scholarly journals Internal Structure of Vitrinite and Sporinite in the View of Micro-FTIR Spectroscopy Using the Example of Coal from the Seam 405 of the Upper-Silesian Coal Basin (USCB)

2016 ◽  
Vol 61 (4) ◽  
pp. 729-748 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joanna Komorek
Keyword(s):  
Internal Structure ◽  
Relative Content ◽  
Coal Rank ◽  
Aromatic Rings ◽  
Upper Silesian Coal Basin ◽  
Aromatic Components ◽  
Degree Of Condensation ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Aromatic Hydrogen ◽  
Aliphatic Chains

Abstract The aim of the study was to compare the internal structure of vitrinite and sporinite obtained from coal from the seam 405. The examinations were performed with the use of infrared spectroscopy in the micro-area (micro-FTIR). Studies have shown that vitrinite is characterized by lower content of aliphatic components and greater content of aromatic components than sporinite. Sporinite is characterized by longer and less branched aliphatic chains than vitrinite. It was found that vitrinite internal structure is characterized by a greater relative content of aromatic than aliphatic components. The degree of condensation of aromatic rings in structure of vitrinite increases, when the coal rank rises. Studies have shown that the transformation of the vitrinite internal structure towards a structure characterized by a greater degree condensation of aromatic components proceeds at the cost of restructuring the aliphatic groups and is related to the restructuring of the aromatic systems. The structure of sporinite is characterized by a greater participation of aliphatic bonds as compared to aromatic bonds. The relative content of the aliphatic components decreases together with increase of aromatic hydrogen functional group CHar content in the internal structure of sporinite when the coal rank rises. The aliphatic bonds in the sporinite are subject to restructuring. The aliphatic chains are getting increasingly shorter.

scholarly journals Ring-Forming Polymerization toward Perfluorocyclobutyl and Ortho-Diynylarene-Derived Materials: From Synthesis to Practical Applications

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (6) ◽  
pp. 1486
Author(s):  
Eugene B. Caldona ◽  
Ernesto I. Borrego ◽  
Ketki E. Shelar ◽  
Karl M. Mukeba ◽  
Dennis W. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Resistance ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Review Article ◽  
Aryl Ether ◽  
Aromatic Rings ◽  
Practical Applications ◽  
Repeat Units ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Synthetic Routes ◽  
The Cost

Many desirable characteristics of polymers arise from the method of polymerization and structural features of their repeat units, which typically are responsible for the polymer’s performance at the cost of processability. While linear alternatives are popular, polymers composed of cyclic repeat units across their backbones have generally been shown to exhibit higher optical transparency, lower water absorption, and higher glass transition temperatures. These specifically include polymers built with either substituted alicyclic structures or aromatic rings, or both. In this review article, we highlight two useful ring-forming polymer groups, perfluorocyclobutyl (PFCB) aryl ether polymers and ortho-diynylarene- (ODA) based thermosets, both demonstrating outstanding thermal stability, chemical resistance, mechanical integrity, and improved processability. Different synthetic routes (with emphasis on ring-forming polymerization) and properties for these polymers are discussed, followed by their relevant applications in a wide range of aspects.

Sonocleavage of halogens from aliphatic chains and aromatic rings

Tetrahedron ◽  
1965 ◽  
Vol 21 (9) ◽  
pp. 2717
Author(s):  
S. Prakash ◽  
J.D. Pandey
Keyword(s):  
Aromatic Rings ◽  
Aliphatic Chains

scholarly journals Spectroscopic Characteristics of Dissolved Organic Matter in Afforestation Forest Soil of Miyun District, Beijing

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shi-Jie Gao ◽  
Chen Zhao ◽  
Zong-Hai Shi ◽  
Jun Zhong ◽  
Jian-Guo Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Microbial Biomass Carbon ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Hydroxyl Groups ◽  
H Nmr ◽  
Spectroscopic Characteristics ◽  
Aromatic Components ◽  
A Minor ◽  
Aliphatic Chains

In this study, soil samples collected from different plain afforestation time (1 year, 4 years, 10 years, 15 years, and 20 years) in Miyun were characterized, including total organic carbon (TOC), total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), available K (K+), microbial biomass carbon (MBC), and dissolved organic carbon (DOC). The DOM in the soil samples with different afforestation time was further characterized via DOC, UV-Visible spectroscopy, excitation-emission matrix (EEM) fluorescence spectroscopy, and1H NMR spectroscopy. The results suggested that the texture of soil sample was sandy. The extracted DOM from soil consisted mainly of aliphatic chains and only a minor aromatic component. It can be included that afforestation can improve the soil quality to some extent, which can be partly reflected from the indexes like TOC, TN, TP, K+, MBC, and DOC. And the characterization of DOM implied that UV humic-like substances were the major fluorophores components in the DOM of the soil samples, which consisted of aliphatic chains and aromatic components with carbonyl, carboxyl, and hydroxyl groups.

