ◽

Significant Progress ◽

African Region ◽

Preventive Chemotherapy

Abstract To eliminate lymphatic filariasis (LF) by 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) has launched a campaign against the disease. Since the launch in 2000, significant progress has been made to achieve this ambitious goal. In this article we review the progress and status of the LF programme in Africa through the WHO neglected tropical diseases preventive chemotherapy databank, the Expanded Special Project for Elimination of Neglected Tropical Diseases (ESPEN) portal and other publications. In the African Region there are 35 countries endemic for LF. The Gambia was reclassified as not requiring preventive chemotherapy in 2015, while Togo and Malawi eliminated LF as a public health problem in 2017 and 2020, respectively. Cameroon discontinued mass drug administration (MDA) and transitioned to post-MDA surveillance to validate elimination. The trajectory of coverage continues to accelerate; treatment coverage increased from 0.1% in 2000 to 62.1% in 2018. Geographical coverage has also significantly increased, from 62.7% in 2015 to 78.5% in 2018. In 2019, 23 of 31 countries requiring MDA achieved 100% geographic coverage. Although much remains to be done, morbidity management and disability prevention services have steadily increased in recent years. Vector control interventions conducted by other programmes, particularly malaria vector control, have had a profound effect in stopping transmission in some endemic countries in the region. In conclusion, significant progress has been made in the LF programme in the region while we identify the key remaining challenges in achieving an Africa free of LF.

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View and Visits of Articles on Neglected Tropical Diseases in the Malaysian Medical Gazette Website

International Journal of Human and Health Sciences (IJHHS) ◽

10.31344/ijhhs.v0i0.170 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 52

Author(s):

Aneesa Abdul Rashid ◽

Hidayatul Radziah Ismawi

Keyword(s):

English Language ◽

Neglected Tropical Diseases ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Director General ◽

Tropical Diseases ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Medical Gazette ◽

Public Consumption ◽

Online Source ◽

Site User

Introduction: The Malaysian Medical Gazette (MMG) is an online source of credible, informative and easily understandable articles for public consumption written by real doctors and healthcare professionals. Launched online at www.mmgazette.com by the Director General of Health, Malaysia. Among the articles published are those on Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTD), namely dengue, melioidosis, rabies and leprosy. These diseases have caused signific a nt morbidity and mortality in Malaysia; hence they are aimed to educate the public.Objective: We aim to determine the number of views and entries of articles on NTDs in the MMG from July 2018 until June 2019.Methods: This is a cross-sectional study looking into data analytics of the MMG website. The number of unique views and entries (the first page that is directly linked to) on NTD articles are identified and compared to the total number of views and visits of the entire website.Results: There are a total of 4,739,949 of total views on the MMG website. Out of that a total of 40,772 (0.86%) are views on NTD articles. The MMG website received 1,436,969 total visits from July 2018 to June 2019, with 13, 850 (0.96%) unique to NTD articles. A total of 35,913 were views on dengue articles whereby 11,511 (32.1%) were the unique visits by users. Views in Bahasa were more popular (27,487) compared to English (8,426). Other NTD views were quite modest for Rabies (2,170), Leprosy (2,076) and Melioidosis (613) in the past year.Conclusion: We found users of MMG to have a high number of views, with more than 40,000 views on NTD articles. Users preferred articles on dengue, and in Bahasa Malaysia as opposed to the English language. More studies should investigate the preference of online health site user in Malaysia to reach and educate Malaysian users.International Journal of Human and Health Sciences Supplementary Issue: 2019 Page: 52

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The extent of protective footwear use among school-age rural children at high risk for podoconiosis and socio-economic correlates: A household cross-sectional survey in Southern Ethiopia

PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases ◽

10.1371/journal.pntd.0009791 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 15 (10) ◽

pp. e0009791

Author(s):

Abebayehu Tora ◽

Getnet Tadele ◽

Gail Davey ◽

Colleen M. McBride

Keyword(s):

Socioeconomic Status ◽

Neglected Tropical Diseases ◽

Household Head ◽

School Age Children ◽

Southern Ethiopia ◽

Rural Children ◽

School Age ◽

Tropical Diseases ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Family Socioeconomic Status

Background Podoconiosis is preventable if genetically susceptible people wear shoes starting from an early age and do so consistently. However, lack of routine use of footwear is one of the major risk factors for podoconiosis and several other foot-related Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs). This study is aimed at describing the extent of footwear use among school-age rural children susceptible to the disease and investigating associated socioeconomic factors. Methods Cross sectional surveys were conducted in 330 randomly selected households in Wolaita zone, southern Ethiopia. A household head and a child aged between 9 and 15 years were recruited from each household. Household heads provided socioeconomic data while children were asked about their footwear ownership and footwear use. Results Nearly half (49.5%) of the children reported either walking barefoot or wearing under-protective footwear in a range of situations. Girls, older children, those in higher school grades, who belonged to families with higher socio-economic status, and those who owned a larger number of pairs of footwear reported more protective use of footwear. The linear regression model constituting the adequacy of footwear ownership and interaction term (i.e. family socioeconomic status by adequacy of footwear ownership) variables explained 30% of variance in the protective use of footwear (AR2 = 0.307). The interaction effect of adequate ownership of footwear and family socioeconomic status consistently predicted the protective use of footwear among children (β = -0.175, p<0.01) though the main effect of adequacy of footwear ownership was stronger (β = 0.507, p<0.001). Conclusion Increased adoption of protective footwear is needed to effectively prevent school-age children living in endemic areas from developing podoconiosis and other neglected tropical diseases. Interventions aimed to improve the protective footwear use should consider approaches that also increase the socio-economic capacity of families in podoconiosis endemic communities.

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