Dog’s genotype of Giardia duodenalis in human: first evidence in Europe

2015 ◽  
Vol 60 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriela Štrkolcová ◽  
Marián Maďar ◽  
Barbara Hinney ◽  
Mária Goldová ◽  
Jana Mojžišová ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Giardia Duodenalis ◽  
Human Infection ◽  
Perianal Area ◽  
Nested Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽  
Genotype C ◽  
Health Relevance ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
Microscopic Diagnosis

AbstractThe unicellular parasite Giardia duodenalis has been divided to eight assemblages (A-H) from which A and B have the most important zoonotic potential. All remaining genotypes have a strong commitment to various host animals. We present here the first clinical case of a human infection with the dog-specific genotype C of G. duodenalis in Slovakia. The patient, 44-year-old woman, suffered from long-term diarrhoea, abdominal pain, anorexia, weight loss, severe itching and dermatitis in the perianal area. The initial microscopic diagnosis was completed by a nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) which revealed the first evidence of human giardiasis caused by the dog-specific genotype of G. duodenalis on a European scale. A possible role of dogs in zoonotic transmission of giardiasis and its epidemiological and public health relevance is accentuated.

scholarly journals Activation of C-Type Lectin Receptor and (RIG)-I-Like Receptors Contributes to Proinflammatory Response in Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-Infected Macrophages

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaoyu Zhao ◽  
Hin Chu ◽  
Bosco Ho-Yin Wong ◽  
Man Chun Chiu ◽  
Dong Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽  
Severe Disease ◽  
Human Infection ◽  
Middle East Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Proinflammatory Response ◽  
Pharmacological Inhibition ◽  
Lectin Receptor ◽  
Polymerase Chain

Abstract Background Human infection with Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) poses an ongoing threat to public health worldwide. The studies of MERS patients with severe disease and experimentally infected animals showed that robust viral replication and intensive proinflammatory response in lung tissues contribute to high pathogenicity of MERS-CoV. We sought to identify pattern recognition receptor (PRR) signaling pathway(s) that mediates the inflammatory cascade in human macrophages upon MERS-CoV infection. Methods The potential signaling pathways were manipulated individually by pharmacological inhibition, small interfering ribonucleic acid (siRNA) depletion, and antibody blocking. The MERS-CoV-induced proinflammatory response was evaluated by measuring the expression levels of key cytokines and/or chemokines. Reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction assay, flow cytometry analysis, and Western blotting were applied to evaluate the activation of related PRRs and engagement of adaptors. Results MERS-CoV replication significantly upregulated C-type lectin receptor (CLR) macrophage-inducible Ca2+-dependent lectin receptor (Mincle). The role of Mincle for MERS-CoV-triggered cytokine/chemokine induction was established based on the results of antibody blockage, siRNA depletion of Mincle and its adaptor spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk), and Syk pharmacological inhibition. The cytokine and/or chemokine induction was significantly attenuated by siRNA depletion of retinoic acid-inducible-I-like receptors (RLR) or adaptor, indicating that RLR signaling also contributed to MERS-CoV-induced proinflammatory response. Conclusions The CLR and RLR pathways are activated and contribute to the proinflammatory response in MERS-CoV-infected macrophages.

Antigenic analysis of Giardia duodenalis strains isolated in Alberta

1986 ◽  
Vol 32 (12) ◽  
pp. 926-929 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. M. Wenman ◽  
R. U. Meuser ◽  
P. M. Wallis
Keyword(s):  
Giardia Duodenalis ◽  
Immunoblot Analysis ◽  
Human Infection ◽  
Protein Antigens ◽  
Antigenic Analysis ◽  
Protein Gel ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Major Surface ◽  
High Degree

