Linguistic multi-competence in the community: the case of a Japanese plural suffix -tachi for individuation

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Goro Murahata ◽  
Yoshiko Murahata
Keyword(s):  
First Language ◽  
Integrated System ◽  
Community Level ◽  
Linguistic Community ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Languages In Contact ◽  
Living Things ◽  
Language User ◽  
Cognitive Perspectives

Abstract Applied linguists have investigated the nature of linguistic multi-competence (LMC) as a consequence of languages in contact in the minds of individuals and have observed that our first language is more amenable to change than once thought. However, LMC can manifest itself in not only an individual language user but also a linguistic community. This study explores the manifestation of LMC at the community level from historical and socio-cognitive perspectives with special focus on the use of a Japanese plural marker -tachi. It is a suffix usually attached to humans, but is frequently observed with animals and even inanimate nouns such as hon-tachi ‘books,’ which is conventionally considered unacceptable. This study analyzes over 100 -tachi cases collected from narrations and commentaries in public broadcasts. The analysis investigates the type of nouns to which -tachi is attached and the contexts where -tachi is used. The findings suggest that while retaining its original plural system, Japanese has accomplished the integration of a certain grammatical feature of English into Japanese. We argue that this innovative expressive means embedded in LMC as an integrated system in the community enables Japanese users, when necessary, to realize discrete objects, irrespective of whether they are living things or not, as individuated entities in the cognitive foreground with conceptually characteristic profiles.

scholarly journals The emergence of complex sentences in a French child's language from 0;10 to 4;01: causal adverbial clauses and the concertina effect

2012 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 115-141 ◽  
Author(s):  
MARTINE SEKALI
Keyword(s):  
Language Acquisition ◽  
First Language ◽  
Spontaneous Speech ◽  
Linguistic Analysis ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
First Language Acquisition ◽  
Integration Path ◽  
Complex Sentences ◽  
Adverbial Clauses ◽  
Insight Into

ABSTRACTThis article tests Diessel's ‘integration’ path of development of adverbial clauses (cf. Diessel, 2004), with special focus on the acquisition of ‘causal’ adverbial clauses, in the context of the overall development of grammatical/semantic complexification in a French child's longitudinal corpus of spontaneous speech (Madeleine, Paris Corpus) from 10 months to 4;01 years old. Three main patterns are retrieved in the child's uses of parce que constructions in interactional contexts. Linguistic analysis of these constructions reveals a dynamic pattern of syntactic expansion, integration and diversification, here called the concertina effect, which may provide an insight into the cognitive and pragmatic motives for syntax development in first language acquisition of French.

scholarly journals Unbalanced bilingual acquisition as a mechanism of grammatical change

2011 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 159-161 ◽  
Author(s):  
STEPHEN MATTHEWS ◽  
VIRGINIA YIP
Keyword(s):  
Language Acquisition ◽  
Language Change ◽  
First Language ◽  
Community Level ◽  
First Language Acquisition ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Grammatical Change ◽  
The Individual

Bilingual first language acquisition (BFLA) has been considered a possible mechanism of contact-induced change in several recent studies (Siegel, 2008, p. 117; Satterfield, 2005, p. 2075; Thomason, 2001, p. 148; Yip & Matthews, 2007, p.15). There is as yet little consensus on the question, with divergent views regarding both BFLA at the individual level and the implications for language change at the community level.

scholarly journals On the State of L1 and L2 Knowledge in FL Learners: A Review of Issues

2015 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 334-346
Author(s):  
Hosni Mostafa El-Dali
Keyword(s):  
Second Language ◽  
Conceptual Framework ◽  
Opposite Direction ◽  
Language Teaching ◽  
First Language ◽  
Negative Influence ◽  
The State ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
L1 And L2

There  has  been  extensive  research  into  how  L1   affects  L2,  commonly  known  as ‘negative influence’, but a lot less about the opposite direction, commonly known as ‘Reverse or  Backward’  transfer.  As  well  as  the  first  language  influences  the  second,  the  second language influences the first.  The present study, therefore, attempts to examine and critically review  pertinent  research  into  the  question  of bidirectional  influence  between  languages. First, it traces the conceptual framework of the notion L1→L2  effect.  Second, it attempts to demonstrate how an emerging new language (L2) affects the existing L1.  Third, it examines the pedagogical aspects of both directions, as manifested in L2 classroom.  Special focus will be given to how the concept of “multicompetence”  sees the goal of L2  learning and how language teaching should reflect such a goal.  In addition, the advantages and disadvantages of using   learners’   first   language   in  L2    classroom   will   be   highlighted   and   specific methodological recommendations will be made.

