scholarly journals Preimaginal mortality of Musca domestica (Diptera: Muscidae) due to Habronema muscae (Nematoda: Habronematidae)

2017 ◽  
Vol 54 (3) ◽  
pp. 225-230
Author(s):  
R. K. Schuster
Keyword(s):  
Musca Domestica ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Short Exposure ◽  
Larval Feeding ◽  
Infected Horse ◽  
Feeding Experiments ◽  
Nematode Larvae ◽  
Faecal Samples ◽  
Habronema Muscae

SummaryIn order to study the damage of Habronema muscae (Carter, 1861) on its intermediate host, Musca domestica Linnaeus, 1758, fly larval feeding experiments were carried out. For this, a defined number of praeimaginal stages of M. domestica was transferred in daily intervals (from day 0 to day 10) on faecal samples of a naturally infected horse harboring 269 adult H. muscae in its stomach. The development of M. domestica was monitored until imagines appeared. Harvested pupae were measured and weighted and the success of infection was studied by counting 3rd stage nematode larvae in freshly hatched flies. In addition, time of pupation and duration of the whole development of the flies was noticed. Pupation, hatching and preimaginal mortality rates were calculated and the number of nematode larvae in freshly hatched flies was counted. Adult flies harboured up to 60 Habronema larvae. Lower pupal volumes and weights, lower pupation rates and higher preimaginal mortality rates were found in experimental groups with long exposure to parasite eggs compared to experimental groups with short exposure or to the uninfected control groups. Maggots of the former groups pupated earlier and fly imagines occurred earlier. These findings clearly showed a negative impact of H. muscae on the development of M. domestica. The results are discussed in connection with the destruction of adipose cells in the maggots by developing nematode larvae.

scholarly journals The Impact of Bushfire Smoke on Cattle—A Review

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 848
Author(s):  
Benjamin Eid ◽  
David Beggs ◽  
Peter Mansell
Keyword(s):  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Prolonged Exposure ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Airborne Particulate Matter ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Airborne Particulate ◽  
Primary Mechanism ◽  
Background Mortality ◽  
Fire Front ◽  
The Impact

In 2019–2020, a particularly bad bushfire season in Australia resulted in cattle being exposed to prolonged periods of smoke haze and reduced air quality. Bushfire smoke contains many harmful pollutants, and impacts on regions far from the fire front, with smoke haze persisting for weeks. Particulate matter (PM) is one of the major components of bushfire smoke known to have a negative impact on human health. However, little has been reported about the potential effects that bushfire smoke has on cattle exposed to smoke haze for extended periods. We explored the current literature to investigate evidence for likely effects on cattle from prolonged exposure to smoke generated from bushfires in Australia. We conducted a search for papers related to the impacts of smoke on cattle. Initial searching returned no relevant articles through either CAB Direct or PubMed databases, whilst Google Scholar provided a small number of results. The search was then expanded to look at two sub-questions: the type of pollution that is found in bushfire smoke, and the reported effects of both humans and cattle being exposed to these types of pollutants. The primary mechanism for damage due to bushfire smoke is due to small airborne particulate matter (PM). Although evidence demonstrates that PM from bushfire smoke has a measurable impact on both human mortality and cardiorespiratory morbidities, there is little evidence regarding the impact of chronic bushfire smoke exposure in cattle. We hypothesize that cattle are not severely affected by chronic exposure to smoke haze, as evidenced by the lack of reports. This may be because cattle do not tend to suffer from the co-morbidities that, in the human population, seem to be made worse by smoke and pollution. Further, small changes to background mortality rates or transient morbidity may also go unreported.

scholarly journals Weaning of Burbot, Lota lota (L.) from Live to Dry Feed Using NaCl as Dietary Attractant

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 7
Author(s):  
Franz Lahnsteiner ◽  
Manfred Kletzl
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass ◽  
Sedimentation Rate ◽  
Condition Factor ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Hepatosomatic Index ◽  
Lota Lota ◽  
Live Feed ◽  
Feeding Experiments ◽  
Feeding Attractant ◽  
Weaning Protocols

