scholarly journals UNJUK KERJA REAKTOR PLASMA DIELECTRIC BARRIER DISCHARGE UNTUK PRODUKSI BIODIESEL DARI MINYAK KELAPA SAWIT

Teknik ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 116
Author(s):  
Ardian Dwi Yudhistira ◽  
Istadi Istadi
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Mechanism ◽  
Reaction Time ◽  
Product Yield ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Electrode Gap ◽  
Dbd Plasma ◽  
Electric Voltage ◽  
Batch System ◽  
Electro Catalysis ◽  
Short Time

Biodiesel is one of alternative renewable energy source to substitute diesel fuel. Various biodiesel productionprocesses through transesterification reaction with a variety of catalysts have been developed by previousresearcher. This process still has the disadvantage of a long reaction time, and high energy need. DielectricBarrier Discharge (DBD) plasma electro-catalysis may become a solution to overcome the drawbacks in theconventional transesterification process. This process only needs a short time reaction and low energy process.The purpose of this study was to assess the performance of DBD plasma rector in making biodiesel such as: theeffect of high voltage electric value, electrodes gap, mole ratio of methanol / oil, and reaction time. TheResearch method was using GC-MS (Gas Cromatography-Mass Spectrofotometry) and FTIR (FourierTransform Infrared Spectrofotometry) and then it will be analysed the change of chemical bond betweenreactant and product. So, the reaction mechanism can be predicted. Biodiesel is produced using methanol andpalm oil as reactants and DBD plasma used as reactor in batch system. Then, reactants contacted by highvoltage electric. From the results of this research can be concluded that the reaction mechanism occurs in theprocess is the reaction mechanism of cracking, the higher of electric voltage and the longer of reaction time leadto increasing of product yield. The more of mole ratio of methanol / oil and widening the gap between theelectrodes lead to decreased product yield. From this research, product yield maksimum is 89,8% in the variableof rasio mol metanol/palm oil 3:1, voltage 10 kV, electrode gap 1,5 cm, and reaction time 30 seconds.

scholarly journals A quasi-monoenergetic short time duration compact proton source for probing high energy density states of matter

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
J. I. Apiñaniz ◽  
S. Malko ◽  
R. Fedosejevs ◽  
W. Cayzac ◽  
X. Vaisseau ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Density ◽  
Proton Beam ◽  
Dense Matter ◽  
High Energy ◽  
High Repetition Rate ◽  
High Energy Density ◽  
Time Duration ◽  
Ultrashort Pulse Laser ◽  
Proton Source ◽  
Short Time

AbstractWe report on the development of a highly directional, narrow energy band, short time duration proton beam operating at high repetition rate. The protons are generated with an ultrashort-pulse laser interacting with a solid target and converted to a pencil-like narrow-band beam using a compact magnet-based energy selector. We experimentally demonstrate the production of a proton beam with an energy of 500 keV and energy spread well below 10$$\% $$ % , and a pulse duration of 260 ps. The energy loss of this beam is measured in a 2 $$\upmu $$ μ m thick solid Mylar target and found to be in good agreement with the theoretical predictions. The short time duration of the proton pulse makes it particularly well suited for applications involving the probing of highly transient plasma states produced in laser-matter interaction experiments. This proton source is particularly relevant for measurements of the proton stopping power in high energy density plasmas and warm dense matter.

scholarly journals Continuous-Flow Processes for the Production of Floxacin Intermediates: Efficient C–C Bond Formation through a Rapid and Strong Activation of Carboxylic Acids

2020 ◽  
Vol 02 (03) ◽  
pp. e128-e132
Author(s):  
Shao-Zheng Guo ◽  
Zhi-Qun Yu ◽  
Wei-Ke Su
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Continuous Flow ◽  
Flow System ◽  
Bond Formation ◽  
Product Yield ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Material Consumption ◽  
Tank Reactor ◽  
Mild Conditions ◽  
Flow Processes

AbstractThe development of highly efficient C–C bond formation methods for the synthesis of ethyl 2-(2,4-dichloro-5-fluorobenzoyl)-3-(dimethylamino)acrylate 1 in continuous flow processes has been described, which is based on the concept of rapid and efficient activation of carboxylic acid. 2,4-Dichloro-5-fluorobenzoic acid is rapidly converted into highly reactive 2,4-dichloro-5-fluorobenzoyl chloride by treating with inexpensive and less-toxic solid bis(trichloromethyl)carbonate. And then it rapidly reacts with ethyl 3-(dimethylamino)acrylate to afford the desired 1. This process can be performed under mild conditions. Compared with the traditional tank reactor process, less raw material consumption, higher product yield, less reaction time, higher operation safety ensured by more the environmentally friendly procedure, and process continuity are achieved in the continuous-flow system.

