“A Free-Range Chicken that Can Run Wherever the Majority Wants It To”: Budget Reconciliation and the Contemporary U.S. Senate

The Forum ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Molly E. Reynolds
Keyword(s):  
Policy Design ◽  
Free Range ◽  
Procedural Change ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Upper Chamber ◽  
Reconciliation Process ◽  
The U.S

Abstract Since its early uses in the early 1980s, the budget reconciliation process has played an important role in how the U.S. Congress legislates. Because the procedures protect certain legislation from a filibuster in the Senate, the reconciliation rules both shape, and are shaped by, the upper chamber in significant ways. After providing a brief overview of the process, I discuss first how partisanship in the Senate has affected the use of the reconciliation procedures. Next, I describe two sets of consequences of the contemporary reconciliation process, on negotiation and on policy design. I conclude with some observations about the relationship of reconciliation to the prospects for broader procedural change in the Senate.

scholarly journals An Overview of the U.S. EPA Proposed Amendments to the Guidelines for the Health Assessment of Suspect Developmental Toxicants

1990 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-47 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carole A. Kimmel ◽  
Gary L. Kimmel ◽  
Elaine Z. Francis ◽  
Laurence D. Chitlik
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
Developmental Toxicity ◽  
Health Assessment ◽  
Weight Of Evidence ◽  
New Information ◽  
Short Term Exposure ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The U.S

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency has recently proposed amendments to the Guidelines for the Health Assessment of Suspect Developmental Toxicants. These amendments expand and clarify points made in the original guidelines, and add new information based on advances in the field. For example, the original risk assessment guidance was developed around several basic assumptions that were implicit in the earlier document, but that are clearly stated in the proposed amendments. Also, several consensus workshops were held following the completion of the 1986 guidelines, and the conclusions of these workshops have been incorporated. These include workshops dealing with the relationship of maternal and developmental toxicity, and with the development of an approach for a weight-of-evidence classification. In addition, a reference dose for developmental toxicity (RfDT) is proposed, based on short-term exposure, to distinguish it from the Rf D for chronic exposure. Other proposed changes include the expansion of the functional developmental toxicity section to reflect the Agency's testing guidelines for developmental neurotoxicity, and the human studies section which now gives more guidance on the use of human data in risk assessment. A number of other minor proposed changes are discussed. The final amended guidelines are currently undergoing Agency review and should be completed within the next year.

When Church and State go Abroad

Worldview ◽  
1982 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 5-8
Author(s):  
James A. Scherer
Keyword(s):  
First Amendment ◽  
Third World ◽  
Church And State ◽  
The United States ◽  
Historical Record ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Historical Overview ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The U.S

A number of church activities in the United States and in various Third World nations bring issues involving the separation of Church and State once again to the fore. Certainly any serious inquiry into the relationship of the U.S. Government and American missionary groups abroad—particularly with regard to the First Amendment to the U.S. Constitution—must first consider the historical record. Only after a thorough examination of the inconsistencies and constradictions between theory and practice over the nation's more than two hundred-year history can one hope to assess present policies. This, then, is just such an historical overview.

Municipal Financing of the U.S. Fine Arts Museum: A Historical Rationale

1986 ◽  
Vol 46 (3) ◽  
pp. 757-768 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eugene Smolensky
Keyword(s):  
Marginal Cost ◽  
Market Failure ◽  
Fine Arts ◽  
Scattered Data ◽  
The Public ◽  
Public Subsidy ◽  
Operational Test ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The U.S

Municipal involvement in the finance of fine arts museums raises the question: Just which market failure serves to rationalize this public subsidy? Two contenders are prominent in the literature: decreasing costs and education externalities. The relationship of price to marginal cost provides an operational test to distinguish among the two rationales. Scattered data from the 1880s and 1890s as well as contemporary discussion indicate that, implausible as it may seem now, education externalities constituted the operational justification for the public subsidy.

Editor’s Introduction

1990 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-4
Author(s):  
Harvey Glickman
Keyword(s):  
National Security ◽  
Security Policy ◽  
Michigan State University ◽  
Economic Assistance ◽  
State University ◽  
The University ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
University Of Connecticut ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The U.S

This ISSUE is almost totally comprised of the first half of a two part publication series that relates Africanists to the Africa policy of the U.S. government. As a whole, the two parts—in this and the next ISSUE —review the relationship of the opinions and the activities of the Africanist community outside the U.S. government (mainly academics) to the thrust and substance of policy and the process of policy-making inside the U.S. government. The two major articles in the present ISSUE—on Africanists and U.S. foreign and national security policy by Larry Bowman of the University of Connecticut, and on Africanists and U.S. economic assistance policy by Michael Bratton of Michigan State University—represent the first part.

