TRADE AND ECONOMIC RELATIONS BETWEEN IRAN AND ARMENIA IN THE CONTEXT OF IRAN’S RAPPROCHEMENT WITH THE EURASIAN ECONOMIC UNION

2021 ◽  
pp. 49-62
Author(s):  
Nikita A. Filin ◽  
◽  
Vladimir O. Koklikov ◽  
Aleksandr S. Khodunov ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Banking Sector ◽  
Bilateral Trade ◽  
Trade Agreement ◽  
Investment Activity ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
Bilateral Relations ◽  
Eurasian Economic Union ◽  
Economic Union ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Economic Ties

The article analyzes the history of development and current state of relations between Iran and Armenia in the field of economics. It is shown that those relations developed progressively after the declaration of independence by Armenia and up to the present time. Despite the difference in religion, Iran and Armenia actively interact in the political and especially in the economic sphere, where the energy and transport cooperation are developing most dynamically. Over 5 thou- sand companies with Iranian capital are actively working in Armenia. Nevertheless, the potential of bilateral relations remains largely unrealized particularly due to the lack of the necessary infrastructure, weak cooperation in the banking sector and in- sufficient investment activity. Parties expected a sharp intensification of economic ties after the deepening of Iran’s integration with the Eurasian Economic Union, especially, after the entry into force of the Free Trade Agreement. However, due to the coronavirus pandemic, bilateral trade has dropped markedly. After the recent decision of the Armenian leadership to temporarily ban the import of goods from Turkey due to dissatisfaction with its position in the Karabakh conflict, a sharp increase in trade between the two countries is expected in the near future.

EURASIAN ECONOMIC UNION IN THE VIEWS OF THE IRANIAN EXPERT COMMUNITIES

2020 ◽  
pp. 40-54
Author(s):  
Nikita A. Filin ◽  
◽  
Vladimir O. Koklikov ◽  
Aleksandr S. Khodunov ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sharp Increase ◽  
Free Trade Agreement ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Trade Agreement ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Economic Potential ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
Eurasian Economic Union ◽  
Economic Union ◽  
Intensive Development

The article considers the development of Iran’s relations with the Eurasian Economic Union, as well as the views of Russian and Iranian experts on further prospects for cooperation. It is shown that the economic potential of Iran, despite existing economic difficulties, is comparable to the potential of the most developed countries of the organization. Iranian authorities are in favor of stepping up relations with the Eurasian Economic Union, which the organization itself is committed to. Russian and Iranian experts generally support further intensive development of Iran’s trade and economic relations with that organization, but they note on a number of issues in the way. According to Iranian experts, the Free Trade Agreement with the Eurasian Economic Union will allow Iran to overcome the severe American sanctions and revive its economy through a sharp increase in exports. But some experts oppose an active rapprochement between Iran and the Union, seeing that as a danger to weak domestic production or to relations with Western Europe, which occupies a much larger place in Iran’s foreign trade than the countries of the Eurasian Economic Union.

scholarly journals An evaluation of Nigeria-Chad trade and security relations, 1988-2009

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 1600-1626
Author(s):  
Kelechi Johnmary Ani
Keyword(s):  
Bilateral Trade ◽  
Trade Agreement ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
Contemporary World ◽  
Economic Diplomacy ◽  
Bilateral Relations ◽  
Augmented Dickey Fuller ◽  
Security Relations ◽  
History Of ◽  
State Relations

The contemporary world is such that nations cannot do without one another. This is because some nations are connected by historical, cultural, social, economic, scientific and other forms of strategic interests. Nigeria and Chad over the years have a history of inter-state relations that pre-dates the coming of colonial masters. However, at the end of colonial rule, both states engaged in multi-dimensional forms of bilateral relations. This study, which adopts mixed method of research focuses on Nigeria-Chad economic relations. It reveals the forms of trade agreement between both states. The study highlights formal and informal nature of the trade amongst the two states and found that their history of diplomatic relations has promoted the national interest as well as the management of strategic over-lapping trade demands in both countries. This study used regression analysis and applied unit root, co-integration, chow test, stability test as well as Phillips-Perron (PP) and Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) to find-out that there is strong positive significant relationship between Nigeria-Chad trade and economic diplomacy within the period of 1970-2018 as well as reasonable stability in Nigerian trade and security relations with Chad in the presence of Boko Haram menace. The study recommends increased bilateral trade, border security as well as intelligence sharing on the dynamics of security threats to the relations of both states.

