scholarly journals The Effectiveness of Customized Promotions in Online and Offline Stores

2009 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 190-206 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jie Zhang ◽  
Michel Wedel
Keyword(s):  
Current Practice ◽  
Market Segment ◽  
Empirical Examination ◽  
Mass Market ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Purchase Incidence ◽  
Online Stores ◽  
Major Impediment ◽  
Sensitive Individual ◽  
Profit Potential

This study investigates the effectiveness of customized promotions at three levels of granularity (mass market, segment specific, and individual specific) in online and offline stores. The authors conduct an empirical examination of the profit potential of these customized promotion programs with a joint model of purchase incidence, choice, and quantity and through optimization procedures for approximately 300 conditions. They find that (1) optimization procedures lead to substantial profit improvements over the current practice for all types of promotions (customized and undifferentiated); (2) loyalty promotions are more profitable in online stores than in offline stores, while the opposite holds for competitive promotions; (3) the incremental payoff of individual-level over segment- and mass market–level customized promotions is small in general, especially in offline stores; (4) for categories that are promotion sensitive, individual-level customized promotions can lead to a meaningful profit increase over segment- and mass market–level customized promotions in online stores; and (5) low redemption rates are a major impediment to the success of customized promotions in offline stores. Optimal undifferentiated promotions should be the primary promotion program in this channel, and firms can benefit from offering a combination of optimal undifferentiated and customized promotions for suitable categories in offline stores.

scholarly journals High sensitivity and interindividual variability in the response of the human circadian system to evening light

2019 ◽  
pp. 201901824 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew J. K. Phillips ◽  
Parisa Vidafar ◽  
Angus C. Burns ◽  
Elise M. McGlashan ◽  
Clare Anderson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dose Response ◽  
Interindividual Variability ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Light Level ◽  
Circadian System ◽  
Response Curves ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Melatonin Suppression ◽  
Light Intensities ◽  
Sensitive Individual

Before the invention of electric lighting, humans were primarily exposed to intense (>300 lux) or dim (<30 lux) environmental light—stimuli at extreme ends of the circadian system’s dose–response curve to light. Today, humans spend hours per day exposed to intermediate light intensities (30–300 lux), particularly in the evening. Interindividual differences in sensitivity to evening light in this intensity range could therefore represent a source of vulnerability to circadian disruption by modern lighting. We characterized individual-level dose–response curves to light-induced melatonin suppression using a within-subjects protocol. Fifty-five participants (aged 18–30) were exposed to a dim control (<1 lux) and a range of experimental light levels (10–2,000 lux for 5 h) in the evening. Melatonin suppression was determined for each light level, and the effective dose for 50% suppression (ED50) was computed at individual and group levels. The group-level fitted ED50 was 24.60 lux, indicating that the circadian system is highly sensitive to evening light at typical indoor levels. Light intensities of 10, 30, and 50 lux resulted in later apparent melatonin onsets by 22, 77, and 109 min, respectively. Individual-level ED50 values ranged by over an order of magnitude (6 lux in the most sensitive individual, 350 lux in the least sensitive individual), with a 26% coefficient of variation. These findings demonstrate that the same evening-light environment is registered by the circadian system very differently between individuals. This interindividual variability may be an important factor for determining the circadian clock’s role in human health and disease.

Viable Business Models for M-Commerce

2011 ◽  
pp. 837-852
Author(s):  
Jiaxiang Gan ◽  
Jairo A. Gutiérrez
Keyword(s):  
Business Model ◽  
Value Chain ◽  
Competitive Strategy ◽  
Business Models ◽  
Market Segment ◽  
Value Proposition ◽  
Value Network ◽  
The Public ◽  
Profit Potential ◽  
Viable Business

