Improvement of beech wood properties by in situ formation of polyesters of citric and tartaric acid in combination with glycerol

Holzforschung ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 72 (4) ◽  
pp. 291-299 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clément L’Hostis ◽  
Marie-France Thévenon ◽  
Emmanuel Fredon ◽  
Philippe Gérardin
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Degradation ◽  
Tartaric Acid ◽  
Dimensional Stability ◽  
Heating Temperature ◽  
Beech Wood ◽  
Treated Wood ◽  
Wood Properties ◽  
Decay Resistance ◽  
Attenuated Total Reflection

AbstractBeech wood has been treated by impregnation followed by heating at various temperatures with solutions containing citric acid (CA) or tartaric acid (TA) alone or in combination with glycerol (G), i.e. with G+CA and G+TA. The resulting modified woods were tested in terms of resistance to leaching, durability and dimensional stability. These properties are improved as a function of heating temperature, which leads to higher levels of poly-esterification involving grafting onto wood simultaneously with thermal degradation of wood. Dimensional stability of all treated wood was increased, but glycerol does not have a positive effect with this regard. Attenuated total reflection-Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy contributed to understanding the effects of the different treatments.In situpolymerization of G+TA at 140°C increased the bending resistance, while G+CA polymerization does not compensate notably the mechanical weakness induced by thermal degradation of wood at higher temperatures. However, G+CA treatment is more efficient regarding leaching and decay resistance, than that with G+TA.

Beech wood treated with polyglycerol succinate: a new effective method for its protection and stabilization

Holzforschung ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 74 (4) ◽  
pp. 351-361 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clément L’Hostis ◽  
Emmanuel Fredon ◽  
Marie-France Thévenon ◽  
Francisco-José Santiago-Medina ◽  
Philippe Gérardin
Keyword(s):  
Beech Wood ◽  
Treated Wood ◽  
Weight Percent ◽  
Decay Resistance ◽  
Curing Temperature ◽  
Ionization Time ◽  
Chemical Structures ◽  
Treatment Conditions ◽  
Middle Infrared

AbstractThis paper deals with an original and non-biocidal chemical treatment consisting of a vacuum/pressure impregnation step of beech wood with a water-borne mixture made from heat-activated condensation of succinic anhydride (SA) and glycerol (G). Chemical structures of adducts were established using matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectroscopy (MALDI-TOF) investigations. Beech wood was impregnated and cured in order to induce in situ polymerization of glycerol/succinic adducts (GSA) in the cell walls, leading to the formation of polyglycerol succinate (PGS) polyester. Various treatment conditions were investigated depending on the duration (6–72 h) and curing temperature (103–160°C). Weight percent gains (WPGs) ranging between 40 and 60% were obtained. Attenuated total reflectance-middle infrared spectroscopy (ATR-MIR) and carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance (13C-NMR) spectroscopy confirmed polyester formation. A curing temperature of 160°C was found to be the best condition to totally avoid polymer leaching, and brought the anti-swelling efficiency (ASE) up to 64%. Decay resistance of PGS-treated wood against Trametes versicolor and Coniophora puteana was also strongly temperature and time dependent: performances fit with the EN113 standard requirements if a curing temperature of 160°C was applied.

The Improvement of Durability of Marine Wood with Polymer and its Mechanism

2009 ◽  
Vol 79-82 ◽  
pp. 1021-1024 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yong Feng Li ◽  
Yi Xing Liu ◽  
Xiang Ming Wang ◽  
Xiu Rong Li
Keyword(s):  
Porous Structure ◽  
Dimensional Stability ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Treated Wood ◽  
Untreated Wood ◽  
Decay Resistance ◽  
Hydroxyl Group ◽  
Alkali Resistance ◽  
Hydroxyl Groups ◽  
Marine Corrosion

In order to improve the durability of marine wood against the long-term marine corrosion, the study explores to use two bifunctional reagents, maleic anhydride (Man) and glycidyl methacrylate(GMA), to react with wood by impregnating them into the porous structure of wood and further initiating them to polymerize with an initiator, AIBN, through a heat process. After the above modification, the durability of the marine wood treated with polymer was tested, and its mechanism was further analyzed as well. The testing results of the durability show that the acid resistance, the alkali resistance, the decay resistance against marine borers and the dimensional stability of the treated wood increases by 2.02 times, 12.39 times, 4.96 times and 3 times over untreated wood, respectively; and its Anti Swelling Efficiency (ASE) for dimensional stability reaches 53%, which almost equals the value of the wood treated by PEG-1500 under the same condition, while its leachability resistance is greatly higher than wood treated by PEG-1500. The analysis result with FTIR indicates that Man and GMA both react with wood, and Man reacts with the hydroxyl group of wood cell walls by its anhydride group, and GMA polymerizes in the porous structure of wood. The charactering result with SEM reveals that the resultant polymer fills in wood cell lumina as a solid form, which contacts tightly the wood cell walls without obvious gaps. The greatly reducing amount of hydroxyl groups after the reaction and the heavy jamming channels for water and marine borers approaching to wood cell walls both contribute to the improving durability of the modified wood.