Giardia duodenalis is a common intestinal parasite in most parts of the world. In Canada it is associated with both endemic and epidemic infections that are often transmitted by the waterborne route. Although G. duodenalis strains have been isolated from several animals, the role of other mammals in human infection is unclear. We have isolated and cultured G. duodenalis trophozoites from domestic and wild animals in Alberta and compared them with a human isolate by protein gel electrophoresis and immunoblot analysis. All strains examined share a similar polypeptide profile and important protein antigens. Prominent antigens of 62, 52, 38, and 31 kilodaltons are conserved. The 52- and 31-kilodalton proteins are the major surface-exposed trophozoite components. The high degree of antigenic sharing among strains from different hosts suggests that there may be a wide range of potential reservoirs for G. duodenalis infections.

scholarly journals Occurrence of a 16SrIV Group Phytoplasma not Previously Associated with Palm Species in Yucatan, Mexico

Plant Disease ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 95 (3) ◽  
pp. 256-262 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roberto Vázquez-Euán ◽  
Nigel Harrison ◽  
María Narvaez ◽  
Carlos Oropeza
Keyword(s):  
Cocos Nucifera ◽  
Restriction Enzymes ◽  
Nested Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽  
Palm Trees ◽  
Palm Species ◽  
Leaf Yellowing ◽  
Sabal Mexicana ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
First Time

The occurrence of 16SrIV group phytoplasmas in palm species Sabal mexicana and Pseudophoenix sargentii is reported here for the first time. Palm trees showed leaf decay and leaf yellowing syndromes, respectively. An amplification product (1.4 kb) was obtained in symptomatic S. mexicana (18 of 21) and symptomatic P. sargentii (1 of 1) palm trees sampled in different locations in Yucatan State, Mexico; five of the positive S. mexicana and the positive P. sargentii trees died. The identity of the phytoplasmas from these species was determined by restriction fragment length polymorphism profiling with restriction enzymes AluI and HinfI, showing there could be two phytoplasma strains of the 16SrIV group. In one S. mexicana palm, the profile was the same as observed with these enzymes for phytoplasmas of 16SrIV-A subgroup, previously associated with Cocos nucifera palm trees and, in the rest of the trees, including the P. sargentii palm, the profile was for phytoplasmas of the 16SrIV-D subgroup. These identities were supported by analyses of the amplicons obtained by nested polymerase chain reaction by nucleotide-nucleotide BLAST analysis. Geographical distribution of the association S. mexicana/16SrIV group phytoplasmas was found widely dispersed in Yucatan State. A potential role of S. mexicana palm trees as a permanent source of phytoplasma inoculum is suggested. In addition to P. sargentii, other palm species (Thrinax radiata and C. nucifera) coexisting with S. mexicana trees were also sampled and analyzed.

scholarly journals Detection of NaturalToxoplasma gondiiInfection in Chicken in Thika Region of Kenya Using Nested Polymerase Chain Reaction

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Mokua Mose ◽  
John Maina Kagira ◽  
Simon Muturi Karanja ◽  
Maina Ngotho ◽  
David Muchina Kamau ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽  
Toxoplasma Gondii ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Chain Reaction ◽  
Nested Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽  
Free Range ◽  
Age Dependent ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
The Difference

The detection ofToxoplasma gondiiin free-range chickens is a good indicator of possible risk to human beings. The aim of this study was to investigate the occurrence ofT. gondiiin free-range chicken using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Brain samples from 105 free-range chickens from three administrative areas in Thika region, Kenya, were collected, DNA-extracted, and analyzed using PCR to detect presence ofT. gondii. The overall prevalence ofT. gondiiin all the three areas was 79.0% (95% CI: 70.0–86.4%) and the prevalence across the three areas was not significantly different (P=0.5088;χ2=1.354). Female chickens had higher (79.4%) prevalence than males (78.6%), although the difference was not significant (P=0.922,χ2= 0.01). However, chickens that were more than 2 years old had significantly (P=0.003;χ2= 11.87) higher prevalence compared to younger ones. The study indicates that there was a high occurrence ofT. gondiiinfection in free-range chickens from Thika region and that the infection rate is age dependent. Further studies should be carried out to determine the possible role of roaming chickens in the epidemiology of the disease among humans in the area.

