Functional Materials Produced On An Industrial Scale

AbstractThe article presents a wide range of applications of functional materials and a scale of their current industrial production. These are the materials which have specific characteristics, thanks to which they became virtually indispensable in certain constructional solutions. Their basic characteristics, properties, methods of production and use as smart materials were described.

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The Effects of Additive Manufacturing and Electric Poling Techniques on PVdF Thin Films: Towards 3D Printed Functional Materials

ASME 2020 Conference on Smart Materials, Adaptive Structures and Intelligent Systems ◽

10.1115/smasis2020-2245 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Jinsheng Fan ◽

David Gonzalez ◽

Jose Garcia ◽

Brittany Newell ◽

Robert A. Nawrocki

Keyword(s):

Thin Films ◽

Smart Materials ◽

Vinylidene Fluoride ◽

Pressure Sensors ◽

Functional Materials ◽

Piezoelectric Constant ◽

Β Phase ◽

Calibration Curves ◽

Wide Range ◽

3D Printed

Abstract Mechanical flexibility, faster processing, lower fabrication cost and biocompatibility enable poly (vinylidene fluoride) (PVdF) to have a wide range of applications. This work investigated the use of a piezoelectric polymeric material, PVdF, in combination with 3D printing, to explore new strategies for the fabrication of smart materials with embedded functions, namely sensing. The motivation behind this research was to design and fabricate PVdF thin films that will be used to build pressure sensors with applications in active intelligent structures. In this work, 3D printed PVdF thin films with thickness values in the range of 250 to 350 μm were poled under high direct current electrical fields, which were varied from 0.4 to 12 MV/m and temperatures from 80 to 140 °C. Copper electrodes were applied, forming a standard capacitor layered structure, to facilitate poling and to collect piezoelectric output voltage. The poling process enabled the piezoelectric crystalline phase transition of printed PVdF films to transfer from the non-active a α-phase to the piezoelectric active β-phase and rearranged the dipole alignments of the β-phase. The efficiency of poling was evaluated through the piezoelectric constant calculated from measured calibration curves. These calibration curves demonstrated the PVdF sensing device have a positive linear correlation between mechanical input and voltage output. We found that a peak value in piezoelectric constant correlated with poling voltages and temperatures. The highest piezoelectric constant achieved through contact poling was 32.29 pC/N poled at 750 V and 120 °C, and temperature was deemed the most important factors to influence piezoelectric constant. We believe that the present work demonstrates a path towards fully 3D printed smart, functional materials.

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Coumarins into Polyurethanes for Smart and Functional Materials

Polymers ◽

10.3390/polym12030630 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (3) ◽

pp. 630 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

José María Cuevas ◽

Rubén Seoane-Rivero ◽

Rodrigo Navarro ◽

Ángel Marcos-Fernández

Keyword(s):

Smart Materials ◽

Scientific Community ◽

Functional Materials ◽

Wide Range ◽

Photochemical Properties ◽

Natural And Synthetic

Polyurethanes are of undoubted interest for the scientific community and the industry. Their outstanding versatility from tailor-made structures turns them into major polymers for use in a wide range of different applications. As with other polymers, new, emerging molecules and monomers with specific attributes can provide new functions and capabilities to polyurethanes. Natural and synthetic coumarin and its derivatives are characterised by interesting biological, photophysical and photochemical properties. Then, the polyurethanes can exploit those features of many coumarins which are present in their composition to achieve new functions and performances. This article reviews the developments in the proper use of the special properties of coumarins in polyurethanes to produce functional and smart materials that can be suitable for new specific applications.

