Experimental and Kinetic Study of Esterification of Acrylic Acid with Ethanol Using Homogeneous Catalyst

2016 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 571-578 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ghoshna Jyoti ◽  
Amit Keshav ◽  
J. Anandkumar
Keyword(s):  
Acrylic Acid ◽  
Sulphuric Acid ◽  
Batch Reactor ◽  
Reaction System ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Catalyst Loading ◽  
Homogeneous Catalyst ◽  
Iodic Acid ◽  
Kinetics Parameters

Abstract Esterification of acrylic acid with ethanol, catalyzed by sulfuric acid has been carried out in stirred batch reactor under atmospheric pressure. Different parameters such as effect of initial molar ratios of the reactants, effect of catalyst concentration, initial water and effect of temperature has been studied in the batch reactor. Different catalyst loading system (1–3 vol%), reaction temperatures (50–70 °C), initial reactants molar ratio (1:1–1:3) and water concentration in feed (0–20 vol%) was used in the reaction system. The temperature dependence is exponential and expressed by Arrhenius type of relationship. Kinetics parameters such as equilibrium constant, rate constants, activation energy and reaction enthalpy and entropy were estimated by experimental data. The rate equation has a remarkable fit to the data and was able to describe the behavior of the system at various reaction temperatures. Hydrochloric acid (HCl) and hydro iodic acid (HI) were also compared with sulphuric acid as catalyst for esterification of acrylic acid with ethanol. Sulphuric acid was found to be more efficient catalyst for esterification as it induces the maximum conversion of acrylic acid.

Application of Deep Eutectic Solvent (DES) as a Reaction Media for the Esterification of Acrylic Acid with n-Butanol

2015 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 389-393 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emine Sert
Keyword(s):  
Catalytic Activity ◽  
Acrylic Acid ◽  
Batch Reactor ◽  
Choline Chloride ◽  
Deep Eutectic Solvent ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Catalyst Loading ◽  
Toluene Sulfonic Acid ◽  
Effects Of Temperature ◽  
Reaction Media

Abstract Within the framework of green chemistry, catalysts should be met different criteria such as biodegradability, recyclability, flammability, non-toxicity and low price. Acidic deep eutectic solvent (DES) have been synthesized for this purpose, by mixing para-toluene sulfonic acid and choline chloride. The catalytic activity of DES was studied in the esterification of acrylic acid with n-butanol. The usage of DES as catalyst is simple, safe and cheap. The effects of temperature, catalyst loading, n-butanol/acrylic acid molar ratio on the conversion of acrylic acid were performed. The batch reactor experiments were carried out at temperatures of 338, 348, 358 and 368 K, molar ratio of butanol to acrylic acid of 1, 2,3 and catalyst loading of 10, 15, 20 and 90 g/L. 90.2% of acrylic acid conversion was achieved at a temperature of 358 K and catalyst loading of 20 g/L. Reusability of DES was investigated. Reusability and catalytic activity makes DES efficient as catalyst.

Reaction Kinetics of Catalytic Esterification of Nonanoic Acid with Ethanol over Amberlyst 15

2014 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 451-463 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mamta Sharma ◽  
Amrit Pal Toor ◽  
Ravinder Kumar Wanchoo
Keyword(s):  
Batch Reactor ◽  
Cation Exchange Resin ◽  
Initial Reaction Rate ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Catalyst Loading ◽  
Nonanoic Acid ◽  
Initial Reaction ◽  
Exponential Factor ◽  
Amberlyst 15 ◽  
Heterogeneous Esterification

Abstract The kinetic behaviour of heterogeneous esterification of nonanoic acid with ethanol over an acidic cation exchange resin, Amberlyst 15, was investigated in a batch reactor and effect of various parameters such as catalyst loading, molar ratio and reaction temperature on degree of fractional conversion has been studied. Internal and external diffusions were found to be negligible in this study. Nonideality of the liquid phase was taken into account by using activities instead of concentrations. The activity coefficients were estimated using UNIFAC group contribution method. Eley–Rideal (ER) kinetic model was used to interpret the obtained kinetic data. The temperature-dependent initial reaction rate constants and the adsorption coefficients for ethanol and water were determined from the observed experimental data obtained at different initial concentration of acid, alcohol and water. Activation energy and pre-exponential factor of the reaction were found to be 53.7 kJ mol−1 and 1.51×105 l2 g−1 mol−1 h−1 respectively.