The implementation of the Integrated System of Archival Description (ZoSIA) at the State Archives in Katowice and the data protection

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 172-183
Author(s):  
Agnieszka Laskowska ◽  
◽  
Tomasz Hajewski ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Data Protection ◽  
Personal Data ◽  
The State ◽  
Archival Description ◽  
Integrated System ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Publication Online ◽  
New Era ◽  
Digital Era ◽  
State Archives

In 2017, the State Archives in Katowice implemented the Integrated System of Archival Description (ZoSIA). The project involved collecting data from existing databases, Sezam and IZA, and transferring them to the new database. ZoSIA operates online and is integrated with other archives in Poland. The researchers can access the database through the search engine at www.szukajwarchiwach.pl. Special focus has been put on data protection. The fonds that contain such data are excluded from online publication. The paper discusses the process of the implementation with its challenges and solutions. It describes what kind of personal data is protected and how the fonds containing such data are excluded from the publication online. The implementation of ZoSIA in Poland marks the start of a new era in the Polish archives, the digital era.

Contact-induced grammaticalization

2009 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 366-395 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen Matthews ◽  
Virginia Yip
Keyword(s):  
Hong Kong ◽  
Language Acquisition ◽  
Language Contact ◽  
First Language ◽  
Community Level ◽  
First Language Acquisition ◽  
Developmental Processes ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Substrate Influence ◽  
Grammatical Functions

It is widely acknowledged that developments in bilingual individuals parallel, and ultimately underlie, those taking place in the course of contact-induced change. In this paper we address the poorly understood relationship between the individual and community-level processes, focusing on the process of grammaticalization in circumstances of language contact and the corresponding developmental processes in bilingual acquisition. The phenomena chosen for discussion are drawn from Singapore Colloquial English (SCE) and from the Hong Kong Bilingual Corpus (Yip & Matthews 2000, 2007). Parallel developments in SCE and bilingual acquisition are analysed as cases of contact-induced grammaticalization as defined by Heine and Kuteva (2003; 2005), with some modifications. The emergence of already as a marker of aspect presents a case of ‘ordinary’ contact-induced grammaticalization, while the development of grammatical functions of give represents a case of replica grammaticalization. One implication of these findings is that bilingual first language acquisition is a possible route for substrate influence, both in general and specifically in the development of contact languages such as pidgins and creoles.

Inflectional Morphology in Language Acquisition

2015 ◽  
pp. 350-374
Author(s):  
Sabine Stoll
Keyword(s):  
Language Acquisition ◽  
Learning Strategies ◽  
First Language ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Inflectional Morphology ◽  
First Language Acquisition ◽  
Morphological Markers ◽  
Step Process ◽  
Extreme Degree

The acquisition of morphology is one of the major challenges in first language acquisition and the tasks children encounter vary to an extreme degree across different languages. The acquisition of morphological markers is presented from a cross-linguistic perspective with special focus on those characteristics of morphology which are relevant for acquisition. The chapter aims to give an overview of studies illuminating exactly this variation in a wide variety of typologically different languages. Special emphasis is placed on the interplay of individual grammars and learning strategies and on the question of whether morphological learning is better explained by the application of rules or rather by a step-by-step process of learning individual constructions, which are then generalized to more abstract schemas. A major challenge in acquisition studies is the question of how to determine productivity. The chapter presents some recent proposals in this domain, based on research on longitudinal corpora.

scholarly journals Application of EAFDS/Lime Integrated System for the Removal of Cu and Mn from Industrial Effluent

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Forsido T ◽  
McCrindle RI ◽  
Maree J ◽  
Monyatsi ML
Keyword(s):  
Steel Industry ◽  
Industrial Effluent ◽  
Chemical Precipitation ◽  
Electric Arc ◽  
Integrated System ◽  
Arc Furnace ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Metal Pollutants ◽  
Living Things ◽  
The Cost

Metal pollution is one of the significant concerns affecting the environment and the wellbeing of living things. Copper and manganese are the most common metal pollutants with detrimental effects on the health of human beings. Several methods have been proposed and applied for the treatment of industrial effluent and removal of hazardous metals. One of the most common treatment methods is chemical precipitation. This study is about application of chemical precipitation of copper and manganese metals from industrial acidic effluent in the presence of large concentration of other metals using a steel industry solid waste called Electric Arc Furnace Dust Slag (EAFDS) in conjunction with lime. The study proved that EAFDS alone can remove the target metals considerably and reducing the cost associated with the procurement of other costly chemicals. The concentration of Cu in the raw effluent was 47.2 mg/l. The slag reduced the concentration to 7.8 mg/l achieving 81.7 % removal. The concentration of Mn in the raw effluent was 120.8 mg/l, which was reduced to 12.0 mg/l with the slag only. The two metals were removed achieving 99.7 %with the addition of small amount of Ca(OH)2.

