Conceptual relations in the semantic domain of Swedish dimensional adjectives

2016 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 270-288
Author(s):  
Misuzu Shimotori
Keyword(s):  
General Term ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Anaphora Resolution ◽  
Semantic Task ◽  
Semantic Domain ◽  
Conceptual Relations ◽  
Dimensional Adjectives ◽  
Hierarchical Relation ◽  
Lexical Relations ◽  
Conventional Study

Abstract In the conventional study of lexical semantics, adjectives are not considered likely to have a hierarchical relation, such as a meronymic (part-whole) relation, to each other. The most possible lexical relations among adjectives are antonymy and synonymy. In this study, however, I assume that meronomic relations between internal members of dimensional adjectives (e. g. big, long, deep) are conceptually possible from an ontological point of view. By using a semantic task, i. e. anaphora resolution, I draw the following conclusion: dimensional adjectives themselves have no meronymic relation to each other. However, restricting our discussion to the usage of Swedish dimensional adjectives in modifying concrete entities, the conceptual relations between the general term, e. g. BIG,1I use capital letters to indicate concepts throughout this essay. Lexical items are written in italics. and specific terms, e. g. LONG, DEEP, are mentally organized in a part-whole relation and thus in a meronomic structure. When applied to the whole expression which is a concept of a big entity, such as BIG CUP, there are meronomic relations between concepts of the big entity and its parts, e. g. BIG CUP – DEEP CUP.

scholarly journals Peran Kelembagaan Usaha Mikro Dan Kecil (UMK) Terhadap Laju Pertumbuhan Ekonomi (LPE) Jawa Barat

2014 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 159
Author(s):  
Ida Nurnida Relawan
Keyword(s):  
General Term ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Small Enterprises ◽  
Regional Government ◽  
West Java ◽  
Business Units ◽  
Business Entities ◽  
Research Type

Micro and Small Enterprises (MSEs) is a general term for business entities that qualify Micro and Small scale enterprises. MSEs can be viewed from various perspectives. In this study, researcher looked at from the point of view of institutional MSEs, which many experts interpreted as a rule of the game. Institutionally, MSEs play an important role in the economy in West Java, in particular of its contribution to the number of business units which reached 99.98%. Based on MSEs significant contribution in terms of number, researcher is interested to know more about the role of MSEs institutional as an economic bodies to the economy: the Labor Absorption, GDP and LPE, which is the goal of this research. Type of this research is  descriptive-explorative which conducted through an inductive approach.The conclusion of this study is that institutional of MSEs in West Java contribute significantly to Labor Absorption (80%), GDP (42.78%) and LPE (2.95%) of West Java LPE 6.59%. This fact demanding the Regional Government of West Java more proactive in empowering MSEs. Based on the data obtained in this study, 54% of institutional of MSEs in West Java got problem. The biggest problem is competition (29.57%). According to the theory used in this study, the best way to build the institutions is to combine the skills, strategy, and coordination, which is done in a equitable ways.

Global Benchmarking of E-Governments

2011 ◽  
pp. 869-880
Author(s):  
H. Ostermann
Keyword(s):  
Business Performance ◽  
Best Practice ◽  
Comprehensive Evaluation ◽  
General Term ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Business Context ◽  
Performance Benchmarking ◽  
The One ◽  
Government Development