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A glance on rare earth oxides: importance, reserves, demand, applications, critical uncertainties, global economy, and zeta potential characterization

Current Smart Materials ◽

10.2174/2405465805999200628095450 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 05 ◽

Author(s):

Silas Santos ◽

Orlando Rodrigues ◽

Letícia Campos

Keyword(s):

Rare Earth ◽

Zeta Potential ◽

Sample Preparation ◽

Rare Earths ◽

Smart Materials ◽

Global Economy ◽

Materials Science ◽

Functional Materials ◽

Rare Earth Oxides ◽

Interparticle Forces

Background: Innovation mission in materials science requires new approaches to form functional materials, wherein the concept of its formation begins in nano/micro scale. Rare earth oxides with general form (RE2O3; RE from La to Lu, including Sc and Y) exhibit particular proprieties, being used in a vast field of applications with high technological content since agriculture to astronomy. Despite of their applicability, there is a lack of studies on surface chemistry of rare earth oxides. Zeta potential determination provides key parameters to form smart materials by controlling interparticle forces, as well as their evolution during processing. This paper reports a study on zeta potential with emphasis for rare earth oxide nanoparticles. A brief overview on rare earths, as well as zeta potential, including sample preparation, measurement parameters, and the most common mistakes during this evaluation are reported. Methods: A brief overview on rare earths, including zeta potential, and interparticle forces are presented. A practical study on zeta potential of rare earth oxides - RE2O3 (RE as Y, Dy, Tm, Eu, and Ce) in aqueous media is reported. Moreover, sample preparation, measurement parameters, and common mistakes during this evaluation are discussed. Results: Potential zeta values depend on particle characteristics such as size, shape, density, and surface area. Besides, preparation of samples which involves electrolyte concentration and time for homogenization of suspensions are extremely valuable to get suitable results. Conclusion: Zeta potential evaluation provides key parameters to produce smart materials seeing that interparticle forces can be controlled. Even though zeta potential characterization is mature, investigations on rare earth oxides are very scarce. Therefore, this innovative paper is a valuable contribution on this field.

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Characterizing Bacterial Cellulose Produced byKomagataeibacter sucrofermentans H-110 on Molasses Medium and Obtaining a Biocomposite Based on It for the Adsorption of Fluoride

Polymers ◽

10.3390/polym13091422 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (9) ◽

pp. 1422

Author(s):

Viktor V. Revin ◽

Alexander V. Dolganov ◽

Elena V. Liyaskina ◽

Natalia B. Nazarova ◽

Anastasia V. Balandina ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Composite Material ◽

Adsorption Capacity ◽

Bacterial Cellulose ◽

Functional Materials ◽

Degree Of Crystallinity ◽

Maximum Adsorption Capacity ◽

Fluoride Ions ◽

Sorption Ability ◽

Wide Range ◽

Biocomposite Material

Currently, there is an increased demand for biodegradable materials in society due to growing environmental problems. Special attention is paid to bacterial cellulose, which, due to its unique properties, has great prospects for obtaining functional materials for a wide range of applications, including adsorbents. In this regard, the aim of this study was to obtain a biocomposite material with adsorption properties in relation to fluoride ions based on bacterial cellulose using a highly productive strain of Komagataeibacter sucrofermentans H-110 on molasses medium. Films of bacterial cellulose were obtained. Their structure and properties were investigated by FTIR spectroscopy, NMR, atomic force microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and X-ray structural analysis. The results show that the fiber thickness of the bacterial cellulose formed by the K. sucrofermentans H-110 strain on molasses medium was 60–90 nm. The degree of crystallinity of bacterial cellulose formed on the medium was higher than on standard Hestrin and Schramm medium and amounted to 83.02%. A new biocomposite material was obtained based on bacterial cellulose chemically immobilized on its surface using atomic-layer deposition of nanosized aluminum oxide films. The composite material has high sorption ability to remove fluoride ions from an aqueous medium. The maximum adsorption capacity of the composite is 80.1 mg/g (F/composite). The obtained composite material has the highest adsorption capacity of fluoride from water in comparison with other sorbents. The results prove the potential of bacterial cellulose-based biocomposites as highly effective sorbents for fluoride.