Optimization of Chiral Resolution of (+/-)-1-Phenylethanol by Statistical Methods

2011 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ganapati D. Yadav ◽  
Jyoti B. Sontakke
Keyword(s):  
Kinetic Resolution ◽  
Batch Reactor ◽  
Immobilized Lipase ◽  
Enantiomeric Excess ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Catalyst Loading ◽  
Acyl Donor ◽  
Reaction Conditions ◽  
Optimum Reaction ◽  
Synthetic Intermediate

Optically active 1-phenylethanol is used as a chiral building block and synthetic intermediate in pharmaceutical and fine-chemical industries. Lipase - catalyzed kinetic resolution of (R,S)-1-phenylethanol with vinyl acetate as an acyl donor and Candida antarctica immobilized lipase as a biocatalyst in a batch reactor was optimized using Response Surface Methodology (RSM). Four-factor-five-level central composite rotatable design (CCRD) was employed to evaluate the effect of synthesis parameters such as speed of agitation, enzyme loading, temperature and acyl donor/alcohol molar ratio, on conversion, enantiomeric excess (ee), enantioselectivity and initial rate. Optimum reaction conditions obtained were; mole ratio of acyl donor: ester of 2:1, temperature of 42.5 °C, catalyst loading of 1.6x10-3 g.cm-3 and speed of agitation of 336 rpm. Analysis of variance was performed to determine significantly affecting variables and interactions between the process parameters.

scholarly journals Kinetic Study of Catalytic Esterification of Butyric Acid and Ethanol over Amberlyst 15

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nisha Singh ◽  
Raj kumar ◽  
Pravin Kumar Sachan
Keyword(s):  
Butyric Acid ◽  
Batch Reactor ◽  
Homogeneous Model ◽  
Ion Exchange Resin ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Catalyst Loading ◽  
Esterification Reaction ◽  
Initial Concentration ◽  
Amberlyst 15 ◽  
Variation Of Parameters

The esterification reaction of butyric acid with ethanol has been studied in the presence of ion exchange resin (Amberlyst 15). Ethyl butyrate was obtained as the only product which is used in flavours and fragrances. Industrially speaking, it is also one of the cheapest chemicals, which only adds to its popularity. The influences of certain parameters such as temperature, catalyst loading, initial concentration of acid and alcohols, initial concentration of water, and molar ratio were studied. Conversions were found to increase with an increase in both molar ratio and temperature. The experiments were carried out in a batch reactor in the temperature range of 328.15–348.15 K. Variation of parameters on rate of reaction demonstrated that the reaction was intrinsically controlled. Experiment kinetic data were correlated by using pseudo-homogeneous model. The activation energy for the esterification of butyric acid with ethanol is found to be 30 k J/mol.

Effect of Variation of Temperature on the Transesterification of Jatropha Seed Oil Using Homogeneous Catalyst

2013 ◽  
Vol 824 ◽  
pp. 473-476
Author(s):  
E.T. Akhihiero ◽  
T.O.K. Audu ◽  
E.O. Aluyor
Keyword(s):  
Chromatographic Analysis ◽  
Seed Oil ◽  
Batch Reactor ◽  
Acid Methyl Ester ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Homogeneous Catalyst ◽  
Acid Methyl ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Percentage Conversion ◽  
Conversion Temperature

Transesterification is a chemical reaction which produces biodiesel from vegetable oils or animal fats.Transesterification of Jatropha seed oil and methanol with sodium hydroxide as a catalyst was carried out in an improvised batch reactor at different temperatures ranging from 32 65 degrees Celsius for 120minutes each. Molar ratio of methanol to oil used is 8:1.Aliquots of the reaction mixture were withdrawn at every 15 minutes interval of time from the time reaction starts for Gas Chromatographic analysis to determine percentage fatty acid methyl ester formed. The optimum percentage conversion, temperature and reaction time were found to be 99.9%, 65°C and 75minutes respectively. The fuel properties measured according to standard methods, were found to conform to International standard.

