scholarly journals Injectable Hydrogels: From Laboratory to Industrialization

Polymers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 650
Author(s):  
Jose Maria Alonso ◽  
Jon Andrade del Olmo ◽  
Raul Perez Gonzalez ◽  
Virginia Saez-Martinez
Keyword(s):  
Industrial Process ◽  
Functional Materials ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Industrial Scale ◽  
Injectable Hydrogels ◽  
Safety And Efficacy ◽  
Process Validation ◽  
Characterization Techniques ◽  
Hyaluronic Acid Hydrogel ◽  
Lack Of Knowledge

The transfer of some innovative technologies from the laboratory to industrial scale is many times not taken into account in the design and development of some functional materials such as hydrogels to be applied in the biomedical field. There is a lack of knowledge in the scientific field where many aspects of scaling to an industrial process are ignored, and products cannot reach the market. Injectable hydrogels are a good example that we have used in our research to show the different steps needed to follow to get a product in the market based on them. From synthesis and process validation to characterization techniques used and assays performed to ensure the safety and efficacy of the product, following regulation, several well-defined protocols must be adopted. Therefore, this paper summarized all these aspects due to the lack of knowledge that exists about the industrialization of injectable products with the great importance that it entails, and it is intended to serve as a guide on this area to non-initiated scientists. More concretely, in this work, the characteristics and requirements for the development of injectable hydrogels from the laboratory to industrial scale is presented in terms of (i) synthesis techniques employed to obtain injectable hydrogels with tunable desired properties, (ii) the most common characterization techniques to characterize hydrogels, and (iii) the necessary safety and efficacy assays and protocols to industrialize and commercialize injectable hydrogels from the regulatory point of view. Finally, this review also mentioned and explained a real example of the development of a natural hyaluronic acid hydrogel that reached the market as an injectable product.

scholarly journals Differences in PARP Inhibitors for the Treatment of Ovarian Cancer: Mechanisms of Action, Pharmacology, Safety, and Efficacy

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (8) ◽  
pp. 4203
Author(s):  
Giorgio Valabrega ◽  
Giulia Scotto ◽  
Valentina Tuninetti ◽  
Arianna Pani ◽  
Francesco Scaglione
Keyword(s):  
Ovarian Cancer ◽  
Signal Transduction ◽  
Dna Damage ◽  
Chemical Structure ◽  
Parp Inhibitors ◽  
Mechanisms Of Action ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Safety And Efficacy ◽  
Damage Repair ◽  
Pharmacokinetic Properties

Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases (PARP) are proteins responsible for DNA damage detection and signal transduction. PARP inhibitors (PARPi) are able to interact with the binding site for PARP cofactor (NAD+) and trapping PARP on the DNA. In this way, they inhibit single-strand DNA damage repair. These drugs have been approved in recent years for the treatment of ovarian cancer. Although they share some similarities, from the point of view of the chemical structure and pharmacodynamic, pharmacokinetic properties, these drugs also have some substantial differences. These differences may underlie the different safety profiles and activity of PARPi.

scholarly journals Catalogue of Pavements with Recycled Aggregates from Construction and Demolition Waste

Proceedings ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (20) ◽  
pp. 1282 ◽  
Author(s):  
Auxi Barbudo ◽  
José Ramón Jiménez ◽  
Jesús Ayuso ◽  
Adela Pérez Galvín ◽  
Francisco Agrela
Keyword(s):  
Point Of View ◽  
Construction And Demolition Waste ◽  
Recycled Aggregates ◽  
Demolition Waste ◽  
Technical Application ◽  
Technical Specifications ◽  
Lack Of Knowledge

Construction and Demolition Waste come from debris generated during construction, renovation and demolition of buildings, roads, and bridges. Recycling and reuse are essential in terms of sustainability, mainly from an environmental point of view. Although the recommendation of the use of these recycled aggregates is currently included in some technical specifications, its use is still not widespread due mainly to the lack of knowledge on their technical application. This work is a compilation of the recommendations proposed in the “Catalogue of road pavements with recycled aggregates”, supported by the construction of experimental stretches. It proposes different structural sections for road pavements by using recycled aggregates.

scholarly journals Effect of Spray Dryer Scale Size on the Properties of Dried Beetroot Juice

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (21) ◽  
pp. 6700
Author(s):  
Jolanta Gawałek
Keyword(s):  
Spray Drying ◽  
Industrial Process ◽  
Laboratory Scale ◽  
Industrial Scale ◽  
Process Conditions ◽  
Spray Dryer ◽  
Beetroot Juice ◽  
Centrifugal Atomization ◽  
Drying Conditions ◽  
Drying Efficiency