Effect of High-Energy Ball-Milling and TiB2 Content on Microstructures and Properties of Cu-TiB2 Composites Sintered by SPS

2006 ◽  
Vol 118 ◽  
pp. 661-665 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dae Hwan Kwon ◽  
Thuy Dang Nguyen ◽  
Pyuck Pa Choi ◽  
Ji Soon Kim ◽  
Young Soon Kwon
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Ball Milling ◽  
High Energy ◽  
High Energy Ball Milling ◽  
Plasma Sintering ◽  
Spark Plasma ◽  
Energy Ball ◽  
Xrd Patterns ◽  
Short Time ◽  
Tib2 Particles

The microstructure and properties of Cu-TiB2 composites produced by high-energy ball-milling of TiB2 powders and spark-plasma sintering (SPS) were investigated. TiB2 powders were mechanically milled at a rotation speed of 1000rpm for short time in Ar atmosphere, using a planetary ball mill. To produce Cu-xTiB2 composites( x = 2.5, 5, 7.5 and 10wt.% ), the raw and milled TiB2 powders were mixed with Cu powders by means of a turbular mixer, respectively. Sintering of mixed powders was carried out in a SPS facility under vacuum. High-energy ball-milling resulted in refinement of TiB2 particles. XRD patterns of milled TiB2 powders indicated broader TiB2 peaks with decreased intensities. After sintering at 950 for 5min using the raw and milled TiB2 mixture powders, the sintered density decreased with increasing TiB2 content regardless of milling of TiB2. In the case of raw TiB2, hardness rapidly increased from 4 to 44 HRB with increasing TiB2 content. The electrical conductivity changed from 95.5 to 80.7 %IACS. For mixtures of Cu powders with milled TiB2 powders, hardness increased from 38 to 67 HRB as TiB2 content increased, while the electrical conductivity varied from 88% to 51 % IACS. When compared to compacts sintered with raw and milled TiB2 powders, the electrical conductivity of specimens with raw TiB2 powder was higher than that of specimens with milled TiB2 powder, while hardness was slightly lower.

Hydrothermal Sintering under Mild Temperature Conditions: Preparation of Calcium-deficient Hydroxyapatite Compacts

2010 ◽  
Vol 65 (8) ◽  
pp. 1038-1044 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kazumichi Yanagisawa ◽  
Jae-Hyen Kim ◽  
Chisato Sakata ◽  
Ayumu Onda ◽  
Eri Sasabe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Reaction Temperature ◽  
Hot Pressing ◽  
Reaction Parameter ◽  
High Bulk Density ◽  
Temperature And Pressure ◽  
Mild Temperature ◽  
Short Time ◽  
High Bulk ◽  
Dissolution And Precipitation

Calcium-deficient hydroxyapatite (CDHA) prepared by the coprecipitation method was solidified by the hydrothermal hot-pressing technique, and compacts of CDHA with high bulk density beyond 80% were obtained at 200 ℃. Each reaction parameter, viz. reaction temperature, pressure, and time, was systematically changed from the standard conditions to investigate its effects on density, Vickers hardness, and Ca/P ratio of the compacts obtained. The reaction temperature and pressure had a large effect on densification, but not the reaction time because the densification proceeds in a short time. The densification by hydrothermal hot-pressing involved dissolution and precipitation of the starting CDHA powder, so that the Ca/P ratio changed from 1.52 of the starting powders to 1.61 of the compact obtained by hydrothermal hot-pressing at 200 ℃ and 35 MPa for 24 h with the addition of 10 wt.-% water

Yields Performance of Automotive Paint Sludge via Microwave Assisted Pyrolysis

2014 ◽  
Vol 548-549 ◽  
pp. 191-195 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zakiuddin Januri ◽  
Norazah Bt Abdul Rahman ◽  
Siti Shawalliah Idris ◽  
Sharmeela Matali ◽  
Shareena Fairuz Abdul Manaf
Keyword(s):  
Energy Content ◽  
Power Level ◽  
Liquid Product ◽  
Product Yield ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Microwave Assisted ◽  
Automotive Paint ◽  
Optimum Weight ◽  
Paint Sludge