The Turkey-UK Free Trade Agreement in Terms of Economic Diplomacy

2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (Fall 2021) ◽  
pp. 193-211
Author(s):  
Kaan Yiğenoğlu
Keyword(s):  
Free Trade ◽  
Free Trade Agreement ◽  
Bilateral Trade ◽  
Free Trade Agreements ◽  
Trade Agreement ◽  
Trade Agreements ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
Economic Diplomacy ◽  
The Uk

This article scrutinizes relations between economic diplomacy and free trade agreements by focusing on the Turkey-UK free trade agreements which came into force in 2021. Accordingly, the article first introduces the concept of economic diplomacy, an important issue as it has been shown that bilateral trade agreements, nowadays preferred by many countries, can be used as a tool of economic diplomacy. The article then discusses the history and development of free trade agreements signed by Turkey, including its long-running experience of economic integration with the European Union. Although Turkey began establishing free trade agreements in the 1990s, it has been concentrating on and accelerating its use since 2000. Based on economic and political reasons underlying the free economic agreements, the reasons why Turkey and the UK have reached such an agreement are summarized. Economic relations between the two countries are then analyzed and the details of the agreement are investigated in the context of the changes that it provides.

scholarly journals Nothern European Lessons for Eurasian Integration

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 79-91
Author(s):  
L. S. Voronkov
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Regional Integration ◽  
Nordic Countries ◽  
The Other ◽  
Northern Europe ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
Eurasian Economic Union ◽  
Economic Union ◽  
The Eu

The paper is dedicated to the differences between the classical instruments for regulating interstate political and trade-economic relations from those used in the development of regional integration processes. Traditionally, the Eurasian Economic Union is compared with the European Union, considering the EU as a close example to follow in the development of integration processes. At the same time, there exist the other models of integration. The author proposes to pay attention to the other models of integration and based on the analysis of documents, reveals the experience of Northern Europe, which demonstrates effective cooperation without infringing on the sovereignty of the participants. The author examines the features of the integration experience of the Nordic countries in relation to the possibility of using its elements in the modern integration practice of the Eurasian Economic Union.

scholarly journals On Prospects of the Development of Criminal Laws of the Eurasian Economic Union Member States Ensuring Protection of National Interests in International Trade

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 21-25
Author(s):  
Valeriy F. Lapshin ◽  
◽  
Nadezhda V. Kuznetsova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Economic Activity ◽  
Union Member ◽  
National Interests ◽  
Member States ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
Eurasian Economic Union ◽  
Soviet Space ◽  
Economic Union ◽  
Economic Crimes ◽  
Post Soviet Space

Тhe subject of this research is the international normative acts concluded in connection with the creation of interstate unions and associations in the post-Soviet space. Attention is drawn to the active development of regulatory legislation on the specifics of economic relations between representatives of the union states, in the complete absence of any processes of unification of national criminal law in the field of foreign economic activity. The emerging situation can significantly complicate the implementation of international foreign economic cooperation, despite the membership of states in the Eurasian Economic Union (hereinafter — the EAEU). In this regard, it is concluded that it is necessary to develop a unified EAEU normative act that defines the specifics of establishing and implementing responsibility for committing foreign economic crimes, as well as the appropriate unification of the national criminal laws of the EAEU member states.

scholarly journals Particularity of Canada-Mexico bilateral relations (from beginning to entry into force NAFTA Agreement)

2018 ◽  
pp. 31-41
Author(s):  
Oleh Bulka
Keyword(s):  
Trade Agreement ◽  
The United States ◽  
Mutual Cooperation ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
The North ◽  
Bilateral Relations ◽  
Organizational Mechanism ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
The Impact

The article is devoted to the particularity of Canada-Mexico bilateral relations in the period from their beginning to signing and entry into force the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). It is noted that from the time of first contacts bilateral relations between two countries have developed unevenly with periods of increase and periods of decline. It is determined that in the history of Canada-Mexico relations before signing NAFTA can be identified four main periods. The first one is a period of early contacts that lasted from the end of XIX century to the establishment of the official diplomatic relations between Canada and Mexico in 1944. In this period of time ties between the two countries were extremely weak. The second period lasted from 1944 to the end of the 1960s. This period clearly shows the limits of cooperation between Canada and Mexico after the establishment of the official diplomatic ties, but it is also possible to see a certain coincidence between the values and diplomatic strategies of these countries. The third period of Canada-Mexico relations lasted from the beginning of the 1970s to the end of the 1980s. During this period, both Canada and Mexico try to diversify their foreign policy and strengthen the organizational mechanism of mutual cooperation. But it is also shown that despite the warm political rhetoric, there was some distance in Canada-Mexico relations. The fourth period of the relations lasted from the late 1980s until the NAFTA treaty came into force in 1994. At that time Canadian and Mexican governments began to give priority to economic relations over political and diplomatic ones. It was revealed that the main influencing factors of bilateral relations between Mexico and Canada were the impact of third countries, especially the United Kingdom and the United States, regional and global economic conditions, and the attitude to the bilateral relations of the political elites of both countries.

scholarly journals Economic Cooperation Development Issues between the EAEU

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jusup Pirimbaev ◽  
Anara Kamalova
Keyword(s):  
Main Idea ◽  
Economic Cooperation ◽  
The State ◽  
Member States ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
Eurasian Economic Union ◽  
Soviet Space ◽  
Economic Union ◽  
Effective Development ◽  
Post Soviet Space

The Organization of the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) is the first real attempt to conduct integration processes in the post-soviet space among several states. However, the question of its expansion at the expense of other states remains open, as well as the further deepening of relations within the Union and the improvement of the mechanisms for integrating the economies of the member states. In this regard, the analysis of the state of economic relations is carried out and the ways of solving some aspects of the coming period are shown. The main idea of solving the problems of the Union is the gradual and effective development of standards for economic relations.

