Nematophagous Activity of Duddingtonia Flagrans MUCL 9827 Against Sheep Gastrointestinal Nematodes

Summary Gastro-intestinal nematodes (GIN) of sheep are one of major constraints in grazing production systems worldwide. Control is commonly achieved using anthelmintics, but global occurrence of anthelmintic resistance to different drugs and the emergence of multi-resistant GIN species seriously limit the efficiency of their use. Therefore, integrated parasite management is widely recommended, with nematophagous fungi as one of control tools. Duddingtonia flagrans is one of the most used species, with various effect of different isolates. In previously performed coproculture assay, we showed low efficacy of D. flagrans MUCL 9827 against infective larvae (L3) of sheep GIN. The aim of current experiment was to reevaluate its nematophagous potential, using the medium where direct interaction between the fungus and L3 could be observed. Nematophagous activity was tested on 2% water agar with addition of chloramphenicol on three series of plates seeded with 500 and 1000 chlamidospores and agar blocks with 7 days old mycelium. At Days 0 and 5, 500 L3 of sheep GIN were added to test the trapping activity. The cultures, including control plates with only L3, were incubated at 25°C for 10 days, followed by evaluation of their number and reduction percentage. Nematophagous activity of D. flagrans MUCL 9827 against L3 was clearly demonstrated. However, the overall efficacy was poor since trapping was observed only in one out of nine plates containing fungal material. Potential reasons for such poor performance of the isolate of fungal species, otherwise known as successful in trapping animal parasitic nematodes, are discussed.

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Worm-control practices and prevalence of anthelmintic resistance using in vivo FECRTs on smallholder sheep farms in Lithuania

Helminthologia ◽

10.1515/helmin-2015-0064 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 53 (1) ◽

pp. 24-30 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

T. Kupčinskas ◽

I. Stadalienė ◽

A. Šalomskas ◽

P. Trusevičius ◽

M. Varady ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Anthelmintic Resistance ◽

Gastrointestinal Nematodes ◽

Parasitic Nematodes ◽

Future Studies ◽

Faecal Samples ◽

Two Samples ◽

Faecal Egg Count ◽

Worm Control

SummaryThis study determined the prevalence of anthelmintic resistance (AR) in parasitic nematodes on smallholder sheep farms in Lithuania from April to November 2014. Faecal samples were collected from two groups of 10-15 sheep treated with fenbendazole (FBZ) or ivermectin (IVM) on 18 sheep farms. Two samples were collected from each group: on day zero (T1) and 10-14 days after treatment. Faecal egg counts (eggs per gramme, EPG) were determined using a modified McMaster technique. Animals with < 140 EPG on day zero were removed from the analysis. The prevalence of AR was estimated using the in vivo faecal egg count reduction test. AR to FBZ was detected on three of 15 farms where FBZ was used (20 %) and was suspected on one farm (6.7 %). AR to IVM was detected on two of 16 farms where IVM was used (12.5 %). The main species of resistant gastrointestinal nematodes (GINs) identified after treatment were Teladorsagia spp. and Trichostrongylus spp. A questionnaire surveying 71 sheep farmers estimated that 71.8 % of sheep farmers used anthelmintics against GINs. IVM was the most frequently (68.6 %) applied anthelmintic, and 62.7 % of the respondents reported treating their animals twice a year. This study confirmed the presence of AR to GIN infections on sheep farms in Lithuania. Future studies should assess the prevalence of AR to GIN infection using in vitro methods.