This paper reported on the product yield of automotive paint sludge via microwave assisted pyrolysis. By having an optimum weight sample loading and power level at 500g and 1000W respectively, optimum product in terms of liquid yields has been obtained. This desired liquid product comprised hydrocarbon material since it contains oil layer and almost 40% of the product can be recovered from the automotive paint sludge with an optimum microwave parameter. Furthermore, the liquid product has a potential to be used as fuel since it exhibit high energy content at 22.6 MJ/kg.

scholarly journals Photocatalytic Degradation of Naphthalene By UV/Zno: Kinetics, Influencing Factors and Mechanisms

2021 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-70
Author(s):  
Aram Dokht Khatibi ◽  
Kethineni Chandrika ◽  
Ferdos Kord Mostafapour ◽  
Ali Akbar Sajadi ◽  
Davoud Balarak
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Reaction Time ◽  
Aqueous Solutions ◽  
Aromatic Hydrocarbons ◽  
Contact Time ◽  
Initial Concentration ◽  
Applied Study ◽  
Batch System ◽  
Initial Ph ◽  
Conventional Wastewater Treatment

Conventional wastewater treatment is not able to effectively remove Aromatic hydrocarbons such as Naphthalene, so it is important to remove the remaining antibiotics from the environment. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of UV/ZnOphotocatalytic process in removing naphthalene antibiotics from aqueous solutions.This was an experimental-applied study that was performed in a batch system on a laboratory scale. The variables studied in this study include the initial pH of the solution, the dose of ZnO, reaction time and initial concentration of Naphthalene were examined. The amount of naphthalene in the samples was measured using GC.The results showed that by decreasing the pH and decreasing the initial concentration of naphthalene and increasing the contact time, the efficiency of the process was developed. However, an increase in the dose of nanoparticles to 0.8 g/L had enhance the efficiency of the process was enhanced, while increasing its amount to values higher than 0.8 g/L has been associated with a decrease in removal efficiency.The results of this study showed that the use of UV/ZnOphotocatalytic process can be addressed as a well-organized method to remove naphthalene from aqueous solutions.

scholarly journals Study on Designing Sulfur Containing Bifunctional Building Block with Improved Refractive Index

2009 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 399-411 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. S. Jha ◽  
P. Chhabra ◽  
G. Suri ◽  
M. Tyagi ◽  
P. Arora ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Refractive Index ◽  
Reaction Mechanism ◽  
Reaction Time ◽  
Acid Number ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Control Parameters ◽  
Reaction Parameters ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Temperature Rate ◽  
Sulfur Containing

Sulfur and chlorine containing bifunctional diols with C-S bond has been prepared starting from chloroepoxy alkane and thioalcohol. The studies of FTIR, TLC, HPLC and NMR have been used to understand the reaction mechanism, as well as for optimization of the reaction parameters. The reaction is highly exothermic and the effect of temperature, rate of addition of reagents and reaction time are important factors affecting the formation of diol. Viscosity studies, HPLC, FTIR, NMR and acid number studies have shown that, these parameters could be used as process control parameters for the synthesis of diol. Refractive index of the synthesized diol is found to be higher than that of the reactants used.

A Convenient Synthesis of 1,5-Fused 1,2,4-Triazoles from N-Arylamidines via Chloramine-T Mediated Intramolecular Oxidative N–N Bond Formation

Synthesis ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 51 (20) ◽  
pp. 3883-3890
Author(s):  
Ashish Bhatt ◽  
Rajesh K. Singh ◽  
Ravi Kant ◽  
Bhupendra K. Sarma
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Bond Formation ◽  
Available N ◽  
Short Reaction Time ◽  
Metal Free ◽  
Convenient Synthesis ◽  
Chloramine T ◽  
High Yields ◽  
Short Time

A convenient synthesis of 1,5-fused 1,2,4-triazoles from readily available N-arylamidines is reported. The reaction is efficiently promoted by chloramine-T to afford the desired products mostly in high yields and in relatively short time, through direct metal-free oxidative N−N bond formation. The mild nature of the synthesis and short reaction time are notable advantages of the developed protocol. This protocol is effective toward various substrates having different functionalities.

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