High occurrence of Cryptosporidium ubiquitum and Giardia duodenalis genotype E in sheep from Brazil

2014 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Flávio Paz e Silva ◽  
Raimundo Lopes ◽  
Katia Bresciani ◽  
Alessandro Amarante ◽  
João Araujo
Keyword(s):  
Fragment Length Polymorphism ◽  
Genetic Characterization ◽  
Giardia Duodenalis ◽  
Chain Reaction ◽  
Cryptosporidium Spp ◽  
Sheep Farm ◽  
Health Relevance ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
Genotype E ◽  
Restriction Fragment Length

AbstractIn this paper we report the occurrence of zoonotic species of Cryptosporidium (C. ubiquitum and C. parvum subtype IIaA15G2R1) and the host-specific Giardia duodenalis genotype E in a sheep farm from Brazil. Fecal specimens were collected from 100 animals and screened for the presence of G. duodenalis and Cryptosporidium spp. by enzyme immunoassay (EIA) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and sequence analysis of selected samples was used to confirm the species and to characterize the isolates. Of 100 specimens, 34 were positive for Giardia (34%) and 25 were positive for Cryptosporidium (25%). The prevalence of Giardia and Cryptosporidium was higher in lambs than in ewes. Co-infection was observed in 14% of animals. All G. duodenalis isolates belonged to genotype E. The genetic characterization performed in 22 Cryptosporidium-positive samples revealed the presence of zoonotic C. ubiquitum and C. parvum in 76% (19/25) and 12% (3/25) of infected animals, respectively. The presence of zoonotic Cryptosporidium subtypes in lambs was of epidemiological and public health relevance.

scholarly journals Long-Term Survival and Intracellular Replication of Mycoplasma hominis in Trichomonas vaginalis Cells: Potential Role of the Protozoon in Transmitting Bacterial Infection

2005 ◽  
Vol 73 (2) ◽  
pp. 1180-1186 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniele Dessì ◽  
Giuseppe Delogu ◽  
Eleonora Emonte ◽  
Maria Rosaria Catania ◽  
Pier Luigi Fiori ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Defense Mechanisms ◽  
Trichomonas Vaginalis ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Mycoplasma Hominis ◽  
Human Infection ◽  
Human Pathogens ◽  
Double Immunofluorescence ◽  
Term Survival

ABSTRACT The existence of a symbiotic relationship between Trichomonas vaginalis and Mycoplasma hominis, which is the first reported example of symbiosis between two obligate human pathogens, has been recently reported by our research group. In this work, we examined the cellular location of M. hominis in respect to T. vaginalis. By using gentamicin protection assays, double immunofluorescence, and confocal microscopy, we obtained strong evidence that M. hominis is located within protozoan cells. 5-Bromodeoxyuridine incorporation assays showed that intracellularly located mycoplasmas actively synthesize DNA. Our results demonstrate that M. hominis has the capability of entering trichomonad cells and of replicating inside the protozoon. These findings suggest that symbiosis might provide the bacteria, during human infection, with the capability to resist to environmental stresses, such as host defense mechanisms and pharmacological therapies.

scholarly journals A Prospective Observational Study of the Epidemiology, Management, and Outcomes of Skin and Soft Tissue Infections Due to Carbapenem-Resistant Enterobacteriaceae

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Oryan Henig ◽  
Eric Cober ◽  
Sandra S Richter ◽  
Federico Perez ◽  
Robert A Salata ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soft Tissue ◽  
Surgical Intervention ◽  
Multivariable Analysis ◽  
Term Care ◽  
Carbapenem Resistant ◽  
Care Facilities ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
Carbapenem Resistant Enterobacteriaceae