The Challenge of Cooperation: Argentina and Brazil, 1939–1955

1995 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 129-159 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriel Porcile
Keyword(s):  
Economic Integration ◽  
Industrial Structure ◽  
Domestic Politics ◽  
Bilateral Trade ◽  
International System ◽  
Institutional Framework ◽  
International Economy ◽  
Gains From Trade ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
Economic Union

AbstractThis article analyses the variables shaping economic relations between Argentina and Brazil in the 1939–5 5 period, namely changes in the international economy, bilateral trade, the industrial structure and domestic politics. It is argued that although rivalry prevailed in most of the period this was qualified by the interest of Argentina and Brazil in securing the gains from trade and in enhancing their position in the international system. The balance of these contending forces was a pattern of limited or restrained cooperation. If significant trade concessions were offered, their institutional framework remained unstable and fragile. This was reflected in the uncertainty that plagued bilateral trade and in the failure of more ambitious initiatives aimed at economic integration, as those proposed in the Pinedo Plan and in the economic union agreements of 1953–54.

OPPORTUNITIES FOR ENTREPRENEURS: A TRADE UNION BETWEEN CHINA AND INDIA

1995 ◽  
Vol 03 (03) ◽  
pp. 343-366
Author(s):  
AKPE MBAATYO ◽  
ROBERT A BERG
Keyword(s):  
Economic Integration ◽  
Trade Agreement ◽  
Trade Diversion ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
China And India ◽  
Heated Debate ◽  
Growth Zones ◽  
Economic Union ◽  
The Government

With heated debate on the benefits to business, to labour, and to governments from economic union, many nations commit their people within the European Union (EU), North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), Australia and New Zealand Closer Economic Relations (CER), and other trade pacts. What if two emerging giants and neighbours, India and China, were to form an economic union? This paper undertakes a preliminary discussion of the viability of a China-India economic integration and recommends further study of the subject. Using Huang and Tu's (1994) revealed comparative advantage (RCA) as a backdrop, this paper discusses areas of possible trade creation (TC) and trade diversion (TD) that will occur should a China-India economic integration take place. The role of the government and information flow as new factors of production have been examined. After considering the history, economic growth zones, economic liberalisation programs in China and India, available resources, and regional and global trade, the paper concludes that a China-India economic integration holds the key to prosperity in the so called "Asian century". This paper suggests that such integration will be economically viable and should be studied and encouraged, both by business and government.

scholarly journals The Firm Friendship: Turkish–Ukrainian Cooperation

2019 ◽  
pp. 356-362
Author(s):  
Yağmur Ahmet Güldere
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Free Trade Agreement ◽  
Bilateral Trade ◽  
Trade Agreement ◽  
Business Community ◽  
Strategic Partnership ◽  
Future Prospects ◽  
Bilateral Relations ◽  
Trade Turnover ◽  
Bilateral Cooperation

The article examines the cooperation of Turkey and Ukraine and its future prospects. It is mentioned that Turkey defined Ukraine as a top-priority partner in 2003, and in 2011, this concept was transformed into a strategic partnership. It is noted that trade turnover between the two countries currently stands at $4,1 billion. However, a larger volume is eminently achievable, which has prompted the leaders to announce $10 billion as the new benchmark of bilateral trade. Turkish entrepreneurs firmly believe in the future of Ukraine and put huge investments into it. Telecommunications, renewable energy, construction, and agriculture are a few main sectors supported by the Turkish business community, which contributes to strengthening the Ukrainian economy. The visa free regime between the two countries has led to the upswing of tourism, where the number of visitors has increased to 1,75 million people. With this fact in mind, the two states are taking an ever-growing interest in each other and boost cooperation in the realm of culture. In October 2017, the Yunus Emre Cultural Centre was inaugurated in Kyiv with the aim of providing Turkish classes and cooperating with Ukrainian stakeholders interested in the organisation of cultural events. It is underlined that Turkey has repeatedly confirmed its respect for the sovereignty and territorial integrity of Ukraine, namely in respect of Crimea and Donbas. Turkey is also closely cooperating with Ukraine on the international arena, in particular on matters relating to Crimean Tatars. The article concludes that Turkey and Ukraine have tremendous potential for cooperation and all the necessary tools to bring their bilateral relations to a new level. There are substantial grounds for the trade turnover to reach and even exceed $10 billion, especially if the free trade agreement is concluded. Apart from trade, general bilateral cooperation will encompass more realms, running the gamut from security to culture. The reason for this ambitious statement is not only efforts of the two states in this direction but also a sincere interest of the two nations in cooperation. Key words: Turkey, cooperation, trade, culture, tourism, security.

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