Quantification of Muconic Acid-Type Structures in High Molecular Weight Material from Bleach Plant Effluents

Holzforschung ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 54 (3) ◽  
pp. 273-278 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. J. Vilen ◽  
A. B. McKague ◽  
D. W. Reeve
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
High Molecular Weight ◽  
Quantitative Estimation ◽  
Low Molecular Weight ◽  
Muconic Acid ◽  
Chemical Pulps ◽  
High Molecular Weight Material ◽  
Acid Type ◽  
Methyl Ester Content ◽  
C Nmr

Summary Effluents from the chlorine dioxide bleaching of chemical pulps were characterized with respect to high and low molecular weight material, COD, TOC, elemental composition, and carboxylic acid and methyl ester content. A technique was developed for the quantitative estimation of muconic acid-type structures as moities of the high molecular weight material. The method is based on the use of quantitative 13C NMR and the pH-dependent cyclization of muconic acids in aqueous solution. 20–40 % of the carboxylic acids in the high molecular weight material isolated from bleach plant effluents from three softwood kraft mills were found to exhibit muconic acid-type behaviour.

Glycosaminoglycan Fractions in Normal Human Urine

1975 ◽  
Vol 12 (1-6) ◽  
pp. 207-211 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. A. Pennock ◽  
R. G. Charles ◽  
D. Stansbie
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
High Molecular Weight ◽  
Human Urine ◽  
Cetylpyridinium Chloride ◽  
Low Molecular Weight ◽  
High Molecular Weight Material ◽  
Direct Precipitation ◽  
Normal Human ◽  
Normal Urine

A study has been made of glycosaminoglycans in normal urine to determine which are non-dialysable, which are ultrafilterable, and which are precipitable with cetypyridinium chloride or alcohol. The main fractions present in human urine are: (1) High molecular weight material which is non-dialysable and precipitated by alcohol and by cetylpyridinium chloride. (2) High molecular weight material which is non-dialysable and precipitated by alcohol but not by cetylpyridinium chloride. (3) Low molecular weight material which is ultrafilterable and precipitated by alcohol and by cetylpyridinium chloride. (4) Low molecular weight material which is ultrafilterable and precipitated by alcohol but not by cetylpyridinium chloride. The heavy losses of glycosaminoglycans on dialysis have led us to conclude that this method should not be used to study the excretion of these polymers and that direct precipitation with cetylpyridinium chloride, which can be used to isolate both non-dialysable and ultrafilterable macromolecular fractions relevant to the diagnosis of the mucopolysaccharidoses, is the method of choice.

The Effect of Dextran of Various Molecular Weight on the Coagulation in Dogs

1961 ◽  
Vol 06 (01) ◽  
pp. 015-024 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sven Erik Bergentz ◽  
Oddvar Eiken ◽  
Inga Marie Nilsson
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
High Molecular Weight ◽  
Bleeding Time ◽  
Factor Vii ◽  
Low Molecular Weight ◽  
Factor V ◽  
Coagulation Mechanism ◽  
Coagulation Defects

Summary1. Infusions of low molecular weight dextran (Mw = 42 000) to dogs in doses of 1—1.5 g per kg body weight did not produce any significant changes in the coagulation mechanism.2. Infusions of high molecular weight dextran (Mw = 1 000 000) to dogs in doses of 1—1.5 g per kg body weight produced severe defects in the coagulation mechanism, namely prolongation of bleeding time and coagulation time, thrombocytopenia, pathological prothrombin consumption, decrease of fibrinogen, prothrombin and factor VII, factor V and AHG.3. Heparin treatment of the dogs was found to prevent the decrease of fibrinogen, prothrombin and factor VII, and factor V otherwise occurring after injection of high molecular weight dextran. Thrombocytopenia was not prevented.4. In in vitro experiments an interaction between fibrinogen and dextran of high and low molecular weight was found to take place in systems comprising pure fibrinogen. No such interaction occurred in the presence of plasma.5. It is concluded that the coagulation defects induced by infusions of high molecular weight dextran are due to intravascular coagulation.

scholarly journals Antiparasitic antibodies occur with similar frequency in patients with clinically established multiple sclerosis with or without oligoclonal bands in the cerebrospinal fluid