Forgiveness in the Face of Hate

2020 ◽  
pp. 185-200
Author(s):  
Nadine V Wedderburn ◽  
Robert E Carey
Keyword(s):  
South Carolina ◽  
African Americans ◽  
World View ◽  
White Male ◽  
Racial Oppression ◽  
The Face ◽  
American Society ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The U.S

The June 2015 killing of nine African-Americans by a white male shooter in Charleston, South Carolina re-ignited intense discussions around the relationship of race, justice, and faith in the U.S. Within two days of the massacre, members of the victims' families were shown openly offering forgiveness to the accused killer and praying God's mercy on his soul. This seemingly quick offer of clemency raises penetrating questions concerning the value and purpose of the act of forgiveness, arguably an act of pure grace. This chapter shows that forgiveness, as a complex Christian practice, casts an extraordinary light on structures of identity and the politics of privilege in the U.S. In doing so, forgiveness exposes the myth of a “post-racial America” and reveals the deeply-rooted and longstanding systems of racial oppression and discrimination in American society. Structured around key guiding questions, the chapter provides a way to think through the meaning of forgiveness towards developing an approach to dismantling structures of exclusion that are the hallmark of a racial world view.

Frightened or Bothered

2011 ◽  
Vol 2 (6) ◽  
pp. 600-608 ◽  
Author(s):  
Isis H. Settles ◽  
Zaje A. T. Harrell ◽  
NiCole T. Buchanan ◽  
Stevie C. Y. Yap
Keyword(s):  
Psychological Distress ◽  
Sexual Harassment ◽  
Armed Forces ◽  
Relative Strength ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Significant Mediator ◽  
The U.S

The present study distinguishes between bothersome versus frightening sexual harassment appraisals and examines their relative strength as mediators of the relationship of sexual harassment intensity and perpetrator status with psychological distress. Using a sample of 6,304 men and women in the U.S. Armed Forces, the results indicated that sexual harassment intensity and perpetrator status were related to psychological distress. For men, bothersome appraisals mediated this relationship for two of the three sexual harassment subtypes examined and for perpetrator status; for women, bothersome appraisal was not a significant mediator. Frightening appraisals mediated the relationship for all sexual harassment subtypes and perpetrator status for both men and women, and accounted for significantly more of the relationship between sexual harassment intensity and distress than did bothersome appraisals for most analyses. However, mediating relationships were significantly stronger for men than for women. We discuss the utility of a multidimensional conceptualization of sexual harassment appraisals.

2 Treaties

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bradley Curtis A
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Legal System ◽  
Separation Of Powers ◽  
The United States ◽  
International Agreements ◽  
The Status ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The U.S

This chapter considers the status of treaties within the U.S. legal system. The focus is on international agreements concluded through the senatorial advice and consent process specified in Article II of the Constitution. The chapter describes that process, including the Senate’s ability to condition its consent through reservations and other qualifications. It also discusses the role of treaties as supreme law of the land, including the situations in which treaties will be considered “self-executing” and “non–self-executing,” as well as the later-in-time relationship of treaties to federal statutes. The chapter also discusses the relationship of treaties to constitutional limitations concerning the separation of powers and federalism, including the implications of the Supreme Court’s 1920 decision in Missouri v. Holland. The chapter concludes with a consideration of how the United States terminates treaties.

scholarly journals Anthropology goes to war, again

Focaal ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 2007 (50) ◽  
pp. 139-145 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lesley Gill
Keyword(s):  
National Security ◽  
War On Terror ◽  
American Anthropological Association ◽  
The People ◽  
Current Controversy ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The U.S

Debates about the relationship of anthropology to the U.S. national security establishment are not new, and anthropologists are now forced to confront the issue again. Since the 11 September attacks, the U.S. military has stepped up efforts to recruit anthropologists to fight the so-called "war on terror," and a group of self-identified "security anthropologists" have organized for more recognition and legitimation within the American Anthropological Association. The article considers what is new about the current controversy, and it examines the issues at stake for anthropologists and the people who they study. It argues that anthropologists need to raise anew basic questions about their disciplinary and intellectual endeavors and that they must re-educate themselves on the realities of power.

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