Weaning of 150 days post hatch Lota lota from live feed (zooplankton) to formulated dry feed (FDF) was investigated. L. lota could not be forced from live feed to FDF. They refused FDF for periods up to 21 d. Body mass decreased for 20%, condition factor for 15%, and hepatosomatic index for 50%. In 21 days lasting co-feeding experiments with FDF and live feed L. lota selected exclusively the live feed organisms. NaCl in a concentration of 5% was a dietary feeding attractant for L. lota. When FDF was supplemented with 5% NaCl, L. lota could be abruptly weaned from live to dry feed. During a 21 d lasting experiment body mass increased for circa 40%, total length for 10%, condition factor for 5% and hepatosomatic index remained constant. These values were similar to live zooplankton feeding. However, increased mortality of > 20% was recorded for fish fed with the 5% NaCl containing FDF. To reduce mortality FDF was supplemented with zooplankton meal to upgrade its quality and extruded to optimize its density and sedimentation rate. With the adjusted FDF mortality rates were reduced to < 5%. Using the optimized dry feed easy and sustainable weaning protocols were developed where NaCl and zooplankton meal were gradually reduced to adapt fish to pure FDF.

How Solid waste enhances Intestinal Parasite transmission on Residents close to dumpsites, Aba Municipal, Abia State, Nigeria

2020 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
A.N.C Amadi ◽  
B.C Chukwuemeka ◽  
P.I Obeten ◽  
Q.O Lawrence
Keyword(s):  
Solid Waste ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Intestinal Parasite ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Intestinal Parasites ◽  
Education Programme ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Concentration Technique ◽  
Faecal Samples ◽  
Health Education Programme

The management of solid waste continues to be a major challenge in urban areas. This study Ogbor-Hill solid waste dumpsite,Aba Nigeria. Formal-ether concentration technique was used to detect the presence of intestinal parasites among theresidents. Refuge sludge was examined using the Baermann funnel method and questionnaire was administered to collectdata from the residents on socio-demographic characteristics. A total of 423 faecal samples were examined and 164(38.8%)persons were infected. A total of 576 parasitic eggs/cyst/trophozoites were recovered from the dumpsite. The parasite foundamong the residents were Hookworm (12.1%), Entamoeba histolytica (10.6%), Ascaris lumbricoides (9.0%), Trichuristrichiura (5.0%) and Taenia saginata (2.1%). Of the five species of parasites found, the eggs of Hookworm species werehighest (34.5%) followed by A. lumbricoides (23.5%), E. histolytica (20.2%), T. trichiura (12.1%) and T. saginata was least(9.7%). Females (48.8%) were more infected than males (34.5%) but was not significant (p = 0.070225). Age group 21–30years recorded the highest (58.3%) infection followed by age group 11–20 years (54.4%) while 51 years and above were theleast (3.7%). There was no significant relationship in the age group (Pp>0.05). Those that reside closer to the dumpsite werefound to be more (54.1%) infected than those whose distance is farther (31.8%). The overall intensity of parasitic infectionshowed a positive correlation (R = 0.161). Solid waste not properly managed has been known to have a negative impact onhealth, environment and aesthetic values. A well planned waste management and health education programme for residentsliving around the dumpsite will go a long way in reducing the potential of epidemic risks posed by dumpsites in Abamunicipal. Keywords: Intestinal parasite, Solid waste dumpsite, Ogbor Hill, Aba

Effects of Experience on Subsequent Feeding or Oviposition Preference in Musca domestica (Diptera: Muscidae) and Chrysomya megacephala (Diptera: Calliphoridae)

2009 ◽  
Vol 44 (3) ◽  
pp. 187-192
Author(s):  
Zheng-Yan Wang ◽  
Jian-Chu Mo
Keyword(s):  
Musca Domestica ◽  
Wheat Bran ◽  
Oviposition Preference ◽  
Feeding Preference ◽  
Larval Feeding ◽  
Chrysomya Megacephala ◽  
Host Selection Behavior ◽  
Chemical Legacy ◽  
Feeding Regimen ◽  
Gravid Females

Objectives of this research were to evaluate the effect of larval experience on feeding preference of larvae and the effect of larval and pupal experience on oviposition preference of females in Musca domestica L. and Chrysomya megacephala F. Dietary experience from hatch to test significantly influenced feeding preference of the second-instar larvae in M. domestica (P &lt; 0.01), but did not in C. megacephala. The larval dietary and pupal experience did not change the oviposition preference of C. megacephala, and experienced gravid females laid all of their eggs on pork muscle. Larval feeding regimen had no effect on oviposition preference of subsequent females in M. domestica. However, the pupal experience in M. domestica significantly influenced the oviposition preference of subsequent females, and M. domestica females from pupae matured on wheat bran laid significantly more eggs on wheat bran than those that matured on pork muscle, or filter paper whether pupae were washed or not (P &lt; 0.01). These results demonstrated that host-selection behavior in M. domestica was shaped by preimaginal experience according to the chemical legacy hypothesis.