As mobile applications increase in popularity, the issue of how to build viable business models for the m-commerce industry is becoming a clear priority for both organizations and researchers. In order to address this issue, this chapter reports on five mini cases used as a guideline, and applies the theoretical business model from Chesbrough and Rosenbloom (2002) to each of them to find out the most important components of viable business models for their m-commerce applications. The study then uses cross cases analysis as a research tool to compare and contrast each of the mini cases and to find out how the different organizations fit within the researched theoretical business model. Finally, this chapter confirms that there are 7 important components of viable business models for m-commerce which are: value proposition, market segment, value chain, profit potential, value network, competitive strategy and firm capabilities. This study also highlights the fact that the public visibility of these 7 components is uneven. Some components such as value proposition, value chain, value network and firm’s capabilities are more likely to be presented in public by organizations. However, aspects such as cost structure and profit potential, market segment and competitive strategy are more likely to be hidden from the public due to their commercial sensitivity.

scholarly journals Translational and Personalized Medicine

2015 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-33
Author(s):  
Krešimir Pavelić ◽  
Tamara Martinović ◽  
Sandra Kraljević Pavelić
Keyword(s):  
Personalized Medicine ◽  
Current Practice ◽  
Diagnostic Tools ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Multiple Factors ◽  
Complex Interactions ◽  
Personal Medicine ◽  
Genetic Makeup ◽  
Based Medicine ◽  
And Personalized Medicine

The idea behind personalized medicine is to tailor health care to an individual’s unique genetic makeup. Hitherto, “one size fits all” approach was used in medicine. With the rise of personal medicine, we are moving towards a more precise, predictable and powerful medicine that is customized for each individual patient. To allow for an improvement in the acceleration and efficacy of drug development, high-throughput methods (“omics”) are rapidly being developed. This leads to understanding of multiple factors that are involved in disease progress on an individual level. In order to analyze the great amount of data that is collected from such experiments, one has to turn to systems biology, an interdisciplinary science that studies complex interactions within a biological system. Finally, translational medicine comes into play, by “translating” the information gathered from research into diagnostic tools, medicines and policies, with the final goal of improving individuals’ health. Personalized medicine is one of the future, and it will revolutionize the current practice of diagnosis-based medicine, once fully developed.

Broadband for the Mass Market

2011 ◽  
pp. 126-138
Author(s):  
Roger Saunders
Keyword(s):  
High Speed ◽  
Internet Protocol ◽  
International Standards ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Voice Over Internet Protocol ◽  
Purchase Decisions ◽  
Market Segment ◽  
Mass Market ◽  
Fully Integrated ◽  
New Applications

This chapter suggests there is no new application to stimulate adoption of broadband by the mass market. Many new applications have been introduced but have not created the desired growth. One application that could have mass market attraction is Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP), and it is the most likely killer application. But failure by major communications carriers to develop VoIP is slowing broadband penetration to this larger market segment. This resistance results from the risk to current carrier call revenue from VoIP, and that infrastructure to support high-speed broadband may not generate adequate revenue in the short term to satisfy shareholders or financial markets. No international standards have yet been set, and VoIP between the Internet platforms is not fully integrated. Also the multitude of broadband packages offered by the various competing carriers creates confusion in the mass market which, as a result, defers purchase decisions.

scholarly journals Statistical approaches in published ophthalmic clinical science papers: a comparison to statistical practice two decades ago

2018 ◽  
Vol 102 (9) ◽  
pp. 1188-1191 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harrison G Zhang ◽  
Gui-shuang Ying
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Current Practice ◽  
Paired Comparison ◽  
Clinical Science ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
The Past ◽  
Ocular Finding ◽  
Analyse Data ◽  
Collaborative Efforts ◽  
Made In

The aim of this study is to evaluate the current practice of statistical analysis of eye data in clinical science papers published in British Journal of Ophthalmology (BJO) and to determine whether the practice of statistical analysis has improved in the past two decades. All clinical science papers (n=125) published in BJO in January–June 2017 were reviewed for their statistical analysis approaches for analysing primary ocular measure. We compared our findings to the results from a previous paper that reviewed BJO papers in 1995. Of 112 papers eligible for analysis, half of the studies analysed the data at an individual level because of the nature of observation, 16 (14%) studies analysed data from one eye only, 36 (32%) studies analysed data from both eyes at ocular level, one study (1%) analysed the overall summary of ocular finding per individual and three (3%) studies used the paired comparison. Among studies with data available from both eyes, 50 (89%) of 56 papers in 2017 did not analyse data from both eyes or ignored the intereye correlation, as compared with in 60 (90%) of 67 papers in 1995 (P=0.96). Among studies that analysed data from both eyes at an ocular level, 33 (92%) of 36 studies completely ignored the intereye correlation in 2017, as compared with in 16 (89%) of 18 studies in 1995 (P=0.40). A majority of studies did not analyse the data properly when data from both eyes were available. The practice of statistical analysis did not improve in the past two decades. Collaborative efforts should be made in the vision research community to improve the practice of statistical analysis for ocular data.