scholarly journals Hydrothermal Modification of Wood: A Review

Polymers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (16) ◽  
pp. 2612
Author(s):  
Md. Rowson Ali ◽  
Ummi Hani Abdullah ◽  
Zaidon Ashaari ◽  
Norul Hisham Hamid ◽  
Lee Seng Hua
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Dimensional Stability ◽  
Elevated Temperatures ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Treated Wood ◽  
Decay Resistance ◽  
Acoustic Properties ◽  
Buffer Solution ◽  
Promising Alternative ◽  
Hydrothermal Modification

Wood is a versatile material that is used for various purposes due to its good properties, such as its aesthetic properties, acoustic properties, mechanical properties, thermal properties, etc. Its poor dimensional stability and low natural durability are the main obstacles that limit its use in mechanical applications. Therefore, modification is needed to improve these properties. The hydrothermal modification of wood exposes wood samples to elevated temperatures and pressure levels by using steam, water, or a buffer solution as the treating medium, or by using superheated steam. Abundant studies regarding hydrothermally treated wood were carried out, but the negative effect on the wood’s strength is one of the limitations. This is a method that boosts the dimensional stability and improves the decay resistance of wood with minimal decrements of the strength properties. As an ecofriendly and cost-effective method, the hydrothermal modification of wood is also a promising alternative to conventional chemical techniques for treating wood. Researchers are attracted to the hydrothermal modification process because of its unique qualities in treating wood. There are many scientific articles on the hydrothermal modification of wood, and many aspects of hydrothermal modification are summarized in review papers in this field. This paper reviews the hydrothermally modified mechanical properties of wood and their potential applications. Furthermore, this article reviews the effects of hydrothermal modification on the various properties of wood, such as the dimensional stability, chemical properties, and durability against termites and fungi. The merits and demerits of hydrothermal wood modification, the effectiveness of using different media in hydrothermal modification, and its comparison with other treating techniques are discussed.

Improving the stability of beech wood with polyester treatment based on malic acid

Holzforschung ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Adèle J. Chabert ◽  
Emmanuel Fredon ◽  
Romain Rémond
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Malic Acid ◽  
Dimensional Stability ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Succinic Anhydride ◽  
Beech Wood ◽  
Wood Properties ◽  
Water Interaction ◽  
Polycarboxylic Acids ◽  
The Stability

Abstract The improvement of durability and dimensional stability of wood properties via modification of the microstructure and wood–water interaction has been widely utilised. This study investigated polyester treatments, a possible alternative, using environmentally friendly chemicals such as malic acid to improve the beech wood (Fagus sylvatica) properties. The modified properties have been studied with four treatments using malic acid, glycerol, butanediol and succinic anhydride, mixing polycarboxylic acids and polyols. Results showed that the anti-swelling-efficiency (ASE) improved up to 70%, and the bulking coefficient improved around 23%, exhibiting an efficient penetration within the cell walls. The leaching rates (LR) of treatments and the extractables remained low, between 0.05 and 2.4%. The equilibrium moisture content (EMC) decreased by 50% for the four treatments, compared to untreated beech wood.

Durability Improvement of Bio-Based Material by Polymer

2011 ◽  
Vol 675-677 ◽  
pp. 495-498
Author(s):  
Yong Feng Li ◽  
Yi Xing Liu ◽  
Yun Lin Fu ◽  
Qing Lin Wu ◽  
Xiang Ming Wang
Keyword(s):  
Service Life ◽  
Maleic Anhydride ◽  
Porous Structure ◽  
Strong Interaction ◽  
Treated Wood ◽  
Decay Resistance ◽  
Hydroxyl Group ◽  
Hydroxyl Groups ◽  
Ftir Analysis