2013 ◽  
Vol 71 (8) ◽  
pp. 512-515 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fabiana Cruz Gomes da Fonseca-Papavero ◽  
Dagoberto Callegaro ◽  
Paulo Diniz da Gama ◽  
Jose Antonio Livramento ◽  
Adelaide Jose Vaz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Molecular Weight ◽  
High Molecular Weight ◽  
Hygiene Hypothesis ◽  
Oligoclonal Bands ◽  
Parasitic Infections ◽  
Low Molecular Weight ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Similar Frequency ◽  
Electrophoresis Of Proteins

The "hygiene hypothesis" postulates an inverse relationship between the prevalence of parasitic infections and the frequency of multiple sclerosis (MS). Objective: It was to study whether antibodies against parasites could be demonstrated more frequently in blood serum from MS patients with oligoclonal bands (OCB) than from MS patients without OCB. Methods: We studied serum samples from 164 patients who had previously been analyzed to investigate OCB. Parasitic antibodies were studied through unidimensional electrophoresis of proteins on polyacrylamide gel against Taenia antigens, searching for antiparasitic specific low molecular weight antibodies and also for antiparasitic nonspecific high molecular weight antibodies. Results: Two of the 103 patients with no evidence of OCB had antibodies of low molecular weight and 59 of them had antibodies of high molecular weight. Of the 61 patients with evidence of OCB, one showed antibodies of low molecular weight and 16 showed antibodies of high molecular weight. Conclusion: Antiparasitic antibodies are detected with similar frequency in MS patients with OCB and in MS patients without OCB.

Simultaneous Isolation of Wheat High Molecular Weight and Low Molecular Weight Glutenin Subunits

1998 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-32 ◽  
Author(s):  
I.M. Verbruggen ◽  
W.S. Veraverbeke ◽  
A. Vandamme ◽  
J.A. Delcour
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
High Molecular Weight ◽  
Low Molecular Weight ◽  
Glutenin Subunits

scholarly journals The interrelations between high- and low-molecular-weight forms of normal and mutant (Krabbe-disease) galactocerebrosidase

1980 ◽  
Vol 189 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yoav Ben-Yoseph ◽  
Melinda Hungerford ◽  
Henry L. Nadler
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
High Molecular Weight ◽  
Specific Activity ◽  
Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Active Form ◽  
Sodium Dodecyl ◽  
Krabbe Disease ◽  
Low Molecular Weight ◽  
Molecular Weight Form

Galactocerebrosidase (β-d-galactosyl-N-acylsphingosine galactohydrolase; EC 3.2.1.46) activity of brain and liver preparations from normal individuals and patients with Krabbe disease (globoid-cell leukodystrophy) have been separated by gel filtration into four different molecular-weight forms. The apparent mol.wts. were 760000±34000 and 121000±10000 for the high- and low-molecular-weight forms (peaks I and IV respectively) and 499000±22000 (mean±s.d.) and 256000±12000 for the intermediate forms (peaks II and III respectively). On examination by sodium dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis, the high- and low-molecular-weight forms revealed a single protein band with a similar mobility corresponding to a mol.wt. of about 125000. Antigenic identity was demonstrated between the various molecular-weight forms of the normal and the mutant galactocerebrosidases by using antisera against either the high- or the low-molecular-weight enzymes. The high-molecular-weight form of galactocerebrosidase was found to possess higher specific activity toward natural substrates when compared with the low-molecular-weight form. It is suggested that the high-molecular-weight enzyme is the active form in vivo and an aggregation process that proceeds from a monomer (mol.wt. approx. 125000) to a dimer (mol.wt. approx. 250000) and from the dimer to either a tetramer (mol.wt. approx. 500000) or a hexamer (mol.wt. approx. 750000) takes place in normal as well as in Krabbe-disease tissues.

scholarly journals High Molecular Weight Factor VIII Coagulant Activity in Cryoprecipitate and Polyethylene Glycol Precipitates

1977 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. A. Rickard ◽  
T. Exner ◽  
H. Kronenberg
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Polyethylene Glycol ◽  
Factor Viii ◽  
High Molecular Weight ◽  
Gel Filtration ◽  
Lower Molecular Weight ◽  
Human Antibody ◽  
High Molecular Weight Material ◽  
Coagulant Activity ◽  
Molecular Weight Form