scholarly journals Negative Impact of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Y12 on Its Host Musca domestica

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qian Zhang ◽  
Shumin Wang ◽  
Xinyu Zhang ◽  
Ruiling Zhang ◽  
Zhong Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Intestinal Flora ◽  
Interaction Network ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Feeding Experiments ◽  
Relative Abundances ◽  
High Concentrations

High concentrations of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Y12 significantly inhibit the development of housefly larvae and accelerate larvae death. In this study, the dynamic distribution of the gut microbiota of housefly larvae fed different concentrations of P. aeruginosa Y12 was investigated. Compared with low-concentration P. aeruginosa diets, orally administered high-concentration P. aeruginosa diets caused higher mortality and had a greater impact on the community structure and interaction network of intestinal flora in housefly larvae. The bacterial community of the gut microbiota in housefly larvae was reconstructed in 4 days. Bacterial abundance and diversity were significantly reduced in housefly larvae fed high concentrations of P. aeruginosa. With the growth of larvae, the relative abundances of Providencia, Proteus, Myroides, Klebsiella, and Alcaligenes increased significantly in housefly larvae fed with high concentrations of P. aeruginosa, while the relative abundances of Bordetella, Enterobacter, Morganella, Ochrobactrum, Alcaligenaceae, and Empedobacter were significantly reduced. To analyze the role of the gut microorganisms played on housefly development, a total of 10 cultivable bacterial species belonging to 9 genera were isolated from the intestine of housefly larvae among which Enterobacter hormaechei, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterobacter cloacae, Lysinibacillus fusiformis, and Bacillus safensis promoted the growth of larvae through feeding experiments. This study is the first to analyze the influence of high concentrations of P. aeruginosa on the gut microbiota of houseflies. Our study provides a basis for exploring the pathogenic mechanism of high concentrations of P. aeruginosa Y12 in houseflies.

scholarly journals Vehicular Fleet Expansion and Accidents Variation Numbers: A Contribution to the Analysis of the D. Pedro I-Tamoios Exporter Road Axis

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Estevão Brasil Ruas Vernalha ◽  
Sônia Regina da Cal Seixas ◽  
João Luiz de Moraes Hoefel
Keyword(s):  
Road Safety ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Vehicle Accident ◽  
Pedro I ◽  
Vehicle Fleet ◽  
Negative Impacts ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Transport Accidents

Aims: This paper aims to analyse the evolution of the fleet of vehicles on the D. Pedro I Export Corridor Axis, in the period 1998-2016 and its potential relationship with vehicle accident mortality rates with two municipalities cut by this route - Atibaia and Caraguatatuba. Study Design:  The focus was to investigate to what extent the intensification of the current fleet can be related as a factor directly responsible for the increase of the occurrence of accidents, using as an indicator for this measurement the mortality rate due to accidents of Traffic. Place and Duration of Study: Study realized in São Paulo State, Brazil, for 36 months, from July 2015 to July 2018. The data used and analysed to diverse indicators were from 1998 to 2016. Methodology: The methodology for the analysis of the intensification of the current fleet in the studied region was based on the comparison between the evolution figures of the fleets and the mortality rates due to transport accidents. In this way, all values were arranged on an identical horizontal axis (referring to the years), to show possible correlations. Results: The relationship between the circulation fleet increase and the increase of accidents represents the negative impact of the processes of social and environmental changes that are occurring in the region. These processes link urbanisation, risks and vulnerability due to the lack of adequate urban planning and road safety infrastructure that exposes the population of these municipalities to a higher risk of accidents. Conclusion: The data on the evolution of vehicle fleet in the exporting Corridor unequivocally evidences an accelerated urbanisation process, while mortality rates indicate the absence or inefficiency of public sector-oriented police and the health of the population, which hinder this process and may indicate negative impacts on society as a whole.

scholarly journals Longevity of Musca domestica L. (Diptera: Muscidae) parasitized by Habronema muscae Carter (Nematoda: Habronematidae)

2000 ◽  
Vol 24 (1-2) ◽  
Author(s):  
SAVIO AMADO ◽  
CLAUDIA C. GULIAS-GOMES ◽  
ELIANE M.V. MILWARD-DE-AZEVEDO
Keyword(s):  
Musca Domestica ◽  
Habronema Muscae

scholarly journals Impact of the Stem Extract of Thevetia neriifolia on the Feeding Potential and Histological Architecture of the Midgut Epithelial Tissue of Early Fourth Instars of Helicoverpa armigera HÜbner