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Increasing importance of anthelmintic resistance in European livestock: creation and meta-analysis of an open database

Parasite ◽

10.1051/parasite/2020062 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 27 ◽

pp. 69

Author(s):

Hannah Rose Vineer ◽

Eric R. Morgan ◽

Hubertus Hertzberg ◽

David J. Bartley ◽

Antonio Bosco ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Western Europe ◽

Fasciola Hepatica ◽

Production Systems ◽

Anthelmintic Resistance ◽

Research Effort ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

Animal Health ◽

Gastrointestinal Nematodes ◽

European Continent ◽

Weighted Estimates

Helminth infections are ubiquitous in grazing ruminant production systems, and are responsible for significant costs and production losses. Anthelmintic Resistance (AR) in parasites is now widespread throughout Europe, although there are still gaps in our knowledge in some regions and countries. AR is a major threat to the sustainability of modern ruminant livestock production, resulting in reduced productivity, compromised animal health and welfare, and increased greenhouse gas emissions through increased parasitism and farm inputs. A better understanding of the extent of AR in Europe is needed to develop and advocate more sustainable parasite control approaches. A database of European published and unpublished AR research on gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN) and liver fluke (Fasciola hepatica) was collated by members of the European COST Action “COMBAR” (Combatting Anthelmintic Resistance in Ruminants), and combined with data from a previous systematic review of AR in GIN. A total of 197 publications on AR in GIN were available for analysis, representing 535 studies in 22 countries and spanning the period 1980–2020. Reports of AR were present throughout the European continent and some reports indicated high within-country prevalence. Heuristic sample size-weighted estimates of European AR prevalence over the whole study period, stratified by anthelmintic class, varied between 0 and 48%. Estimated regional (country) prevalence was highly heterogeneous, ranging between 0% and 100% depending on livestock sector and anthelmintic class, and generally increased with increasing research effort in a country. In the few countries with adequate longitudinal data, there was a tendency towards increasing AR over time for all anthelmintic classes in GIN: aggregated results in sheep and goats since 2010 reveal an average prevalence of resistance to benzimidazoles (BZ) of 86%, macrocyclic lactones except moxidectin (ML) 52%, levamisole (LEV) 48%, and moxidectin (MOX) 21%. All major GIN genera survived treatment in various studies. In cattle, prevalence of AR varied between anthelmintic classes from 0–100% (BZ and ML), 0–17% (LEV) and 0–73% (MOX), and both Cooperia and Ostertagia survived treatment. Suspected AR in F. hepatica was reported in 21 studies spanning 6 countries. For GIN and particularly F. hepatica, there was a bias towards preferential sampling of individual farms with suspected AR, and research effort was biased towards Western Europe and particularly the United Kingdom. Ongoing capture of future results in the live database, efforts to avoid bias in farm recruitment, more accurate tests for AR, and stronger appreciation of the importance of AR among the agricultural industry and policy makers, will support more sophisticated analyses of factors contributing to AR and effective strategies to slow its spread.

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Benzimidazole-resistant gastrointestinal nematodes in indigenous Chiapas and Pelibuey sheep breeds from Chiapas, Mexico

Journal of Helminthology ◽

10.1017/s0022149x13000618 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 89 (1) ◽

