scholarly journals An evaluation of Nigeria-Chad trade and security relations, 1988-2009

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 1600-1626
Author(s):  
Kelechi Johnmary Ani
Keyword(s):  
Bilateral Trade ◽  
Trade Agreement ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
Contemporary World ◽  
Economic Diplomacy ◽  
Bilateral Relations ◽  
Augmented Dickey Fuller ◽  
Security Relations ◽  
History Of ◽  
State Relations

The contemporary world is such that nations cannot do without one another. This is because some nations are connected by historical, cultural, social, economic, scientific and other forms of strategic interests. Nigeria and Chad over the years have a history of inter-state relations that pre-dates the coming of colonial masters. However, at the end of colonial rule, both states engaged in multi-dimensional forms of bilateral relations. This study, which adopts mixed method of research focuses on Nigeria-Chad economic relations. It reveals the forms of trade agreement between both states. The study highlights formal and informal nature of the trade amongst the two states and found that their history of diplomatic relations has promoted the national interest as well as the management of strategic over-lapping trade demands in both countries. This study used regression analysis and applied unit root, co-integration, chow test, stability test as well as Phillips-Perron (PP) and Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) to find-out that there is strong positive significant relationship between Nigeria-Chad trade and economic diplomacy within the period of 1970-2018 as well as reasonable stability in Nigerian trade and security relations with Chad in the presence of Boko Haram menace. The study recommends increased bilateral trade, border security as well as intelligence sharing on the dynamics of security threats to the relations of both states.

The Turkey-UK Free Trade Agreement in Terms of Economic Diplomacy

2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (Fall 2021) ◽  
pp. 193-211
Author(s):  
Kaan Yiğenoğlu
Keyword(s):  
Free Trade ◽  
Free Trade Agreement ◽  
Bilateral Trade ◽  
Free Trade Agreements ◽  
Trade Agreement ◽  
Trade Agreements ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
Economic Diplomacy ◽  
The Uk

This article scrutinizes relations between economic diplomacy and free trade agreements by focusing on the Turkey-UK free trade agreements which came into force in 2021. Accordingly, the article first introduces the concept of economic diplomacy, an important issue as it has been shown that bilateral trade agreements, nowadays preferred by many countries, can be used as a tool of economic diplomacy. The article then discusses the history and development of free trade agreements signed by Turkey, including its long-running experience of economic integration with the European Union. Although Turkey began establishing free trade agreements in the 1990s, it has been concentrating on and accelerating its use since 2000. Based on economic and political reasons underlying the free economic agreements, the reasons why Turkey and the UK have reached such an agreement are summarized. Economic relations between the two countries are then analyzed and the details of the agreement are investigated in the context of the changes that it provides.

scholarly journals Particularity of Canada-Mexico bilateral relations (from beginning to entry into force NAFTA Agreement)

2018 ◽  
pp. 31-41
Author(s):  
Oleh Bulka
Keyword(s):  
Trade Agreement ◽  
The United States ◽  
Mutual Cooperation ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
The North ◽  
Bilateral Relations ◽  
Organizational Mechanism ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
The Impact

The article is devoted to the particularity of Canada-Mexico bilateral relations in the period from their beginning to signing and entry into force the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). It is noted that from the time of first contacts bilateral relations between two countries have developed unevenly with periods of increase and periods of decline. It is determined that in the history of Canada-Mexico relations before signing NAFTA can be identified four main periods. The first one is a period of early contacts that lasted from the end of XIX century to the establishment of the official diplomatic relations between Canada and Mexico in 1944. In this period of time ties between the two countries were extremely weak. The second period lasted from 1944 to the end of the 1960s. This period clearly shows the limits of cooperation between Canada and Mexico after the establishment of the official diplomatic ties, but it is also possible to see a certain coincidence between the values and diplomatic strategies of these countries. The third period of Canada-Mexico relations lasted from the beginning of the 1970s to the end of the 1980s. During this period, both Canada and Mexico try to diversify their foreign policy and strengthen the organizational mechanism of mutual cooperation. But it is also shown that despite the warm political rhetoric, there was some distance in Canada-Mexico relations. The fourth period of the relations lasted from the late 1980s until the NAFTA treaty came into force in 1994. At that time Canadian and Mexican governments began to give priority to economic relations over political and diplomatic ones. It was revealed that the main influencing factors of bilateral relations between Mexico and Canada were the impact of third countries, especially the United Kingdom and the United States, regional and global economic conditions, and the attitude to the bilateral relations of the political elites of both countries.