2015 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. IJIS.S29127 ◽  
Author(s):  
Monika Mishra ◽  
Kamal Kumar Gupta ◽  
Sarita Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Helicoverpa Armigera ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Epithelial Tissue ◽  
Larval Feeding ◽  
Agricultural Crop ◽  
Pest Species ◽  
Helicoverpa Armígera ◽  
Stem Extract ◽  
Histological Architecture ◽  
Helicoverpa Armigera Hubner

Helicoverpa armigera HÜbner is one of the most important agricultural crop pests in the world causing heavy crop yield losses. The continued and indiscriminate use of synthetic insecticides in agriculture for their control has received wide public apprehension because of multifarious problems, including insecticide resistance, resurgence of pest species, environmental pollution, and toxic hazards to humans and nontarget organisms. These problems have necessitated the need to explore and develop alternative strategies using eco-friendly and biodegradable plant products. In view of this, the efficacy of Thevetia neriifolia methanol stem extract was evaluated against the early fourth instars of H. armigera as an antifeedant and stomach poison agent. Feeding of larvae with the diet containing 0.005%–5.0% extract resulted in 2.06%–37.35% antifeedant index; the diet with 5.0% extract caused 54.3% reduced consumption. The negative impact of extract on larval feeding resulted in 37.5%–77.7% starvation, causing adverse effects on the larval weight. Choice between control and experimental diet resulted in feeding preference of larvae for the control diet, leading to 7.3%–42.9% reduced consumption of extract-containing diet. The only exception was the diet with 0.005% extract, which could not cause any deterrence. The midgut histological architecture of H. armigera larvae fed with 0.005%–0.05% extract-containing diet with negligible antifeedant potential showed significant damage, shrinkage, and distortion and vacuolization of gut tissues and peritrophic membrane, causing the disintegration of epithelial, goblet, and regenerative cells; the damage increased with the increase in concentration. These changes in the gut caused negative impact on the digestion and absorption of food and thus nutritional deficiency in the larvae, which could probably affect their growth and development. This study reveal the appreciable stomach poison potential of T. neriifolia stem methanol extract against H. armigera larvae, which can be explored as an eco-friendly pest control strategy.

scholarly journals Scaling COVID-19 against inequalities: should the policy response consistently match the mortality challenge?

2020 ◽  
pp. jech-2020-214373
Author(s):  
Gerry McCartney ◽  
Alastair Leyland ◽  
David Walsh ◽  
Dundas Ruth
Keyword(s):  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Socioeconomic Inequality ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Disease Model ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Economic Policies ◽  
Drug Poisoning ◽  
Infectious Disease Model ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Uk

BackgroundThe mortality impact of COVID-19 has thus far been described in terms of crude death counts. We aimed to calibrate the scale of the modelled mortality impact of COVID-19 using age-standardised mortality rates and life expectancy contribution against other, socially determined, causes of death in order to inform governments and the public.MethodsWe compared mortality attributable to suicide, drug poisoning and socioeconomic inequality with estimates of mortality from an infectious disease model of COVID-19. We calculated age-standardised mortality rates and life expectancy contributions for the UK and its constituent nations.ResultsMortality from a fully unmitigated COVID-19 pandemic is estimated to be responsible for a negative life expectancy contribution of −5.96 years for the UK. This is reduced to −0.33 years in the fully mitigated scenario. The equivalent annual life expectancy contributions of suicide, drug poisoning and socioeconomic inequality-related deaths are −0.25, −0.20 and −3.51 years, respectively. The negative impact of fully unmitigated COVID-19 on life expectancy is therefore equivalent to 24 years of suicide deaths, 30 years of drug poisoning deaths and 1.7 years of inequality-related deaths for the UK.ConclusionFully mitigating COVID-19 is estimated to prevent a loss of 5.63 years of life expectancy for the UK. Over 10 years, there is a greater negative life expectancy contribution from inequality than around six unmitigated COVID-19 pandemics. To achieve long-term population health improvements it is therefore important to take this opportunity to introduce post-pandemic economic policies to ‘build back better’.

Morphology of the infective larval stage of the equid parasite Habronema muscae (Spirurida: Habronematidae), from houseflies (Musca domestica)

2010 ◽  
Vol 108 (3) ◽  
pp. 629-632 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerald R. Buzzell ◽  
Saeed Tariq ◽  
Donato Traversa ◽  
Rolf Schuster
Keyword(s):  
Musca Domestica ◽  
Larval Stage ◽  
Habronema Muscae
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