pp. 80-85 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

E. Liébano-Hernández ◽

M. González-Olvera ◽

C. Vázquez-Peláez ◽

P. Mendoza-de-Gives ◽

G. Ramírez-Vargas ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Anthelmintic Resistance ◽

Lethal Dose ◽

Morphological Characteristics ◽

Gastrointestinal Nematodes ◽

Genetic Mutation ◽

Parasitic Nematodes ◽

Tubulin Gene ◽

Sheep Breeds ◽

Pelibuey Sheep

AbstractBecause of the natural adaptation of Mexican sheep, the aim of the present study was to identify the presence or absence of gastrointestinal parasitic nematodes (GIN) resistant to benzimidazole (BZ) in both Chiapas and Pelibuey sheep breeds on local farms. Both male and female GIN-infected grazing sheep of the two breeds were selected. Sheep faecal samples were collected to obtain infective larvae (L3). This evolving stage of the parasite was used for taxonomic identification of the genus, based on its morphological characteristics. BZ anthelmintic resistance was evaluated using a nematode–compound in vitro interaction bioassay and the allele-specific polymerase chain reaction technique to detect mutations of residues 198 and 200 on isotype 1 of the β-tubulin gene. Three BZ-based compounds (febendazole (FBZ), tiabendazole (TBZ) and albendazole (ABZ)) at concentrations of 1, 0.5, 0.25, 0.125, 0.062 and 0.03 mg/ml were used to estimate the anthelmintic efficacy and lethal dose (LD50, LD90 and LD99) of the drugs. Two parasitic nematodes, Haemonchus and Teladorsagia, were identified in both isolates. Also, the proportions of anthelmintic resistance identified in GIN of the two sheep breeds were 68% in isolates from the Chiapas breed and 71.8% in the Pelibuey breed. The specific lethal activity obtained with FBZ was higher than 90%. However, TBZ and ABZ showed a lethal activity lower than 50%. High variability in the discriminating dose values was found among the BZ drugs. For example, FBZ LD ranged from 0.01 to 1.20 mg/ml; on the other hand, TBZ and ABZ required a dose ranging from 0.178 to 759 mg/ml. In addition, amino acid changes of Phe (TTC) to Tyr (TAC) at codon 200 of the β-tubulin gene, showing resistance to BZ, and no changes at codon 198 Glu (GAA) to Ala (GCA) were observed for both isolates. These results confirmed the presence of a genetic mutation associated with BZ in both Chiapas and Pelibuey nematode isolates.

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First Report of Anthelmintic Resistance in Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Sheep from Costa Rica

Veterinary Medicine International ◽

10.4061/2011/145312 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 2011 ◽

pp. 1-4 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

R. Maroto ◽

A. E. Jiménez ◽

J. J. Romero ◽

V. Alvarez ◽

J. B. De Oliveira ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Costa Rica ◽

Chemical Control ◽

Production Systems ◽

Anthelmintic Resistance ◽

Gastrointestinal Nematodes ◽

Visual Estimation ◽

Treatment Groups ◽

Sheep Industry ◽

Fecal Egg Count ◽

Sheep Production

As the prevalence and severity of anthelmintic resistance continue to rise, nematode infections in sheep correspondingly reduce the profitability of the sheep industry. In Costa Rica, sheep production systems are increasing in both number and importance. A field trial study was carried out to detect the level of anthelmintic resistance to albendazole and ivermectin in gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN) of sheep from seven farms in Costa Rica. Resistance was determined using the fecal egg count reduction test (FECRT). Three treatment groups were assessed on each farm: control, albendazole, and ivermectin.Haemonchusspp. (71%),Strongyloidessp. (57%), andTrichostrongylusspp. (43%) presented resistance levels to albendazole, whereasStrongyloidessp. (43%),Haemonchusspp. (29%), andTrichostrongylusspp. (29%) were resistant to ivermectin.Haemonchusspp.,Strongyloidessp., andTrichostrongylusspp. were the most resistant GIN to both products. This study suggests that frequency of treatment, exclusive chemical control, and visual estimation of animal weight to calculate dosage may contribute to the high levels of anthelmintic resistance that were observed on the farms analyzed herein.

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Effect of Jatropha curcas Latex on L3 Haemonchus contortus Larval Motility

International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research ◽

10.25258/ijpcr.v9i3.8317 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 9 (3) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Noorzaid Muhamad ◽

Syahirah Sazeli ◽

Resni Mona ◽

Jannathul Firdous

Keyword(s):

Larvicidal Activity ◽

Jatropha Curcas ◽

Haemonchus Contortus ◽

Anthelmintic Resistance ◽

Small Ruminants ◽

Gastrointestinal Nematodes ◽

Dose Dependent ◽

Plants Extract

The anthelmintic resistance has limited the control of gastrointestinal nematodes of small ruminants and thus has awakened interest in the study of plants extract as a source of anthelmintics. These experiments were carried out to evaluate the in vitro efficacy of Jatrophacurcas latex extract against Haemonchuscontortus larval motility. To evaluate the larvicidal activity, H.contortus L3 were incubated with the extracts with varying concentration of 5 mg/mL, 10 mg/mL, 15 mg/mL and 20 mg/mL at 27°C for 48, 72 and 96 hrs. The results were subjected to the Kruskal-Wallis test (P less than 0.05). The extracts showed dose-dependent larvicidal effects. These results suggest that J.curcas can be used to control gastrointestinal nematodes of small ruminants.