TRADE AND ECONOMIC RELATIONS BETWEEN IRAN AND ARMENIA IN THE CONTEXT OF IRAN’S RAPPROCHEMENT WITH THE EURASIAN ECONOMIC UNION

2021 ◽  
pp. 49-62
Author(s):  
Nikita A. Filin ◽  
◽  
Vladimir O. Koklikov ◽  
Aleksandr S. Khodunov ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Banking Sector ◽  
Bilateral Trade ◽  
Trade Agreement ◽  
Investment Activity ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
Bilateral Relations ◽  
Eurasian Economic Union ◽  
Economic Union ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Economic Ties

The article analyzes the history of development and current state of relations between Iran and Armenia in the field of economics. It is shown that those relations developed progressively after the declaration of independence by Armenia and up to the present time. Despite the difference in religion, Iran and Armenia actively interact in the political and especially in the economic sphere, where the energy and transport cooperation are developing most dynamically. Over 5 thou- sand companies with Iranian capital are actively working in Armenia. Nevertheless, the potential of bilateral relations remains largely unrealized particularly due to the lack of the necessary infrastructure, weak cooperation in the banking sector and in- sufficient investment activity. Parties expected a sharp intensification of economic ties after the deepening of Iran’s integration with the Eurasian Economic Union, especially, after the entry into force of the Free Trade Agreement. However, due to the coronavirus pandemic, bilateral trade has dropped markedly. After the recent decision of the Armenian leadership to temporarily ban the import of goods from Turkey due to dissatisfaction with its position in the Karabakh conflict, a sharp increase in trade between the two countries is expected in the near future.

China’s India Policy: The Importance of Bilateralism— An Appraisal

2019 ◽  
Vol 75 (2) ◽  
pp. 125-136 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nalin Surie
Keyword(s):  
Economic Policy ◽  
World View ◽  
Mutual Relationship ◽  
Positive History ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
Major Powers ◽  
The Past ◽  
Bilateral Relations ◽  
Bilateral Approach ◽  
History Of

Given the essential positive history of China’s relations with India, China’s world view and the fact of geographical contiguity, the essential approach that China follows vis-à-vis India post 1949 is based on bilateralism. The bilateral approach has defined China’s negotiations over the border as well as economic relations between the two. In the past bilateralism has allowed China to consolidate its control over Tibet and follow a mercantilist economic policy vis- a- vis India. But the change in the geopolitical status of both nations indicates that bilateral relations, after Wuhan, have been reset to represent those between two ‘major powers’ who have broader regional and global interests as well. Although bilateralism will continue to underline their policies towards each other in matters of common development, regional development or the building of a community with a shared future for humanity, China will need to redefine its approach to bilateralism by broadening and deepening it to create a truly mutual relationship.

scholarly journals The Firm Friendship: Turkish–Ukrainian Cooperation

2019 ◽  
pp. 356-362
Author(s):  
Yağmur Ahmet Güldere
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Free Trade Agreement ◽  
Bilateral Trade ◽  
Trade Agreement ◽  
Business Community ◽  
Strategic Partnership ◽  
Future Prospects ◽  
Bilateral Relations ◽  
Trade Turnover ◽  
Bilateral Cooperation