Sonocleavage of halogens from aliphatic chains and aromatic rings

Tetrahedron ◽  
1965 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 903-908 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Prakash ◽  
J.D. Pandey
Keyword(s):  
Aromatic Rings ◽  
Aliphatic Chains

scholarly journals THEORY AND METHODOLOGY OF ECONOMIC EVALUATION OF HUMAN HEALTH DAMAGE CAUSED BY NEGATIVE ECOLOGICAL EXPOSURE

2020 ◽  
Vol 70 (4/2020) ◽  
pp. 42-54
Author(s):  
V. V. Dyadik ◽  
◽  
N. V. Dyadik ◽  
E. M. Klyuchnikova ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Willingness To Pay ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Internal Structure ◽  
Environmental Impacts ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Health Damage ◽  
Methodological Approaches ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Theoretical Foundations

This article is devoted to a review of the theoretical foundations and methodological approaches to solving the problem of assessing the negative consequences for human health caused by anthropogenic environmental impacts. The authors analyze the goals, internal motives and types of damage assessments carried out by various researchers, determine the projections and measurements of the socio-economic category of damage. The study shows the main stages of the basic algorithm for the valuation of health damage. Two main methodological approaches to assessment are disclosed: the calculation of costs due to the negative impact and the assessment of the willingness to pay for risk prevention. The history of the emergence of these approaches, theoretical foundations, advantages and disadvantages, internal structure and logic of work are presented. In particular, with regard to the approach based on the determination of the cost of disease, the categories of cost directions that form its internal structure, research prospects and competing approaches to determining the cost of indirect costs are disclosed. In relation to the willingness to pay approach, a decomposition of economic terms is presented that determine the amount that the respondent is willing to pay for the agreed risk reduction. The basic economic components of the utility category for determining the willingness to pay have been determined. Analyzing various approaches to assessing damage, the authors make an attempt to determine the areas of their possible application in the implementation of scientific research and applied developments. Based on the analysis of the dynamics of the publication of research results, assumptions were made about the development trends of the two prevailing methodological approaches to assessing damage to human health in the world and in Russia, with substantiation of the underlying causes. A forecast has been made on the further evolution of the methodology for assessing damage to human health from adverse environmental impacts in Russia.

Study on the Heat Treatment Process by Using Residual Heat after Forging of Steel 40MnB

2014 ◽  
Vol 1082 ◽  
pp. 169-172
Author(s):  
Liang Zhi Zhang ◽  
Han Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Internal Structure ◽  
Production Efficiency ◽  
Treatment Process ◽  
Production Cycle ◽  
Heat Treatment Process ◽  
Forging Process ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Residual Heat

We conduct the process experiment on the shaft of the 40MnB steel after forging, and propose the scheme of heat treatment by using residual heat after forging process. According to the experiment results, the internal structure of 40MnB was improved, the metal grain was refined, the mechanical properties was better and the quality was guaranteed. At the same time, it improved production efficiency, shortened the production cycle and reduced the cost.

X-ray microtomography

1988 ◽  
Vol 46 ◽  
pp. 998-999
Author(s):  
H.W. Deckman ◽  
B.F. Flannery ◽  
J.H. Dunsmuir ◽  
K.D' Amico
Keyword(s):  
Computed Tomography ◽  
Internal Structure ◽  
Imaging Technique ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Tissue Structure ◽  
Individual Element ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Panoramic Imaging ◽  
Three Dimensional Images

We have developed a new X-ray microscope which produces complete three dimensional images of samples. The microscope operates by performing X-ray tomography with unprecedented resolution. Tomography is a non-invasive imaging technique that creates maps of the internal structure of samples from measurement of the attenuation of penetrating radiation. As conventionally practiced in medical Computed Tomography (CT), radiologists produce maps of bone and tissue structure in several planar sections that reveal features with 1mm resolution and 1% contrast. Microtomography extends the capability of CT in several ways. First, the resolution which approaches one micron, is one thousand times higher than that of the medical CT. Second, our approach acquires and analyses the data in a panoramic imaging format that directly produces three-dimensional maps in a series of contiguous stacked planes. Typical maps available today consist of three hundred planar sections each containing 512x512 pixels. Finally, and perhaps of most import scientifically, microtomography using a synchrotron X-ray source, allows us to generate maps of individual element.

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