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Cellular and humoral immune responses associated with protection in sheep vaccinated against Teladorsagia circumcincta

Veterinary Research ◽

10.1186/s13567-021-00960-8 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 52 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Cynthia Machín ◽

Yolanda Corripio-Miyar ◽

Julia N. Hernández ◽

Tara Pérez-Hernández ◽

Adam D. Hayward ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Immune Responses ◽

T Cell Activation ◽

Cell Activation ◽

Anthelmintic Resistance ◽

Gastrointestinal Nematodes ◽

Control Group ◽

Sheep Breeds ◽

Humoral Immune ◽

Humoral Immune Responses ◽

Teladorsagia Circumcincta

AbstractDue to increased anthelmintic resistance, complementary methods to drugs are necessary to control gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN). Vaccines are an environmentally-friendly and promising option. In a previous study, a Teladorsagia circumcincta recombinant sub-unit vaccine was administered to two sheep breeds with different levels of resistance against GIN. In the susceptible Canaria Sheep (CS) breed, vaccinates harboured smaller worms with fewer eggs in utero than the control group. Here, we extend this work, by investigating the cellular and humoral immune responses of these two sheep breeds following vaccination and experimental infection with T. circumcincta. In the vaccinated CS group, negative associations between antigen-specific IgA, IgG2 and Globule Leukocytes (GLs) with several parasitological parameters were established as well as a higher CD4+/CD8+ ratio than in control CS animals, suggesting a key role in the protection induced by the vaccine. In the more resistant Canaria Hair Breed (CHB) sheep the vaccine did not significantly impact on the parasitological parameters studied and none of these humoral associations were observed in vaccinated CHB lambs, although CHB had higher proportions of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells within the abomasal lymph nodes, suggesting higher mucosal T cell activation. Each of the component proteins in the vaccine induced an increase in immunoglobulin levels in vaccinated groups of each breed. However, levels of immunoglobulins to only three of the antigens (Tci-MEP-1, Tci-SAA-1, Tci-ASP-1) were negatively correlated with parasitological parameters in the CS breed and they may be, at least partially, responsible for the protective effect of the vaccine in this breed. These data could be useful for improving the current vaccine prototype.

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Prospects of Using High-Throughput Proteomics to Underpin the Discovery of Animal Host–Nematode Interactions

Pathogens ◽

10.3390/pathogens10070825 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (7) ◽

pp. 825

Author(s):

Tao Wang ◽

Robin Gasser

Keyword(s):

Mass Spectrometry ◽

High Throughput ◽

Anthelmintic Resistance ◽

Nematode Species ◽

Economic Losses ◽

Future Research ◽

Parasitic Nematodes ◽

Public Health Burden ◽

Host Parasite Interactions ◽

Host Parasite

Parasitic nematodes impose a significant public health burden, and cause major economic losses to agriculture worldwide. Due to the widespread of anthelmintic resistance and lack of effective vaccines for most nematode species, there is an urgent need to discover novel therapeutic and vaccine targets, informed through an understanding of host–parasite interactions. Proteomics, underpinned by genomics, enables the global characterisation proteins expressed in a particular cell type, tissue and organism, and provides a key to insights at the host–parasite interface using advanced high-throughput mass spectrometry-based proteomic technologies. Here, we (i) review current mass-spectrometry-based proteomic methods, with an emphasis on a high-throughput ‘bottom-up’ approach; (ii) summarise recent progress in the proteomics of parasitic nematodes of animals, with a focus on molecules inferred to be involved in host–parasite interactions; and (iii) discuss future research directions that could enhance our knowledge and understanding of the molecular interplay between nematodes and host animals, in order to work toward new, improved methods for the treatment, diagnosis and control of nematodiases.