The article examines the cooperation of Turkey and Ukraine and its future prospects. It is mentioned that Turkey defined Ukraine as a top-priority partner in 2003, and in 2011, this concept was transformed into a strategic partnership. It is noted that trade turnover between the two countries currently stands at $4,1 billion. However, a larger volume is eminently achievable, which has prompted the leaders to announce $10 billion as the new benchmark of bilateral trade. Turkish entrepreneurs firmly believe in the future of Ukraine and put huge investments into it. Telecommunications, renewable energy, construction, and agriculture are a few main sectors supported by the Turkish business community, which contributes to strengthening the Ukrainian economy. The visa free regime between the two countries has led to the upswing of tourism, where the number of visitors has increased to 1,75 million people. With this fact in mind, the two states are taking an ever-growing interest in each other and boost cooperation in the realm of culture. In October 2017, the Yunus Emre Cultural Centre was inaugurated in Kyiv with the aim of providing Turkish classes and cooperating with Ukrainian stakeholders interested in the organisation of cultural events. It is underlined that Turkey has repeatedly confirmed its respect for the sovereignty and territorial integrity of Ukraine, namely in respect of Crimea and Donbas. Turkey is also closely cooperating with Ukraine on the international arena, in particular on matters relating to Crimean Tatars. The article concludes that Turkey and Ukraine have tremendous potential for cooperation and all the necessary tools to bring their bilateral relations to a new level. There are substantial grounds for the trade turnover to reach and even exceed $10 billion, especially if the free trade agreement is concluded. Apart from trade, general bilateral cooperation will encompass more realms, running the gamut from security to culture. The reason for this ambitious statement is not only efforts of the two states in this direction but also a sincere interest of the two nations in cooperation. Key words: Turkey, cooperation, trade, culture, tourism, security.

scholarly journals New trends in Sino-Russian entrepreneurship

Upravlenie ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 72-76
Author(s):  
Wantao Lai ◽  
Ye Dongmei ◽  
Duanan Zheng
Keyword(s):  
Bilateral Trade ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Chinese Government ◽  
Chinese Market ◽  
Russian Market ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
History Of ◽  
Solid Foundation ◽  
Chinese Entrepreneurs ◽  
Business In China

Not only the long history of Sino-Russian economic communication but also Good timing, geographical convenience and good human relations help build up a solid foundation for modern cooperation between China and Russia as well as provide entrepreneurs with good opportunities to process global operation in Russian market or Chinese market.. This paper explores some new trends in entrepreneurship, which are both in China and Russia and pinpoint the underlying reasons behind those new trends. The article studies the legal framework for the development of Chinese-Russian trade and economic relations. The bilateral trade of Russia and China with the introduction of innovative technologies has been considered. The work of Chinese entrepreneurs in Russia has been analyzed. The assessment of the Russian market and its potential by the Chinese has been given. The conclusion of bilateral Sino-Russian agreements, the establishment of joint ventures, as well as the difficulties that Chinese businessmen have to deal with in Russia have been described. The work of Russian entrepreneurs in China has been examined. The opportunities for Russians to do business in China have been shown. The interest of the Chinese government and business circles in Russian investments, bilateral economic and cultural cooperation has been noted. Сhinese regard such good relationships between China and Russia as “honeymoon”. Under “honeymoon”, it is believed that Chinese and Russian entrepreneurs should seize the opportunity, expanding cross-border e-commerce communication, promoting technical exchange, and creating a win-win situation for both Chinese and Russians.

India and EU will deepen strategic partnership

2019 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Bilateral Trade ◽  
Trade Agreement ◽  
Strategic Partnership ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Bilateral Relations ◽  
New Strategy ◽  
Ocean Region ◽  
Angela Merkel ◽  
The Indian Ocean ◽  
The Eu

Subject India-EU relationship. Significance During a visit to India visit last month, German Chancellor Angela Merkel urged renewed attempts to negotiate an India-EU free trade agreement (FTA). In recent years, Delhi and the EU have sought to strengthen bilateral relations, building on long-standing trade ties. The EU in November 2018 published a new strategy to increase strategic cooperation with India. Impacts India will step up dialogue with Germany, its main link to the EU post-Brexit. Delhi and Brussels will increase cooperation with Tokyo to develop infrastructure in South Asia and the Indian Ocean Region. EU-China relations will be strained, but bilateral trade will grow.