scholarly journals Synthesis of L-Ascorbyl Flurbiprofenate by Lipase-Catalyzed Esterification and Transesterification Reactions

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jia-ying Xin ◽  
Li-rui Sun ◽  
Shu-ming Chen ◽  
Yan Wang ◽  
Chun-gu Xia
Keyword(s):  
Ascorbic Acid ◽  
Reaction Time ◽  
Methyl Ester ◽  
Organic Medium ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Catalyst Loading ◽  
Acyl Donor ◽  
Kinetics Parameters ◽  
Loading Amount ◽  
Novozym 435 Lipase

The synthesis of L-ascorbyl flurbiprofenate was achieved by esterification and transesterification in nonaqueous organic medium with Novozym 435 lipase as biocatalyst. The conversion was greatly influenced by the kinds of organic solvents, speed of agitation, catalyst loading amount, reaction time, and molar ratio of acyl donor to L-ascorbic acid. A series of solvents were investigated, and tert-butanol was found to be the most suitable from the standpoint of the substrate solubility and the conversion for both the esterification and transesterification. When flurbiprofen was used as acyl donor, 61.0% of L-ascorbic acid was converted against 46.4% in the presence of flurbiprofen methyl ester. The optimal conversion of L-ascorbic acid was obtained when the initial molar ratio of acyl donor to ascorbic acid was 5 : 1. kinetics parameters were solved by Lineweaver-Burk equation under nonsubstrate inhibition condition. Since transesterification has lower conversion, from the standpoint of productivity and the amount of steps required, esterification is a better method compared to transesterification.

scholarly journals Process Intensification by Using a Helical Capillary Microreactor for a Continuous Flow Synthesis of Peroxypropionic Acid and Its Kinetic Study

2019 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yadagiri Maralla ◽  
Shirish H. Sonawane
Keyword(s):  
Propionic Acid ◽  
Process Intensification ◽  
Activation Energies ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Catalyst Loading ◽  
Organic Chemical ◽  
Radius Of Curvature ◽  
Homogeneous Catalyst ◽  
Dean Number ◽  
Capillary Microreactor

Peroxypropionic acid (PPA) is an important organic chemical compound. Due to its versatile oxidizing properties, it is used in the oil, chemical and other industries. In this article, an attempt was made for the production of PPA in a Teflon helical capillary microreactor without and with homogeneous catalyst. The article reports the perhydrolysis of PPA with the effect of various parameters such as concentration of hydrogen peroxide, molar ratio of reactants, radius of curvature of the microreactor, concentration of catalyst and temperature. The reaction is slow, as the PPA equilibrium was found to be reached within 10 min at a temperature of 50 °C and at 10 mol  % catalyst loading based on propionic acid. The reaction was carried out in 13.25 and 23.25 mm radius of curvature of the microreactor in which 4.0375 and 3.488 mol/L concentrations of PPA respectively were obtained at 50 ºC and 10 mol % catalyst. It indicates that as radius of curvature decreases, better mixing was provided among the reactants for the reaction to give enhanced yield and selectivity. From the experimental data and the kinetic expressions, the expressions of activation energies and reaction rate constants were determined. For PPA synthesis and hydrolysis, the activation energies were 43.897 and 20.658 kJ/mol respectively without catalyst, while the activation energies for both the cases were 42.314 and 17.514 kJ/mol respectively with catalyst of 10 mol% based on propionic acid. The dean number, curve tube friction factor and pressure drop also determined for the helical capillary microreactor.