Gel filtration of human plasma cryoprecipitate on Sepharose 2B indicated the molecular weight of factor VIII coagulant activity (VIIIc) to be significantly greater than that found in antihaemophilic concentrate. Polyethylene glycol at 3% concentration precipitated approximately half of the VIIIc from cryoprecipitate. This activity eluted as high molecular weight material on gel filtration. The addition of more polyethylene glycol to a concentration of 8% precipitated most of the remaining VIIIc from cryoprecipitate. This activity appeared to be of significantly lower molecular weight, approximately corresponding in elution volume to that observed for antihaemophilic concentrate. The possibility that an antibody to VIIIc generated in a patient treated with cryoprecipitate might be directed against the higher molecular weight form of factor VIII was investigated. However, no significant differences between the higher and lower molecular weight forms of factor VIII either in stability or in reactivity with human antibody to factor VIII were found.

scholarly journals Biodegradation of low molecular weight polyacrylamide under aerobic and anaerobic conditions: effect of the molecular weight

2020 ◽  
Vol 81 (2) ◽  
pp. 301-308 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wenzhe Song ◽  
Yu Zhang ◽  
Amir Hossein Hamidian ◽  
Min Yang
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
High Molecular Weight ◽  
Carbon Chain ◽  
Anaerobic Treatment ◽  
Low Molecular Weight ◽  
Amino Groups ◽  
Molecular Weights ◽  
Weight One ◽  
Hydrolysis Of ◽  
Aerobic And Anaerobic

Abstract The biodegradation of polyacrylamide (PAM) includes the hydrolysis of amino groups and cleavage of the carbon chain; however, the effect of molecular weight on the biodegradation needs further investigations. In this study, biodegradation of low molecular weight PAM (1.6 × 106 Da) was evaluated in two aerobic (25 °C and 40 °C) and two anaerobic (35 °C and 55 °C) reactors over 100 days. The removal of the low molecular weight PAM (52.0–52.6%) through the hydrolysis of amino groups by anaerobic treatment (35 °C and 55 °C) was much higher than that of the high molecular weight (2.2 × 107 Da, 11.2–17.0%) observed under the same conditions. The molecular weight was reduced from 1.6 × 106 to 6.45–7.42 × 105 Da for the low molecular weight PAM, while the high molecular weight PAM declined from 2.2 × 107 to 3.76–5.87 × 106 Da. The results showed that the amino hydrolysis of low molecular weight PAM is easier than that of the high molecular weight one, while the cleavage of its carbon chain is still difficult. The molecular weights of PAM in the effluents from the two aerobic reactors (25 °C and 40 °C) were further reduced to 4.31 × 105 and 5.68 × 105 Da by the biofilm treatment, respectively. The results would be useful for the management of wastewater containing PAM.

Calcium-Dependent Cross-Linking Processes in Platelets

1979 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Cohen ◽  
T. Glaser
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
High Molecular Weight ◽  
Cross Linking ◽  
Low Molecular Weight ◽  
Tracer Concentration ◽  
Calcium Dependent ◽  
A 23187 ◽  
Polymer Formation ◽  
Total Disappearance ◽  
Low Molecular Weight Proteins

When platelet cytoplasmic Ca2+ is increased by the ionophore A 23187, there is the coincident appearance of a cross-linked polymer and the partial disappearance of five high molecular weight polypeptide bands (> 145,000). The glycoproteins show a partial disappearance of bands lb, IIb and IV and the total disappearance of hands la and Ilia. The disappearance of the protein bands, possibly contributing to the polymer formation, is prevented by histamine, aminoacetonltrile and cystamlne, which, as pseudodonor amines are known Inhibitors of factor XHIa-catalyzed cross-linking. 14C-histamine, at a tracer concentration, was incorporated into the polymer as well as into myosin, glycoproteins IIb and IIIa (α-actinln), actin and two unidentified low-molecular weight proteins. The polymer formed is also apparent in isolated membranes following the iono-phore-stimulated increase in intracellular Ca2+. These findings are unrelated to a proteolytic activity since the platelet Ca2+-dependent proteases are inhibited by leupep-tin. Ca2+-activation of a platelet cytosol transamidase would explain the data obtained. This platelet transamidase(s) may couple membrane proteins to cytoplasmic contra-tlle proteins. Thus, a new concept is proposed for the stabilization of platelet membranes and platelets as they form the hemostatic plug.

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