Mexico–Canada Economic Relations during the NAFTA Era

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roberto Zepeda
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Bilateral Trade ◽  
Trade Agreement ◽  
The United States ◽  
Trading Partner ◽  
Canadian Province ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
The North ◽  
Trading Partners ◽  
Subnational Governments

Canada is Mexico’s third largest trading partner in terms of the overall bilateral trade, and both countries have become strategic allies during the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) era, between 1994 and 2020. Canada, Mexico, and the United States have been members of the NAFTA since 1994. For both Canada and Mexico, the United States is their first trading partner, in terms of exports, imports, and foreign direct investment. NAFTA has paved the way for economic integration between Canada and Mexico during the period of this agreement. It is significant to highlight the notable expansion of Mexico’s exports to Canada, but also of Canada’s investment in Mexico. From a subnational perspective, the provinces of Ontario, Quebec, British Columbia, and Alberta are among Mexico’s most important trading partners. Economic relations between Mexico and Canada has also facilitated international cooperation from subnational governments and important interchanges in education, science, culture, and environment. Quebec is the only Canadian province with a general delegation in Mexico and representations in several subnational states. The Canadian province of Saskatchewan has established important agreements in education with government agencies and universities in Mexico. Relations between Mexico and Canada have strengthened during the NAFTA era. Not only central governments but also subnational governments define the characteristics and dynamics of this relation.

Diplomatic Salvation: Buddhist Exchanges and Sino-Japanese Rapprochement

2020 ◽  
pp. 187-203
Author(s):  
Lauren Richardson ◽  
Gregory Adam Scott
Keyword(s):  
Diplomatic History ◽  
Religious Groups ◽  
Sacred Sites ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
Bilateral Relations ◽  
Soka Gakkai ◽  
History Of ◽  
War Dead ◽  
Jodo Shinshu

Beginning in the ruins of Buddhist sacred sites in China, Richardson and Scott unearths the reconstruction of post-imperial Sino-Japanese relations through the history of Buddhist exchanges. Building on important new trends in the diplomatic history of early Cold War East Asia, Richardson and Scott move well beyond the focus on Japan-PRC economic relations to minkan religious networks which tied Japan and China throughout the 1950s and 1960s. In so doing this chapter sheds light on the central role of temple priests and religious groups such as Jōdō shinshū and Sōka gakkai, illustrating how Buddhism and religion were pragmatically deployed to bypass official obstacles to bilateral relations. Ultimately, this chapter deepens our understanding of how Buddhist religious and cultural heritages were mobilized to build trust and cooperation beyond the violence of imperial wars. In memorializing war dead, and in returning the remains of forced laborers, religious leaders played an important role in normalizing relations between Japan and the PRC.

scholarly journals The relations between Turkey and Mexico: a comparative analysis, history and modernity

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 97-107
Author(s):  
A. N. Piatakov
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Latin American Studies ◽  
Historical Aspect ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
Bilateral Relations ◽  
Current State ◽  
Economic Weight ◽  
Latin American Region ◽  
History Of

The author analyzes the history of formation and current state of Turkey-Mexico political and economic relations in the context of Ankara intercontinental relations with the Latin American region. Comparative analysis of the two powers in their geo-economic ‘weight’, international activity, and other aspects is carried out. Evaluation of historical aspect of bilateral relations is specially emphasized. For the first time in Russian Latin American studies the evolution of Turkey-Mexico diplomatic relations in the 20th century is studied in their phases, including political contacts dynamics at the turn of the 20th and 21st century. The author also analyzes current state of countries’ trade and economic relations, as well as their interaction at the international arena.

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