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Anthelmintic resistance in gastrointestinal nematodes of alpacas (Vicugna pacos) in Australia

Parasites & Vectors ◽

10.1186/s13071-018-2949-7 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Mohammed H. Rashid ◽

Jane L. Vaughan ◽

Mark A. Stevenson ◽

Angus J. D. Campbell ◽

Ian Beveridge ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Anthelmintic Resistance ◽

Gastrointestinal Nematodes ◽

Vicugna Pacos

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Predatory activity of Arthrobotrys oligospora and Duddingtonia flagrans on pre-parasitic larval stages of cyathostominae under different constant temperatures

Ciência Rural ◽

10.1590/s0103-84782001000500016 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 31 (5) ◽

pp. 839-842 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Clóvis de Paula Santos ◽

Terezinha Padilha ◽

Maria de Lurdes de Azevedo Rodrigues

Keyword(s):

Optimum Temperature ◽

Duddingtonia Flagrans ◽

Arthrobotrys Oligospora ◽

Egg Development ◽

Free Living ◽

Predatory Activity ◽

Larval Stages ◽

Different Temperatures ◽

Reduction Percentage

The effect of different temperatures on the predatory activity of Arthrobotrys oligospora and Duddingtonia flagrans on the free-living larval stages of cyathostomes were evaluated in an experiment where feces of horses containing the parasites’ eggs were treated with these fungi and incubated under different constant temperatures (10°C, 15°C, 20°C, 25°C and 30°C ). The results indicated that the optimum temperature for egg development was 25°C. At 10°C the number of L3 recovered was practically zero, and at 15°C and 20°C, the percentage of larvae recovered was less than 3% of the total number of eggs per gram of feces. When these cultures subsequently were incubated for an additional period of 14 days at 27°C, they allowed the development of L3. In all the cultures inoculated with fungi a significant reduction in the number of larvae was observed. When incubated at 25°C or 30°C, the fungi caused reductions above 90%, in the number of L3. The samples cultivated at 10°C, 15°C, 20°C, 25°C and 30°C, when incubated for an additional period of 14 days at 27°C the reduction percentage of larvae was above 90% for A. oligospora. However, the same did not occur for D. flagrans. Here a reduction percentage between 47.5% and 41.8% was recorded when the cultures were incubated at 10°C and 20°C, respectively. The two species of fungi tested showed to be efficient in reducing the number of L3 when mixed with equine feces and maintained at the same temperature for the development of larval pre-parasitic stages of cyathostomes.

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Genomic landscape of drug response reveals novel mediators of anthelmintic resistance

10.1101/2021.11.12.465712 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Stephen R Doyle ◽

Roz Laing ◽

David Bartley ◽

Alison Morrison ◽

Nancy Holroyd ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Drug Resistance ◽

Genetic Basis ◽

Parasitic Nematode ◽

Anthelmintic Resistance ◽

Forward Genetics ◽

Parasitic Nematodes ◽

Genomic Landscape ◽

Genetic Cross ◽

Novel Alleles ◽

Host Parasite

Understanding the genetic basis of anthelmintic drug resistance in parasitic nematodes is key to tracking and combatting their spread. Here, we use a genetic cross in a natural host-parasite system to simultaneously map resistance loci for the three major classes of anthelmintics. This approach identifies novel alleles for resistance to benzimidazoles and levamisole and implicates the transcription factor, cky-1, in ivermectin resistance. This gene is within a locus under selection in ivermectin resistant populations worldwide; functional validation using knockout and gene expression experiments supports a role for cky-1 overexpression in ivermectin resistance. Our work demonstrates the feasibility of high-resolution forward genetics in a parasitic nematode, and identifies variants for the development of molecular diagnostics to combat drug resistance in the field.

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