Systemic Functional Linguistics, Cognitive Linguistics and psycholinguistics

2013 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 185-218 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher S. Butler
Keyword(s):  
Natural Language ◽  
Cognitive Linguistics ◽  
Final Section ◽  
Systemic Functional Linguistics ◽  
Functional Linguistics ◽  
Cognitive Linguistic ◽  
Language User ◽  
Linguistic Approaches ◽  
Cognitive Perspectives ◽  
Linguistic Models

The overall aim of this article is to explain why researchers working in Systemic Functional Linguistics and Cognitive Linguistics would benefit from dialogue with people working in psycholinguistics, and with each other. After a brief introduction, the positions on cognition taken in the Sydney and Cardiff models of Systemic Functional Linguistics are reviewed and critiqued. I then assess the extent to which Cognitive Linguistics has honoured the ‘cognitive commitment’ which it claims to make. The following section examines compatibilities between Systemic Functional and Cognitive Linguistic approaches, first outlining existing work which combines Hallidayan and cognitive perspectives, then discussing other potential areas of contact between the two, and finally examining the Cardiff model in relation to Cognitive Linguistics. The final section presents a collaborative view, suggesting that the ultimate aim of functionally-oriented (including cognitive) linguistics should be to attempt to answer the question ‘How does the natural language user work?’, and pointing out that collaboration between proponents of different linguistic models, and between linguists and researchers in other disciplines which study language, is crucial to this enterprise. Suggestions are made for ways in which dialogue across the areas of Systemic Functional Linguistics, Cognitive Linguistics and psycholinguistics could contribute to such a project.

scholarly journals (A187) Red Cross Volunteers' Roles in Epidemic Control: Community-Level Interventions during Cholera Outbreaks in Zimbabwe and Haiti

2011 ◽  
Vol 26 (S1) ◽  
pp. s53-s53
Author(s):  
P. Saaristo ◽  
T. Aloudat
Keyword(s):  
International Federation ◽  
Community Level ◽  
Red Cross ◽  
Background Information ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Epidemic Control ◽  
Healthcare Facilities ◽  
Training Package ◽  
Control Community ◽  
Control Research

Managing epidemics, or preferably, preventing them, is a priority for the International Federation of the Red Cross (IFRC). The IFRC response to the cholera outbreaks in Zimbabwe in 2009 and in Haiti in 2010 both included: the Emergency Response Unit system as the backbone, and the International Red Cross Movement helped the National Red Cross Society fulfill its humanitarian mandate during the emergency. Water and Sanitation units and Basic Health Care Units cooperated seamlessly to ensure consistency and effectiveness in the activities. A large part of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement response is performed by community-based volunteers. During both outbreaks, the Red Cross put special focus on community-level interventions. In both countries, the National Red Cross Society, supported by the International Federation of the Red Cross, trained volunteer groups using a local adaptation and translation of the IFRC training package for emergency health and epidemic control. Research has shown that community volunteers frequently lack the background information necessary for a quick and efficient response to epidemics, especially when they are located in areas that do not benefit from the support and guidance of health professionals. This is particularly true in developing countries that often lack sufficient healthcare facilities and staff. To help fill those gaps, the IFRC launched a training package — Epidemic Control for Volunteers — more effectively involving volunteers in the epidemic management. It provides volunteers with a basic understanding of the diseases that can easily turn into epidemics. This training package is intended for volunteers and trainers in local branches of Red Cross and Red Crescent societies. It teaches them how they can help limit the number of victims, act quickly and effectively, and define their role in the community before, during, and after an epidemic.

scholarly journals Cognitive Perspectives on SLA

AILA Review ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 19 ◽  
pp. 100-121 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nick C. Ellis
Keyword(s):  
Second Language Acquisition ◽  
Language Learning ◽  
First Language ◽  
Cognitive Learning ◽  
Human Knowledge ◽  
Stable States ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
And Performance ◽  
And Function ◽  
Cognitive Perspectives

This paper outlines current cognitive perspectives on second language acquisition (SLA). The Associative-Cognitive CREED holds that SLA is governed by the same principles of associative and cognitive learning that underpin the rest of human knowledge. The major principles of the framework are that SLA is Construction-based, Rational, Exemplar-driven, Emergent, and Dialectic. Language learning involves the acquisition of constructions that map linguistic form and function. Competence and performance both emerge from the dynamic system that is the frequency-tuned conspiracy of memorized exemplars of use of these constructions, with competence being the integrated sum of prior usage and performance being its dynamic contextualized activation. The system is rational in that it optimally reflects prior first language (L1) usage. The L1 tunes the ways in which learners attend to language. Learned-attention transfers to L2 and it is this L1 entrenchment that limits the endstate of usage-based SLA. But these limitations can be overcome by recruiting learner consciousness, putting them into a dialectic tension between the conflicting forces of their current stable states of interlanguage and the evidence of explicit form-focused feedback, either linguistic, pragmatic, or metalinguistic, that allows socially scaffolded development. The paper directs the reader to recent review articles in these key areas and weighs the implications of this framework.

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