Experiments detailing the spray drying of fruit and vegetable juices are necessary at the experimental scale in order to determine the optimum drying conditions and to select the most appropriate carriers and solution formulations for drying on the industrial scale. In this study, the spray-drying process of beetroot juice concentrate on a maltodextrin carrier was analyzed at different dryer scales: mini-laboratory (ML), semi-technical (ST), small industrial (SI), and large industrial (LI). Selected physicochemical properties of the beetroot powders that were obtained (size and microstructure of the powder particles, loose and tapped bulk density, powder flowability, moisture, water activity, violet betalain, and polyphenol content) and their drying efficiencies were determined. Spray drying with the same process parameters but at a larger scale makes it possible to obtain beetroot powders with a larger particle size, better flowability, a color that is more shifted towards red and blue, and a higher retention of violet betalain pigments and polyphenols. As the size of the spray dryer increases, the efficiency of the process expressed in powder yield also increases. To obtain a drying efficiency >90% on an industrial scale, process conditions should be selected to obtain an efficiency of a min. of 50% at the laboratory scale or 80% at the semi-technical scale. Designing the industrial process for spray dryers with a centrifugal atomization system is definitely more effective at the semi-technical scale with the same atomization system than it is at laboratory scale with a two-fluid nozzle.

scholarly journals Engineering and Economic Perspective in The Production of Cu Nano

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 15
Author(s):  
Annisa Yuliandini ◽  
Asep Bayu Dani Nandiyanto
Keyword(s):  
Economic Evaluation ◽  
Net Present Value ◽  
Copper Acetate ◽  
Tween 80 ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Industrial Scale ◽  
Sorbitan Monooleate ◽  
Economic Point ◽  
Economic Parameters ◽  
Break Even Point

The purpose of this study is to analyze the production of copper nanoparticles (Cu NPs) on an industrial scale in an engineering perspective and economic evaluation perspective. Energy is needed because of various energy related applications. Evaluation of Cu nanoparticle production in an engineering perspective is carried out from the selection of processes that are adapted to industrial scale, calculation of mass balance, to the adjustment of commercially available equipment. Evaluation of production from an economic point of view is done by calculating economic parameters: Gross Profit Margin, Internal Return Rate, Payback Period, Cumulative Net Present Value, Profitability Index, and Break Even Point. Briefly from the production process, we use Copper acetate hydrate (CuAc2.2H2O) (as a source of Cu), Tween 80 (polyoxyethylene-(80)-sorbitan monooleate) and ethylene glycol (as a reducing agent). The engineering viewpoint shows this process is capable of producing Cu nanoparticles which can be used as conductive nanoionic. Economic evaluation determines the process is beneficial, discussing with positive values ​​all economic parameters. However, for some variations this process is not profitable, so economic evaluation is needed.

scholarly journals Descriptors for High Throughput in Structural Materials Development

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthias Steinbacher ◽  
Gabriela Alexe ◽  
Michael Baune ◽  
Ilya Bobrov ◽  
Ingmar Bösing ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Throughput ◽  
Material Properties ◽  
Functional Materials ◽  
Structural Materials ◽  
Materials Development ◽  
Characterization Techniques ◽  
Classical Characterization ◽  
Short Time ◽  
Characteristic Microstructure ◽  
Intense Process

The development of novel structural materials with increasing mechanical requirements is a very resource-intense process if conventional methods are used. While there are high-throughput methods for the development of functional materials, this is not the case for structural materials. Their mechanical properties are determined by their microstructure, so that increased sample volumes are needed. Furthermore, new short-time characterization techniques are required for individual samples which do not necessarily measure the desired material properties, but descriptors which can later be mapped on material properties. While universal micro-hardness testing is being commonly used, it is limited in its capability to measure sample volumes which contain a characteristic microstructure. We propose to use alternative and fast deformation techniques for spherical micro-samples in combination with classical characterization techniques such as XRD, DSC or micro magnetic methods, which deliver descriptors for the microstructural state.

scholarly journals Functional Materials Produced On An Industrial Scale

2015 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-30
Author(s):  
Justyna Barska ◽  
Sylwester Kłysz
Keyword(s):  
Smart Materials ◽  
Industrial Production ◽  
Functional Materials ◽  
Industrial Scale ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Basic Characteristics

AbstractThe article presents a wide range of applications of functional materials and a scale of their current industrial production. These are the materials which have specific characteristics, thanks to which they became virtually indispensable in certain constructional solutions. Their basic characteristics, properties, methods of production and use as smart materials were described.

scholarly journals Separation of Biological Entities from Human Blood by Using Magnetic Nanocomposites Obtained from Zeolite Precursors

Molecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (8) ◽  
pp. 1803
Author(s):  
Serena Esposito ◽  
Antonello Marocco ◽  
Gianfranco Dell’Agli ◽  
Barbara Bonelli ◽  
Franca Mannu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Blood ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Industrial Process ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Magnetic Adsorbents ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Magnetic Metal ◽  
Biological Entities