Metaphorically, the term benchmarking traces back to land surveying, where a benchmark is referred to as “a mark on a permanent object indicating elevation and serving as a reference in topographic surveys and tidal observations” (Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary, n.d.). Its linguistic roots originate from “the chiseled horizontal marks that surveyors made, into which an angle-iron could be placed to bracket (bench) a leveling rod, thus ensuring that the leveling rod can be repositioned in the same place in future”(Wikipedia, n.d.). In the most general term, a benchmark is a point of reference from which measurements may be made. Applied in a business context, benchmarks therefore serve as “measurements to gauge the performance of a function, operation or business relative to others” (Bogan & English, 1994, p. 4). Based on that understanding, the essential business concept of benchmarking can be defined as the continuous and systematic process of improving strategies, functions, operations, products, or services by measuring, comparing and analyzing relevant benchmarks in order to produce superior business performance (Böhnert, 1999; Schmitz, 1998). Thus, in contrast to the static nature of benchmarks representing reference points, according to its original meaning (ensuring the exact repositioning of leveling rods at any time) the activity of benchmarking involves deploying the former as terms of reference to make progress. In the pursuit of superior performance, benchmarking embraces the elements of comparison and change (Spendolini, 1992) based on information and knowledge derived from the very process of measuring and comparing benchmarks. First, public and private companies discover how their functions, operations, products, or services perform in comparison to those of benchmark partners. Second, having identified best practices “there is a call to action that may involve a variety of activities, from the making of recommendations to the actual implementation of change based (at least partially) on the benchmarking findings” (Spendolini, 1992, p. 15). Taking into consideration the dynamic thrust of benchmarking activities outlined above, global benchmarking of e-governments is thus widely regarded as an essential stimulus for further e-government development, as it may facilitate the evaluation of national efforts compared to international best practice on the one hand and promote successful implementation of e-government applications serving the needs of citizens and businesses on the other from a conceptual point of view (Kunstelj & Vintar, 2004). In order to identify the contribution of international benchmarking studies to successful design and implementation of e-government initiatives and models, this article will present the study designs and major outcomes of three benchmarking reports on e-government development. Based on these findings the authors will critically review these three study series, by raising the question whether the approaches pursued to benchmark e-government development show the aptitude to cope with the complexity of the socio-technical system e-government and thus support its comprehensive evaluation.

Good, theories of the

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christine M. Korsgaard
Keyword(s):  
Human Life ◽  
Intrinsic Value ◽  
Moral Virtue ◽  
General Term ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Moral Sense ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Term Functions ◽  
Virtuous Life ◽  
Definition Of

‘Good’ is the most general term of positive evaluation, used to recommend or express approval in a wide range of contexts. It indicates that a thing is desirable or worthy of choice, so that normally, if you have reason to want a certain kind of thing, you also have reason to prefer a good thing of that kind. A theory of the good may consist in a general account of the good, which is meant to apply to all good things; or in a definition of ‘good’, an account of how the term functions in the language. Theories of the good have metaphysical implications about the relations of fact and value. Many ancient and medieval philosophers believed in the ultimate identity of the real and the good. Modern philosophers reject this identification, and have held a range of positions: realists, for example, hold that the good is part of reality, while certain moral sense theorists hold that when we call something good we are projecting human interests onto reality; and emotivists hold that we use the term ‘good’ only to signify subjective approval. Theorists of the good also categorize different kinds of goodness and explain how they are related. Good things are standardly classified as ends, which are valued for their own sakes, or means, valued for the sake of the ends they promote. Some philosophers also divide them into intrinsic goods, which have their value in themselves, and extrinsic goods, which get their value from their relation to something else. Various theories have been held about the relation between these two distinctions – about whether an end must be something with intrinsic value. Philosophers also distinguish subjective goods – things which are good for someone in particular – from objective goods, which are good from everyone’s point of view. Views about how these kinds of goodness are related have important implications for moral philosophy. Usually, a theory of the good is constructed in the hope of shedding light on more substantive questions, such as what makes a person, an action, or a human life good. These questions raise issues about the relation between ethical and other values. For example, we may ask whether moral virtue is a special sort of goodness, or just the ordinary sort applied to persons. Or, since actions are valued as ‘right’ or ‘wrong’, we may ask how these values are related to the action’s goodness or badness. We may also pose the question of whether a life that is good in the sense of being happy must also be a morally good or virtuous life. This last question has occupied the attention of philosophers ever since Plato.