To make us truly human: humanities education and corporate social responsibility

2016 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 181-195 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caitlin Paige Roach ◽  
Daniel Joseph Slater
Keyword(s):  
Corporate Social Responsibility ◽  
Social Responsibility ◽  
Performing Arts ◽  
English Literature ◽  
Empirical Examination ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Upper Echelons Theory ◽  
Humanities Education ◽  
Corporate Social

Purpose This paper aims to determine whether CEOs with a humanities education (e.g. English/literature, philosophy, history, languages, religion, visual arts, or performing arts) exhibit higher levels of corporate social responsibility (CSR) within their firms than those who have studied other disciplines. Design/methodology/approach This paper is an empirical examination of S&P 500 CEOs’ undergraduate education and their firms’ level of CSR as measured by Kinder, Lydenberg & Domini (KLD). Findings CEO undergraduate humanities education is associated with higher levels of CSR even after accounting for several firm- and individual level controls. In addition, the CSR dimensions of community and diversity were found to be key drivers of the association. Research limitations/implications This research is limited in understanding the micro-processes of the CEOs affected by a humanities education, as it relates to CSR. However, the results imply a values-based connection that is supported by the upper echelons theory. Practical implications CSR-minded firms may seek out humanities-educated executives. In addition, the results would suggest a need for humanities education despite the recent waning interest. Originality/value First, the findings of Manner (2010) will be confirmed using a different sample. Second, the humanities education and CSR relationship will be explored using a composite measure of CSR as opposed to analyzing its strengths and weaknesses separately (Manner, 2010), thus representing a holistic evaluation of the relationship. Third, previous research will be extended by examining the specific CSR dimensions (e.g. customers, employees) that are affected by a humanities education.

Brand switching of high-technology capital products: how product features dictate the switching decision

2014 ◽  
Vol 23 (4/5) ◽  
pp. 322-332 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sam Al-Kwifi ◽  
Zafar U. Ahmed ◽  
Dina Yammout
Keyword(s):  
Medical Imaging ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
High Technology ◽  
Influential Factor ◽  
Market Segment ◽  
Mass Market ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Product Features ◽  
Brand Switching ◽  
Major Factors

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate the factors that underpin brand switching of medical imaging products by mass-market users. Most of the literature on brand switching is focused on competitive market products, for which switching costs are manageable. However, little consideration is given to brand switching of high-technology capital products. Design/methodology/approach – The conceptual model is developed based on the existing literature on B2B brand switching. An online survey was developed and distributed to decision makers involved in purchasing medical imaging technology. Findings – The results confirm the expectation that product features is the most influential factor underpinning brand switching. Product features are critical for medical organizations who want to maintain their competitive advantage. The findings suggest that the set of factors that influence the decision to switch is unique for users of different market segments in the same industry (e.g. lead users and mass-market users). This difference stems from technology utilization of each market segment. Research limitations/implications – In high-technology markets, managers should develop a reliable strategy to evaluate the antecedents behind brand switching that are specific to their industry. Knowledge of the major factors that cause users to switch is essential to allow firms to determine the strategy needed to prevent the erosion of their market share. Originality/value – Although the literature reports considerable research on brand switching, this study is a first-of-its-kind in that it demonstrates that the factors underpinning brand switching vary within the same industry, based on the characteristics of each market segment. This paper develops new knowledge on the factors that influence the decision of users of high-technology capital products to switch between brands to renew or improve their internal capabilities.

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