Bio-based materials such as wood, bamboo, bio-straw material are vulnerable to degradation by microorganisms and susceptible to change in dimension under humidity, which greatly reduced their service life. In this study, a novel thought was inspired from the unique porous structure of bio-based material that durability of wood may be capable of being improved by generating polymer in situ the special structure. Maleic anhydride (Man) and Styrene (St) were used to penetrate into wood for further copolymerization. SEM observation shows that polymer filled in wood porous structure and tightly contacted wood matrix (i.e. biopolymers), indicating strong interaction between them. FTIR analysis indicates that polymer chemically grafted onto wood matrix by reaction of anhydride group and hydroxyl group. As the amount of hydroxyl groups greatly reduced for their reacting with polymer, the dimensional stability of wood immersing in water was improved; and as the reaction of wood with polymer, the biopolymers were wrapped by resultant polymer, preventing the sample from attack of microorganisms, thus decay resistance of treated wood against microorganisms was greatly improved. Both of them contributed to the improvement of wood durability.

scholarly journals Changes in chemistry, color, dimensional stability and fungal resistance of Pinus radiata D. Don wood with oil heat-treatment

Holzforschung ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 66 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Manoj Kumar Dubey ◽  
Shusheng Pang ◽  
John Walker
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Radiata ◽  
Dimensional Stability ◽  
Linseed Oil ◽  
Treated Wood ◽  
Wood Properties ◽  
Treatment Temperature ◽  
Fungal Resistance ◽  
Oil Uptake ◽  
Remarkable Feature ◽  
Heat Treated

Abstract Pinus radiata wood specimens were heat-treated at 160–210°C in linseed oil and the effects of treatment on chemical composition, color, dimensional stability, and fungal resistance were examined. The degradation of hemicelluloses was the most remarkable feature, which is the principal reason for alterations in wood properties. Removal or migration of extractives, oil uptake and the accumulation of oil on the wood surface were observed. The color of heat-treated wood became more uniform and darker, and its dimensional stability (i.e., anti-swelling efficiency) and fungal resistance were improved by up to 60% and 36%, respectively. The viscosity of the oil after treatment was elevated with the treatment temperature and was higher in comparison to heated oil without wood present.

scholarly journals Termite Resistance, Chemical and Mechanical Characterization of Paulownia tomentosa Wood before and after Heat Treatment

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (8) ◽  
pp. 1114
Author(s):  
Bruno Esteves ◽  
Helena Ferreira ◽  
Hélder Viana ◽  
José Ferreira ◽  
Idalina Domingos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Heat Treatment ◽  
New Species ◽  
Thermal Degradation ◽  
Dimensional Stability ◽  
Treated Wood ◽  
Extractive Content ◽  
Paulownia Tomentosa ◽  
Termite Resistance ◽  
Heat Treated

The introduction of new species in forest management must be undertaken with a degree of care, to help prevent the spread of invasive species. However, new species with higher profitability are needed to increase forest products value and the resilience of rural populations. Paulownia tomentosa has an extremely fast growth. The objective and novelty of this work was to study the potential use of young Paulownia trees grown in Portugal by using heat treatment to improve its properties, thereby allowing higher value applications of the wood. The average chemical composition of untreated and heat-treated wood was determined. The extractive content was determined by successive Soxhlet extraction with dichloromethane (DCM), ethanol and water as solvents. The composition of lipophilic extracts was performed by injection in GC-MS with mass detection. Insoluble and soluble lignin, holocellulose and α-cellulose were also determined. Physical (density and water absorption and dimensional stability) and mechanical properties (bending strength and bending stiffness) and termite resistance was also determined. Results showed that extractive content increased in all solvents, lignin and α-cellulose also increased and hemicelluloses decreased. Compounds derived from the thermal degradation of lignin were found in heat-treated wood extractions. Dimensional stability improved but there was a decrease in mechanical properties. Resistance against termites was better for untreated wood than for heat-treated wood, possibly due to the thermal degradation of some toxic extractives.

Furfuryl alcohol impregnation for improved plasticization and fixation during the densification of wood

Holzforschung ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 66 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander Pfriem ◽  
Tobias Dietrich ◽  
Beate Buchelt
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Dimensional Stability ◽  
Furfuryl Alcohol ◽  
Beech Wood ◽  
Alcohol Solution ◽  
Curing Process ◽  
Spring Back ◽  
Fixation Procedure ◽  
Water Springs

Abstract The densification of wood leads to better mechanical properties, e.g., an increased hardness and dimensional stability. However, densified or shaped wood in contact with water springs back into its original shape without fixation. Hence, the aim of this study was the development of a combined densification and fixation procedure. Beech wood samples (Fagus sylvatica L.) were impregnated with a solution consisting of furfuryl alcohol and maleic anhydride. The compression of these impregnated samples to approximately 30% followed by a curing process in a heating press resulted in a significant increase of hardness and dimensional stability. The spring-back-effect was clearly reduced by the in situ polymerization of the furfuryl alcohol solution to furan resins.

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