In this work, three novel magnetic metal–ceramic nanocomposites were obtained by thermally treating Fe-exchanged zeolites (either A or X) under reducing atmosphere at relatively mild temperatures (750–800 °C). The so-obtained materials were thoroughly characterized from the point of view of their physico-chemical properties and, then, used as magnetic adsorbents in the separation of the target gene factors V and RNASE and of the Staphylococcus aureus bacteria DNA from human blood. Such results were compared with those obtained by using a top ranking commercial separation system (namely, SiMAG-N-DNA by Chemicell). The results obtained by using the novel magnetic adsorbents were similar to (or even better than) those obtained by using the commercial system, both during manual and automated separations, provided that a proper protocol was adopted. Particularly, the novel magnetic adsorbents showed high sensitivity during tests performed with small volumes of blood. Finally, the feasible production of such magnetic adsorbents by an industrial process was envisaged as well.

scholarly journals THE PARADOX OF BEING YOUNG AND HOMELESS: RESILIENCY IN THE FACE OF CONSTRAINTS

2013 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 425 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sue-Ann Belle MacDonald
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
Homeless Youth ◽  
Social Representations ◽  
Social Assistance ◽  
Ethnographic Study ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Font Size ◽  
The Face ◽  
Youth At Risk ◽  
Lack Of Knowledge

<p><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">The major contribution of this article is to address the lack of knowledge regarding homeless youth’s experiences of risk, from their point of view. The youth at-risk field has become a burgeoning area of research that tends to magnify vulnerabilities, yet limits our understanding of complex youth experiences. It is important to highlight another dimension of the homeless youth experience that has rarely been promoted, and that is one of adaptability and creativity encompassed within a framework of survivability and resilience </span>-<span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"> notions that often necessitate taking risks. Drawing on a longitudinal ethnographic study with 18 homeless youth (aged 16 and 17 years old) in Ottawa (Canada), this article paints a more complex understanding of the struggles youth face, in terms of structural (social assistance, housing) and symbolic (stigma, social representations, and identity constructs) constraints. This analysis adds complexity to youth-at-risk discourses and displays the challenges they encounter and the resilient ways in which they seek to overcome obstacles. This paper supports a movement towards recognizing youth strengths and the heterogeneity of their experiences.</span></span></p>

scholarly journals EGOCENTRIC UNITS WITH EPISTEMIC MEANING: CLASSIFICATION, PRAGMATICS, FUNCTIONING (ON THE MATERIAL OF ORIGINAL AND TRANSLATED NARRATIVES IN RUSSIAN)

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (5) ◽  
pp. 765-773
Author(s):  
A.V. Urzha
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Specific Group ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Lack Of Knowledge

The article presents the characteristics of the specific group of egocentric words and constructions having the semantics related to knowledge or the lack of knowledge, and dealing with the shift from the latter to the former. These egocentric units with epistemic meaning are used to demonstrate the restrictions of any point of view in the text (belonging to the narrator or the focal hero), they form the suspense in the narrative. These elements are called epistemic egocentric units (compared to deictic egocentric units, evaluative units etc.). This epistemic cluster includes the persuasive and evidential markers, the words and expressions denoting uncertainty and unexpectedness, the constructions expressing similarity, likeness and identification. The analysis of original and translated texts in Russian shows the interaction of different types of epistemic egocentric units within the perspective of the narratives. The essential material for the study is constituted by several Russian translations of the novels “Dracula” (В. Stoker) and “The Adventures of Tom Sawyer” (M. Twain). The results of the comparative analysis of translated versions show that active use of epistemic egocentrics in Russian translations reinforces suspense and dramatization within some translator’s strategies, highlighting the original devices.

scholarly journals Experimental Study on the Mechanical Properties of Biomass Briquettes from a Mixture of Rice Husk and Pine Sawdust

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 1060 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrés Niño ◽  
Nelson Arzola ◽  
Oscar Araque
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Rice Husk ◽  
Industrial Process ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Total Biomass ◽  
Economic Point ◽  
Pine Sawdust ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Mechanical Durability ◽  
Compaction Time

In search of guaranteeing global energy requirements, waste from different agricultural, forestry and industrial sources is presented as a renewable and sustainable energy source. The manufacture of solid fuels from biomass based on the densification of this to improve its mechanical and energy properties is one of the mechanisms of viable energy production from the technical-economic point of view. The biomass mixture is one of the topics currently researched, in which various factors can affect the final behavior of the briquettes. In this research the influence on the mechanical properties of briquettes obtained from the mixture between two biomasses is studied: rice husk and pine sawdust. A mixed factorial experimental factorial design is used, in which the process temperature, the proportion of the rice husk biomass over the total mass, and the compaction time are defined as experimental factors. Experimental statistical models are obtained that partially explain the behavior of several responses that characterize the mechanical properties of the briquettes based on the selected independent parameters. It was found that the mechanical durability of the briquettes is higher than 97.5%, meets the existing standards, like German Institute for Standardization (DIN) 51731, Theological Institute Batista Ebenézer (ITEBE) SS187120 or International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 17225-2, for a compaction temperature of 110 °C and a proportion of rice husk that does not exceed 60% of the total biomass mixture in the briquette. The compaction time was also statistically significant to achieve a briquettes density and an appropriate elasticity modulus in the briquettes. The results of this research are of interest and can serve as a starting point for the design of the industrial process of densification of these two mixed biomasses.

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