Abstract Background This study was performed to characterize the epidemiology, management, and outcomes of skin and soft tissue infection (SSTI) and colonization due to carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE). Methods Patients from the Consortium on Resistance Against Carbapenem in Klebsiella and Other Enterobacteriaceae (CRACKLE-1) from December 24, 2011 to October 1, 2014 with wound cultures positive for CRE were included in the study. Predictors of surgical intervention were analyzed. Molecular typing of isolates was performed using repetitive extragenic palindromic polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Carbapenemase genes were detected using PCR. Results One hundred forty-two patients were included: 62 had SSTI (44%) and 56% were colonized. Mean age was 61 years, and 48% were male: median Charlson score was 3 (interquartile range, 1–5). Forty-eight percent of patients were admitted from long-term care facilities (LTCFs), and 31% were from the community. Two strain types (ST258A and ST258B) were identified (73% of 45 tested). Carbapenemase genes were detected in 40 of 45 isolates (blaKPC-3 [47%], blaKPC-2 [42%]). Sixty-eight patients (48%) underwent surgical intervention, 63% of whom had SSTI. Patients admitted from LTCFs were less likely to undergo surgical intervention (odds ratio [OR], 0.36; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.18–0.71). In multivariable analysis, among patients with SSTI, those admitted from LTCFs were less likely to undergo debridement (OR, 0.18; 95% CI, 0.04–0.93). Conclusions Patients admitted from LTCFs with CRE SSTI were less likely to undergo surgical intervention. Sixteen percent of the patients died, and approximately 50% of survivors required more intensive care upon discharge. These findings suggest a unique, impactful syndrome within the CRE infection spectrum. Further studies are needed to assess the role of surgical debridement in management of CRE-SSTI, particularly among LTCF residents.

scholarly journals Wildlife Is a Potential Source of Human Infections of Enterocytozoon bieneusi and Giardia duodenalis in Southeastern China

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yan Zhang ◽  
Rongsheng Mi ◽  
Lijuan Yang ◽  
Haiyan Gong ◽  
Chunzhong Xu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Giardia Duodenalis ◽  
Enterocytozoon Bieneusi ◽  
Zoonotic Potential ◽  
Nested Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽  
Type Iv ◽  
Genomic Dnas ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
Human Infections ◽  
A New Species ◽  
Group 1

Wildlife is known to be a source of high-impact pathogens affecting people. However, the distribution, genetic diversity, and zoonotic potential of Cryptosporidium, Enterocytozoon bieneusi, and Giardia duodenalis in wildlife are poorly understood. Here, we conducted the first molecular epidemiological investigation of these three pathogens in wildlife in Zhejiang and Shanghai, China. Genomic DNAs were derived from 182 individual fecal samples from wildlife and then subjected to a nested polymerase chain reaction–based sequencing approach for detection and characterization. Altogether, 3 (1.6%), 21 (11.5%), and 48 (26.4%) specimens tested positive for Cryptosporidium species, E. bieneusi, and G. duodenalis, respectively. Sequence analyses revealed five known (BEB6, D, MJ13, SC02, and type IV) and two novel (designated SH_ch1 and SH_deer1) genotypes of E. bieneusi. Phylogenetically, novel E. bieneusi genotype SH_deer1 fell into group 6, and the other genotypes were assigned to group 1 with zoonotic potential. Three novel Cryptosporidium genotypes (Cryptosporidium avian genotype V-like and C. galli-like 1 and 2) were identified, C. galli-like 1 and 2 formed a clade that was distinct from Cryptosporidium species. The genetic distinctiveness of these two novel genotypes suggests that they represent a new species of Cryptosporidium. Zoonotic assemblage A (n = 36) and host-adapted assemblages C (n = 1) and E (n = 7) of G. duodenalis were characterized. The overall results suggest that wildlife act as host reservoirs carrying zoonotic E. bieneusi and G. duodenalis, potentially enabling transmission from wildlife to humans and other animals.

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