Lexical semantics in language shift

2018 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 92-135
Author(s):  
Maïa Ponsonnet
Keyword(s):  
Language Shift ◽  
Northern Territory ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Exact Nature ◽  
Semantic Features ◽  
Australian Aboriginal ◽  
Semantic Domain ◽  
Emotion Lexicon ◽  
Creole Languages ◽  
Aboriginal Languages

Abstract This article analyzes some of the lexical semantic features of Barunga Kriol, an Australian creole language (Northern Territory, Australia), in comparison with Dalabon, one of the Australian Aboriginal languages replaced by Barunga Kriol. Focusing on the semantic domain of emotions, this study offers insights into how creole languages select and organize semantic meanings, and to what extent this results in lexical loss or retention. I spell out the exact nature of the lexical resemblances between the two languages, and highlight major differences as well. The conclusions of the study are two-fold. Firstly, I show that the Barunga Kriol emotion lexicon shares a great many properties with the Dalabon emotion lexicon. As a result, speakers in Barunga Kriol and Dalabon respectively are often able to package meaning in very similar ways: the two languages offer comparable means of describing events in the world. From that point of view, language shift can be considered to have a lesser impact. Secondly, I show that the lexical resemblances between Barunga Kriol and Dalabon are not limited to simple cases where the lexemes in each language share the same forms and/or meanings. Instead, lexical resemblances relate to a number of other properties in semantics and combinatorics, and I devise a preliminary typology of these lexical resemblances. Beyond the comparison between Barunga Kriol and Dalabon, this typology may tentatively serve as a grid to evaluate lexical resemblances between languages more generally.

scholarly journals Carentiae and the Controversy about Negative Being

2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 16-28
Author(s):  
Galina V. Vdovina ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Central Area ◽  
17Th Century ◽  
General Term ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Traditional Concept ◽  
Francisco Suarez ◽  
Scholastic Philosophy ◽  
Structure Of Knowledge ◽  
Changing Role

The article deals with the place of negations and privations in the structure of knowledge, from the point of view of the 17th century scholastic philosophy. Medieval scholasticism saw in nega­tiones and privationes those objects which formed the central area of mental being (ens rationis), that is, objects which existed only in intelligence. This traditional concept was clearly articul­ated and affirmed by Francisco Suárez in the final chapter of his “Metaphysical Disputations”. The decades following the death of Suarez in 1617 were a period of profound transformations in metaphysics, which also affected the doctrine of the mental being. The transformations were particularly evident in the changing role and place of negations and privations which were denoted by the general term carentiae, that is, negations in the broad sense. This whole area was divided into fictitious and real negations; fictitious negations remained in the ens rationis field, while real negations were taken out of it. It were real negations that attracted special attention of scholastic philosophers who tried to understand their nature and structure and, most importantly, their onto­logical status: whether they were purely logical and linguistic constructions or represented facts of the real world. The article deals with different conceptions of real carentiae in 17th century scholasticism, taken from several philosophical courses of Jesuit philosophers, such as Francisco Suárez (Senior), “Portuguese Suárez” (Francisco Suárez Junior), Thomas Compton Carleton, An­tonio Bernaldo de Quiróz, Sebastian Izquierdo and Pietro Sforza Pallavicino.

scholarly journals Verbs of falling in Chukchi

2020 ◽  
Vol XVI (1) ◽  
pp. 1020-1033
Author(s):  
A. Kozlov ◽  
◽  
P. Kasyanova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Point Of View ◽  
Cognitive Domain ◽  
Semantic Domain ◽  
The Village