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Injectable Hydrogels: From Laboratory to Industrialization

Polymers ◽

10.3390/polym13040650 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (4) ◽

pp. 650

Author(s):

Jose Maria Alonso ◽

Jon Andrade del Olmo ◽

Raul Perez Gonzalez ◽

Virginia Saez-Martinez

Keyword(s):

Industrial Process ◽

Functional Materials ◽

Point Of View ◽

Industrial Scale ◽

Injectable Hydrogels ◽

Safety And Efficacy ◽

Process Validation ◽

Characterization Techniques ◽

Hyaluronic Acid Hydrogel ◽

Lack Of Knowledge

The transfer of some innovative technologies from the laboratory to industrial scale is many times not taken into account in the design and development of some functional materials such as hydrogels to be applied in the biomedical field. There is a lack of knowledge in the scientific field where many aspects of scaling to an industrial process are ignored, and products cannot reach the market. Injectable hydrogels are a good example that we have used in our research to show the different steps needed to follow to get a product in the market based on them. From synthesis and process validation to characterization techniques used and assays performed to ensure the safety and efficacy of the product, following regulation, several well-defined protocols must be adopted. Therefore, this paper summarized all these aspects due to the lack of knowledge that exists about the industrialization of injectable products with the great importance that it entails, and it is intended to serve as a guide on this area to non-initiated scientists. More concretely, in this work, the characteristics and requirements for the development of injectable hydrogels from the laboratory to industrial scale is presented in terms of (i) synthesis techniques employed to obtain injectable hydrogels with tunable desired properties, (ii) the most common characterization techniques to characterize hydrogels, and (iii) the necessary safety and efficacy assays and protocols to industrialize and commercialize injectable hydrogels from the regulatory point of view. Finally, this review also mentioned and explained a real example of the development of a natural hyaluronic acid hydrogel that reached the market as an injectable product.

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Strain- and field-induced anisotropy in hybrid elastomers with elongated filler nanoparticles

Soft Matter ◽

10.1039/d0sm02104k ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Julian Seifert ◽

Damian Günzing ◽

Samira Webers ◽

Martin Dulle ◽

Margarita Kruteva ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Smart Materials ◽

Functional Materials ◽

Induced Anisotropy

The implementation of anisotropy to functional materials is a key step towards future smart materials. In this work, we evaluate the influence of preorientation and sample architecture on the strain-induced...

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Advanced Functional Materials Based on Nanocellulose for Pharmaceutical/Medical Applications

Pharmaceutics ◽

10.3390/pharmaceutics13081125 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (8) ◽

pp. 1125

Author(s):

Raluca Nicu ◽

Florin Ciolacu ◽

Diana E. Ciolacu

Keyword(s):

Rapid Development ◽

Cellulose Nanofibrils ◽

Functional Materials ◽

Medical Applications ◽

Bacterial Nanocellulose ◽

Green Materials ◽

Wide Range ◽

In Vivo Cytotoxicity

Nanocelluloses (NCs), with their remarkable characteristics, have proven to be one of the most promising “green” materials of our times and have received special attention from researchers in nanomaterials. A diversity of new functional materials with a wide range of biomedical applications has been designed based on the most desirable properties of NCs, such as biocompatibility, biodegradability, and their special physicochemical properties. In this context and under the pressure of rapid development of this field, it is imperative to synthesize the successes and the new requirements in a comprehensive review. The first part of this work provides a brief review of the characteristics of the NCs (cellulose nanocrystals—CNC, cellulose nanofibrils—CNF, and bacterial nanocellulose—BNC), as well as of the main functional materials based on NCs (hydrogels, nanogels, and nanocomposites). The second part presents an extensive review of research over the past five years on promising pharmaceutical and medical applications of nanocellulose-based materials, which have been discussed in three important areas: drug-delivery systems, materials for wound-healing applications, as well as tissue engineering. Finally, an in-depth assessment of the in vitro and in vivo cytotoxicity of NCs-based materials, as well as the challenges related to their biodegradability, is performed.

