Early Menopause Is a Risk Factor for Postmenopausal Depression in Healthy Women, But Are Depressive Episodes a Risk Factor for Early Menopause?

Background. Major depression is a prevalent mental disorder in the general population, with a multi-factorial etiology. However, work stress as a risk factor for major depression has not been well studied.Method. Using a longitudinal study design, this analysis investigated the association between the levels of work stress and major depressive episode(s) in the Canadian working population, aged 18 to 64 years. Data from the longitudinal cohort of the Canadian National Population Health Survey (NPHS) were used (n=6663). The NPHS participants who did not have major depressive episodes (MDE) at baseline (1994–1995 NPHS) were classified into four groups by the quartile values of the baseline work stress scores. The proportion of MDE of each group was calculated using the 1996–1997 NPHS data.Results. The first three quartile groups had a similar risk of MDE. Those who had a work stress score above the 75th percentile had an elevated risk of MDE (7·1%). Using the 75th percentile as a cut-off, work stress was significantly associated with the risk of MDE in multivariate analysis (odds ratio=2·35, 95% confidence interval 1·54–3·77). Other factors associated with MDE in multivariate analysis included educational level, number of chronic medical illnesses and child and adulthood traumatic events. There was no evidence of effect modification between work stress and selected sociodemographic, clinical and psychosocial variables.Conclusions. Work stress is an independent risk factor for the development of MDE in the working population. Strategies to improve working environment are needed to keep workers mentally healthy and productive.

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Effect of passive smoking as a risk factor for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in normal healthy women

International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences ◽

10.18203/2320-6012.ijrms20163800 ◽

2016 ◽

pp. 4970-4973

Author(s):

Meenakshi Kalyan ◽

Shubhangi Kanitkar ◽

Aayush Gupta ◽

Devanshi Sharma ◽

Sanam Singh

Keyword(s):

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease ◽

Risk Factor ◽

Pulmonary Disease ◽

Passive Smoking ◽

Chronic Obstructive ◽

Obstructive Pulmonary Disease ◽

Healthy Women

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Advanced Parental Age: A Risk Factor for Alzheimer's Disease or Depression in the Elderly?

International Psychogeriatrics ◽

10.1017/s1041610200006566 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 12 (4) ◽

pp. 445-451 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Ursula Ptok ◽

Andreas Papassotiropoulos ◽

Wolfgang Maier ◽

Reinhard Heun

Keyword(s):

Alzheimer’S Disease ◽

Alzheimer's Disease ◽

Risk Factor ◽

Control Sample ◽

The Elderly ◽

Parental Age ◽

Family History Information ◽

Healthy Control ◽

Study Population ◽

Depressive Episodes

Background: Advanced parental age has been suggested as a risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD) as well as for other psychiatric disorders. In the present investigation, a sample of gerontopsychiatric patients was examined for a possible parental age effect. Study Population and Methods: Eighty-three patients with AD, 154 elderly patients with depressive episodes, and 48 comorbid patients (AD and depressive episode) as well as 107 age-matched healthy control subjects from the general population were included in the investigation. Information on the years of birth of the parents was derived from personal or family history information. Results: The mean maternal and paternal ages at the time of birth of the index subject were not significantly different for the different diagnostic subgroups or for the control sample. Conclusion: There was no evidence in our sample that advanced parental age increases the risk of AD or depression in the elderly.

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Global and reflective rumination are related to suicide attempts among patients experiencing major depressive episodes

BMC Psychiatry ◽

10.1186/s12888-021-03119-z ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Hao Tang ◽

Tingting Xiong ◽

Jiabo Shi ◽

Yu Chen ◽

Xiaoxue Liu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factor ◽

Suicide Attempts ◽

Binary Logistic Regression ◽

Binary Logistic Regression Analysis ◽

Major Depressive ◽

Suicide Attempters ◽

Episode Frequency ◽

Major Depressive Episodes ◽

Depressive Episodes ◽

The Relationship

Abstract Background Recent attention has focused on the role of rumination in suicidality, with evidence indicating that rumination may be positively related to suicidal ideation. There remains disagreement on the nature of the relationship between rumination and suicide attempts, especially in major affective disorders. This study was designed to identify whether rumination is a risk factor for attempted suicide. Methods A total of 309 patients with major depressive episodes were recruited for this study, including 170 patients with major depression and 139 patients with bipolar disorder. All participants were categorized into two groups based on a series of clinical assessments: suicide attempters (n = 87) and non-suicide attempters (n = 222). Rumination was evaluated with the Ruminative Responses Scale. A binary logistic regression analysis was carried out to evaluate the relationship between rumination and suicide attempts. Results Both global ruminative levels and the two subtypes of rumination, brooding and reflection, were significantly higher in the suicide attempters than the non-suicide attempters. After controlling for age, current depression and anxiety symptoms, and episode frequency, it was found that global rumination and reflection (but not brooding) were positively associated with suicide attempts. Conclusion These results suggest that rumination may be a risk factor for suicide attempts and highlight the maladaptive nature of reflection in patients with major depressive episodes.