The paper focuses on the lexicalization of falling events in Amguema Chukchi, which is a variety of the eastern dialect of Chukchi, spoken by inland reindeer herders in the tundra around the village of Amguema in the Chukotka Peninsula. The data on which the research is based were collected in course of authors’ own fi eldwork. The research is done in the framework developed by the Moscow Lexical Typology Group: the authors investigate diff erent frames pertaining to the conceptual field of falling, checking whether they can or cannot be lexicalized by several verbs that the language possesses. The system has two main verbs, peqetatək, which denotes falling from a higher level to a lower one, and eretək, which is used to describe toppling down of vertically oriented elongated objects. For example, only the former will be used in a sentence describing a cup falling from a table onto the ground, and only the latter describes falling down of a tree during a windstorm or of a person who has slipped up. This semantic opposition is cross-linguistically recurrent, furthermore, it is the major opposition which structures the field of falling from the typological point of view. The system is further furnished by several verbs which lexicalize narrow classes of situations: atsatək ‘topple down (of non-elongated objects that have a prototypical orientation in space and lose this orientation)’, kuwɬitkuk ‘roll down’, pəɬqetək ‘fall into water, drown’ и ŋərepetək ‘fall into a substance’. Another interesting feature of the Chukchi system is the absence of metaphors with falling as source cognitive domain. This fact is cross-linguistically peculiar, as in general falling events are particularly prone to give rise to metaphors. Finally, the verbs ŋətək ‘break free from a leash, separate oneself from something’ и pirqək ‘bend down to earth’ develop secondary meanings that pertain to the semantic domain of falling, ‘fall out (e.g. of teeth or hair)’ and ‘sink in (e. g. of a tent)’ correspondingly

scholarly journals The Influence of pH and Ionic Strength on the Electrokinetic Stability of the Human Erythrocyte Membrane

1960 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 635-654 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. H. Heard ◽  
G. V. F. Seaman
Keyword(s):  
Ionic Strength ◽  
Human Erythrocyte ◽  
Cell Injury ◽  
Hydrolytic Degradation ◽  
Stable State ◽  
Ion Association ◽  
General Term ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Unstable State ◽  
Normal Human

The electrokinetic stability of washed normal human erythrocytes is discussed from the point of view of pH, ionic strength, and composition of the suspending medium. Many of the electrophoretic characteristics at low ionic strengths (sorbitol to maintain the tonicity), such as the isopotential points, are shown to arise principally from adsorption of hemolysate. The concept of electrokinetically stable, metastable, and unstable states for the red cell at various ionic strengths is introduced in preference to the general term "cell injury." In the stable state which exists around pH 7.4 for ionic strengths >0.007, no adsorption of hemolysate occurs, in the metastable state reversible adsorption of hemolysate occurs, and in the unstable state, in which ionic strengths and pH ranges are outside the metastable range, the membrane undergoes irreversible hemolysate adsorption or more general hydrolytic degradation. It is deduced from the equivalent binding of CNS, I, Cl, and F, the pH mobility relationships, and the conformation of the ionic strength data in the stable state to a Langmuir adsorption isotherm, that the membrane of the human erythrocyte behaves as a macropolyanion whose properties are modified by gegen ion association and in some instances by hemolysate adsorption. The experimental results are insufficient to establish conclusively the nature of the ionogenic groupings present in the membrane interphase.

scholarly journals Cervical elasticity during pregnancy: current state of the problem

2018 ◽  
Vol 99 (6) ◽  
pp. 954-958
Author(s):  
M G Tukhbatullin ◽  
K V Yanakova
Keyword(s):  
Uterine Cervix ◽  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Applied Pressure ◽  
Shear Wave Elastography ◽  
General Term ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Special Role ◽  
Reference Tissue ◽  
Clinical Point ◽  
Manual Pressure

Uterine cervix undergoes various changes throughout the pregnancy, which are characterized by the general term “remodeling”. In particular, this process includes changes of the length (shortening) and consistency (softening) of uterine cervix. The latter from the clinical point of view is important not only for observation of pregnant women with normal course of pregnancy but also for predicting such states as an outcome of labor induction or preterm delivery. Traditionally, cervical elasticity has been estimated through digital examination and Bishop score, however, currently there are available imaging techniques, which are more objective and precise. Amongst these methods, elastography plays a special role. Elastography allows measuring the capacity of tissues to deform. The softer the tissues, the higher mentioned capacity under the applied pressure. Currently there are various methods of elastography, starting from real-time elastography, when the capacity to be deformed is registered under the influence of physiologic movements or minimal manual pressure, to shear wave elastography, when the velocity of propagation of shear waves is measured. Although there are number of methods of elastography and perspectives of their use in obstetric practice, at the present time there is no consensus on standardization of these methods. In the cervical elastography this task is even more complicated, because there is no reference tissue to be compared with, especially this is true for strain elastography. The aim of this study was comparative analysis of methods estimating cervical elasticity and underlining current problems from the clinical point of view.