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Cycle Rate, Length, and Speed of Progression in Human Locomotion

Journal of Applied Biomechanics ◽

10.1123/jab.18.3.257 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 18 (3) ◽

pp. 257-270 ◽

Cited By ~ 31

Author(s):

James G. Hay

Keyword(s):

Cycle Length ◽

Human Locomotion ◽

Primary Factor ◽

Cycle Rate ◽

Wide Range ◽

Human Participant ◽

Multiple Trials ◽

Basic Characteristics ◽

Actual Locomotion

There have been few attempts to synthesize the knowledge gleaned from the study of cyclic human locomotion and, specifically, to determine whether there are general laws that describe or govern all such forms of locomotion. The purpose of this paper was to test the hypothesis that, when a human participant performs multiple trials of a given form of cyclic locomotion at a wide range of speeds (S) and without constraint on cycle rate (CR) or cycle length (CL), the relationships of CR vs. S and CL vs. S have the same basic characteristics as do those for any other form of cyclic locomotion. Data were gathered from published and unpublished sources. For each participant and form of locomotion, CR-vs.-S and CL-vs.-S relationships were plotted on a common scattergram with S on the abscissa and both CR and CL on the ordinate. Analysis of data collected on 49 participants and 12 forms of locomotion showed that, for every combination of participant and form of locomotion considered (excluding combinations involving simulated locomotion), the relationships of CR vs. S and CL vs. S had the same basic characteristics. These relationships were quadratic in form with CR-vs.-S concave upward and CL-vs.-S concave downward. The factor that made the greater contribution to increases in S was a function of S, with CL the primary factor at low S and CR the primary factor at high S. In short, the results obtained provided unequivocal support for the hypothesis of the study. The basic CR-vs.-S and CL-vs.-S relationships observed for forms of actual locomotion were also observed for some, but not all, of the forms of simulated locomotion examined.

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Tax incentives for industrial production

10.12737/1213789 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Roman Gereev ◽

Milyausha Pinskaya

Keyword(s):

Risk Management ◽

Industrial Production ◽

Financial Support ◽

Industrial Development ◽

Tax Incentives ◽

The State ◽

Tax Administration ◽

Wide Range ◽

Improve State ◽

Theoretical Foundations

The monograph is devoted to the analysis of tax incentives, the use of which will help to achieve the economic goals of the state in the field of industrial support. The theoretical foundations of tax incentives for industrial development are considered, the effectiveness of tax incentives is evaluated, and measures to improve state financial support for industrial production are proposed. It is intended for a wide range of readers: specialists involved in tax risk management, economists in the field of industrial production, consultants in the field of taxation and tax administration, students and teachers of economic universities.

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Understanding the interaction properties of an eco-friendly corrosion inhibitor on Zn (1 1 0) surface: Comprehensive DFT-based MD simulation

10.21203/rs.3.rs-135917/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Atyeh Rahmanzadeh ◽

Mahyar Rezvani ◽

Masoud Darvish Ganji

Keyword(s):

Interaction Energy ◽

Active Sites ◽

Md Simulation ◽

Functional Materials ◽

Metallic Surfaces ◽

Theory Analysis ◽

Multiple Bonds ◽

Green Inhibitor ◽

Wide Range ◽

Interactive Nature

Abstract Regarding the deleterious effects of corrosion for a wide range of metals and alloys, many different techniques have been developed to protect the metals against corrosion. Utilizing organic inhibitors, especially those that contain heteroatoms and multiple bonds has been found an effective approach. In this research, the adsorption of a novel green inhibitor, Laurhydrazide N′-propan-3-one (LHP), on the Zn (110) surface was investigated using dispersion corrected DFT calculations. Interaction energy and electronic structures were calculated for different orientations of the inhibitor toward the Zn surface. The validity of calculated interaction energy has been verified by the MP2 level of theory. The AIM theory analysis revealed that LHP bound strongly to the Zn surface through its O active site and also its orientation affects greatly the interaction energy. Furthermore, diffusion of LHP through its O atoms active sites was observed with the state-of-the-art DFT-MD simulation during the simulation procedure that agrees well with the experiments for similar molecules adsorbed on the metal surfaces. The presented findings afford a vital insight into the interactive nature of adsorbed inhibitors on metallic surfaces and will help to develop advanced functional materials in coating technologies.

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