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Risk factors for a new cardiac event after a first acute coronary syndrome

European Psychiatry ◽

10.1016/j.eurpsy.2016.01.1415 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 33 (S1) ◽

pp. S393-S394 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

P. Ossola ◽

F. Scagnelli ◽

A. Longhi ◽

C. De Panfilis ◽

M. Tonna ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Acute Coronary Syndrome ◽

Risk Factor ◽

Depressive Episode ◽

Cardiac Event ◽

Significant Risk ◽

Anxiety And Depression ◽

Cardiac Events ◽

Coronary Syndrome ◽

Depressive Episodes ◽

Grace Score

IntroductionDepression is an established risk factor for acute coronary syndrome (ACS), nonetheless the mechanisms underlying this association are still unclear and literature disagrees on the role played by anxiety. Moreover, most of the studies included subjects with a long lasting history of heart disease or recurrent depressive episodes that could bias the results.ObjectivesWe performed serial assessments of anxiety, depression and new cardiac events in a cohort of never-depressed patients in the two years after their first ACS.AimsClarify the role of anxiety and depression in predicting new cardiac events.MethodsTwo hundred and fifty-one consecutive patients completed the two-years follow-up. The presence of depression was evaluated with the Primary Care Evaluation of Mental Disorders (PRIME-MD) and its severity with the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). Evaluations were collected at baseline, when GRACE-score was calculated, and at 1, 2, 4, 6, 9, 12 and 24-months follow-ups.ResultsForty-two patients (16.7%) developed a second cardiac event and, of these, eighteen (42.9%) had a previous depressive episode. At Cox Regression, controlling for confounding clinical variables (e.g. GRACE-score), developing a first-ever depressive episode was a significant risk factor (OR = 2.38; 95%CI = 1.11–5.14; P = 0.027) whereas baseline anxiety was protective (OR = 0.56; 95%CI = 0.38–0.81; P= 0.002). The latter, moreover, moderated the effect of incident depression on new cardiac events.ConclusionOur results confirm the well-established detrimental effect of depression on cardiac prognosis and suggest clinicians to keep in mind anxious symptoms when facing a patient at his/her first ACS.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

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The National Population Health Survey’s assessment of depression risk factor associations: a simulation study assessing vulnerability to bias

Chronic Diseases and Injuries in Canada ◽

10.24095/hpcdp.32.2.02 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 32 (2) ◽

pp. 70-75

Author(s):

S.B. Patten

Keyword(s):

Risk Factor ◽

Population Health ◽

Major Depressive ◽

National Population ◽

Depression Risk ◽

Hazard Ratios ◽

Substantial Bias ◽

Major Depressive Episodes ◽

Depressive Episodes

Background In Canada, the major source of longitudinal information on major depression epidemiology has been the National Population Health Survey (NPHS). However, the timing of NPHS interviews may raise concerns about the quality of its estimates. Specifically, the NPHS interview assesses major depressive episodes (MDE) in the year before an interview, whereas the interviews are conducted 2 years apart. The objective of this study was to determine whether this aspect of the NPHS can be expected to introduce bias into longitudinal estimates of risk factor associations. Methods A simulation model was used to represent the underlying epidemiology and the expected results of a study adopting the NPHS approach to assessment of MDE. The model was used to explore the extent of the resulting distortion of estimates across a range of underlying hazard ratios. Results The simulations indicated that the timing and coverage of depression interviews in the NPHS would not introduce substantial bias. The model suggested that incidence would be underestimated as a result of episodes being missed, but that this would not substantially distort estimates of association. Conclusion The timing of interviews in the NPHS is not expected to cause biased relative risk estimates. NPHS estimates may, of course, be influenced by other sources of bias.

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A Detailed Biological Approach on Hormonal Imbalance Causing Depression in Critical Periods (Postpartum, Postmenopausal and Perimenopausal Depression) in Adult Women

The Open Biology Journal ◽

10.2174/1874196702109010017 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

pp. 17-35

Author(s):

Nikita Saraswat ◽

Pranay Wal ◽

Rashmi S. Pal ◽

Ankita Wal ◽

Yogendra Pal ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Postpartum Depression ◽

Health Care Providers ◽

Health Condition ◽

Adult Women ◽

Care Providers ◽

Critical Periods ◽

Negative Effect ◽

Loss Of Libido ◽

Depressive Episodes ◽

Postmenopausal Depression

Background: In today's global world, most women are experiencing midlife health problems which can affect their lives and mental status. Most of the diseases occurr after childbirth and during pregnancy or gestation period which can lead to severe problems such as postpartum depression (PPD), postmenopausal depression, perimenopausal depression which ultimately affects the mental health condition and develop various depressive episodes which ultimately lead to depression in women. Objective: The review paper gives the information that if there is untreated maternal depression then it can lead to anxiety, fear, negative effect on child development, disruption of the mother-infant relationship, and the occurrence of depressive symptoms in the early life of infants. Hormone levels are changed at the time of pregnancy. Methods: The data was collected by studying combination of research and review papers from different databases like PubMed, Medline, and Web of science by using search keywords like “Postpartum depression”, “Postmenopausal depression”, “Risk factors”, “Pathogenesis of PPD”, “Predictors of postpartum depression”. Results: This can lead to disrupting the quality of life of menopausal women like deficiency of nutrients, not properly regular physical activities, elevated Body Mass Index (BMI), loss of libido (loss of interest in sexual activities), due to the lack of education, and awareness among the people. Factors like increase in physical activity can naturally help in PPD condition. Mind body therapy, drug therapy and cognitive and mindfulness-based therapies help in hormonal imbalances. Conclusion: It was found that low birth weight and congenital abnormalities in babies lead to affect depression after delivery. It is recommended that health care providers and physicians are provided with information regarding factors contributing PPD and postmenopausal depression. Sleep timings and consumptions of nutraceuticals can help in natural healing with depression amongst women suffering from postpartum, postmenopausal and perimenopausal depression.

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