Esterification over Nano Solid Superacid So42-/ZrO2–Sm2O3-SiO2

2011 ◽  
Vol 194-196 ◽  
pp. 2503-2506 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fang Li ◽  
Chun Mei Ding
Keyword(s):  
Palmitic Acid ◽  
Reaction Temperature ◽  
Batch Reactor ◽  
Reaction Rates ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Catalyst Loading ◽  
Solid Superacid ◽  
Ethyl Palmitate ◽  
Superacid Catalyst ◽  
Kinetics Of

A solid superacid catalyst SO42-/ZrO2–Sm2O3-SiO2 was prepared by a coprecipitation method and characterized by means of XRD, TEM and SEM. The kinetics of the esterification of palmitic acid and ethanol catalyzed by nano SO42-/ZrO2–Sm2O3-SiO2 catalyst was studied in a stirred batch reactor for the synthesis of ethyl palmitate. The effects of reaction temperature, feed molar ratio, catalyst loading and reusability of the catalyst were evaluated. The optimum conditions were as follows: n(palmitic acid):n(ethanol)=1:5, w(SO42-/ZrO2–Sm2O3-SiO2)=2.4%, reaction temperature 403K, and reaction time 2 h. The esterification efficiency of palmitic acid was about 82.6%. The experimental reaction rates were correlated using different rate models include the Eley–Rideal and Langmuir Hinshelwood Hougen Watson models.

scholarly journals Photocatalytic Reduction of Benzophenone on TiO2: Effect of Preparation Method and Reaction Conditions

2019 ◽  
Vol 54 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Elim Albiter Escobar ◽  
Miguel Ángel Valenzuela Zapata ◽  
Salvador Alfaro Hernández Salvador Alfaro Hernández ◽  
Sergio Odín Flores Valle ◽  
Omar Ríos Berny ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Batch Reactor ◽  
Reaction System ◽  
Textural Properties ◽  
Nitrogen Atmosphere ◽  
Photocatalytic Reduction ◽  
Catalyst Loading ◽  
Reaction Conditions ◽  
Photochemical Reduction ◽  
Optimal Reaction ◽  
Formation Step

The photocatalytic reduction of benzophenone was studied focusing on improving the yield to benzhydrol. TiO2 was synthesized by means of a hydrothermal technique. TiO2 (Degussa TiO2-P25) was used as a reference. Catalysts were characterized by XRD and nitrogen physisorption. The photocatalytic reduction was carried out in a batch reactor at 25 °C under nitrogen atmosphere, acetonitrile as solvent and isopropanol as electron donor. A 200 W Xe-Hg lamp (λ= 360 nm) was employed as irradiation source. The chemical composition of the reaction system was determined by HPLC. Structural and textural properties of the synthesized TiO2 depended on the type of acid used during sol formation step. Using HCl, a higher specific surface area and narrower pore size distribution of TiO2 was obtained in comparison with acetic acid. As expected, the photochemical reduction of benzophenone yielded benzopinacol as main product, whereas, benzhydrol is only produced in presence of TiO2 (i.e. photocatalytic route). In general, the hydrothermally synthesized catalysts were less active and with a lower yield to benzhydrol. The optimal reaction conditions to highest values of benzhydrol yield (70-80%) were found at 2 g/L (catalyst loading) and 0.5 mM of initial concentration of benzophenone, using commercial TiO2-P25.  

scholarly journals Esterification of Palmitic Acid with Methanol in the Presence of Macroporous Ion Exchange Resin as Catalyst

1970 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Amelia Qarina Yaakob and Subhash Bhatia
Keyword(s):  
Ion Exchange ◽  
Palmitic Acid ◽  
Exchange Resin ◽  
Batch Reactor ◽  
Simulated Data ◽  
Processing Parameters ◽  
Ion Exchange Resin ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Catalyst Loading ◽  
Amberlyst 15

The esterification of palmitic acid with methanol was studied in a batch reactor using macro porous ion exchange resin Amberlyst 15 as a catalyst. Methyl palmitate was produced from the reaction between palmitic acid and methanol in the presence of catalyst. The effects of processing parameters, molar ratio of alcohol to acid M, (4-10), catalyst loading (0-10 g cat/liter), water inhibition (0-2 mol/liter), agitator speed (200-800 rpm) and reaction temperature (343-373K) were studied. The experimental kinetic data were correlated using homogenous as well as heterogeneous models (based on single as well as dual site mechanisms). The activation energy of the reaction was 11.552 kJ/mol for forward reaction whilst 5.464 kJ/mol for backward reaction. The experimental data fitted well with the simulated data obtained from the kinetic models. Keywords: Palmitic Acid, Methanol, Esterification, Ion Exchange Resin, Kinetics.

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