Good, theories of the

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christine M. Korsgaard
Keyword(s):  
Human Life ◽  
Intrinsic Value ◽  
Moral Virtue ◽  
General Term ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Moral Sense ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Term Functions ◽  
Virtuous Life ◽  
Definition Of

‘Good’ is the most general term of positive evaluation, used to recommend or express approval in a wide range of contexts. It indicates that a thing is desirable or worthy of choice, so that normally, if you have reason to want a certain kind of thing, you also have reason to prefer a good thing of that kind. A theory of the good may consist in a general account of the good, which is meant to apply to all good things; or in a definition of ‘good’, that is, an account of how the term functions in the language. Theories of the good have metaphysical implications about the relations between fact and value. Many ancient and medieval philosophers believed in the ultimate identity of the real and the good. Modern philosophers generally reject this identification, and have held a range of positions: realists, for example, hold that the good is part of reality, while certain moral-sense theorists hold that when we call something ‘good’ we are projecting human interests onto reality; and emotivists hold that we use the term ‘good’ only to signify subjective approval. Theorists of the good also categorize different kinds of goodness and explain how they are related. Good things are standardly classified as ends, which are valued for their own sakes, or as means, valued for the sake of the ends they promote. Some philosophers also divide them into intrinsic goods, which have their value in themselves, and extrinsic goods, which get their value from their relation to something else. Various theories have been held about the relation between these two distinctions – about whether an end must be something with intrinsic value. Philosophers also distinguish subjective or agent-relative goods – things which are good for someone in particular – from objective or agent-neutral goods, which are good from everyone’s point of view. Views about how these kinds of goodness are related have important implications for moral philosophy. Usually, a theory of the good is constructed in the hope of shedding light on more substantive questions, such as what makes a person, an action, or a human life good. These questions raise issues about the relation between ethical and other values. For example, we may ask whether moral virtue is a special sort of goodness, or just the ordinary sort applied to persons. Or, since actions are valued as ‘right’ or ‘wrong’, we may ask how these values are related to the action’s goodness or badness. We may also pose the question of whether a life that is good in the sense of being happy must also be a morally good or virtuous life. This last question has occupied the attention of philosophers ever since Plato.

Trees and Plants in The Greek Tragic Writers

1952 ◽  
Vol 21 (62) ◽  
pp. 57-63 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward S. Forster
Keyword(s):  
Present Article ◽  
General Term ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Third ◽  
Plant Life ◽  
Trees And Shrubs

It was not until the time of Aristotle and his pupil Theophrastus that the Greeks took the initiative in studying botany from a scientific point of view, but naturally earlier Greek writers were interested in varying degrees and for various reasons in the plants which they saw around them, and therefore mention them in their works.The present is the third of a series of articles, the first two of which have appeared in the Classical Review, ‘Trees and Plants in Homer’ (C.R., vol. 1, July 1936, pp. 97 ff.) and ‘Trees and Plants in Herodotus’ (ib., vol. lvi, July 1942, pp. 57 ff.). The present article deals with the references to trees and plants in the thirty-five extant plays and fragments of Aeschylus, Sophocles, and Euripides. It is proposed first to tabulate the references to trees, shrubs, and plants in these authors and indicate the contexts in which they occur, and then to try to draw some conclusions as to the interest which these writers display in plant life and the attitude which they adopt towards it. Forty-three botanical names occur in the plays of the three dramatists, whereas in Homer there are fifty and in Herodotus fifty-seven. It will be clear, I think, that the dramatists took much less interest in plant-life than either Homer or Herodotus.To take trees and shrubs first, the oak, ρῠς (Quercus robor)—a word which, like the Sanskrit root dru, was originally a general term for ‘tree’ or ‘wood’, and hence is used for the ‘king of trees’—occurs frequently in the Greek tragedians, especially in Euripides.

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