Lactiplantibacillus plantarum AR113 Exhibit Accelerated Liver Regeneration by Regulating Gut Microbiota and Plasma Glycerophospholipid

Emerging evidence indicates that probiotics have been proved to influence liver injury and regeneration. In the present study, the effects of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum AR113 on the liver regeneration were investigated in 70% partial hepatectomy (PHx) rats. Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were gavaged with L. plantarum AR113 suspensions (1 × 1010 CFU/mL) both before and after partial hepatectomy. The results showed that L. plantarum AR113 administration 2 weeks before partial hepatectomy can accelerate liver regeneration by increased hepatocyte proliferation and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) expression. Probiotic administration enriched Lactobacillus and Bacteroides and depleted Flavonifractor and Acetatifactor in the gut microbiome. Meanwhile, L. plantarum AR113 showed decline of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), phosphatidylcholine (PC), phosphatidyl serine (PS), and lysophosphatidyl choline (LysoPC) levels in the serum of the rats after the L. plantarum AR113 administration. Moreover, L. plantarum AR113 treated rats exhibited higher concentrations of L-leucine, L-isoleucine, mevalonic acid, and lower 7-oxo-8-amino-nonanoic acid in plasma than that in PHx. Spearman correlation analysis revealed a significant correlation between changes in gut microbiota composition and glycerophospholipid. These results indicate that L. plantarum AR113 is promising for accelerating liver regeneration and provide new insights regarding the correlations among the microbiome, the metabolome, and liver regeneration.

Calculate Effective Atomic Number, Mass and Cross-Section Attenuation Coefficients for Nonanoic Acid by Using Gamma-Ray Sources

The effective atomic number (Z effective), total atomic cross-section (б Total) electron density (N effective) have been Measured depending on the mass attenuation coefficient (μ/ρ). By using Gamma-ray radiation (γ), emitted from sources (57𝐶𝑜, 133𝐵𝑎, 22𝑁𝑎, 137𝐶𝑠, 54𝑀𝑛, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 60𝐶𝑜) with energies from (0.122, 0.356, 0.511, 0.662, 0.84, 1.17, 1.275 𝑎𝑛𝑑 1.33𝑀𝑒𝑉) respectively. using the Sodium Iodide Scintillation Detectors NaI (Tl) at 662 keV and resolution about 8.2% have been measured the mass attenuation coefficients for the sample “Nonanoic acid its common name Pelargonic acid” it’s chemical formula C9H18O2. The data from the mass attenuation coefficient were then employed to study Zeffective, Neffective, and бtotal of the sample. In the presence of gamma-ray energy, it was discovered that the effective atomic number and effective electron densities first drop and they tend to remain nearly constant. The experimental values obtained by Zeffective and Neffective were in excellent agreement with the theoretical values. The theoretical data that is accessible is obtained from XCom, which is available online. The study's findings aid in understanding how (μ/ρ) values change when Zeff and Neff values vary in the case of H, C, and O based biological molecules such as fatty acids.

Trichoderma spp. from Pine Bark and Pine Bark Extracts: Potent Biocontrol Agents against Botryosphaeriaceae

Pinus sylvestris bark represents a rich source of active compounds with antifungal, antibacterial, and antioxidant properties. The current study aimed to evaluate the antifungal potential of P. sylvestris bark against Botryosphaeria dothidea, Dothiorella sarmentorum, and Neofusicoccum parvum (Botryosphaeriaceae) through its chemical (water extracts) and biological (Trichoderma spp. isolated from the bark) components. The water bark extracts were prepared at two temperatures (80 and 120 °C) and pH regimes (7 and 9). The presence of bark extracts (30%) caused inhibition of mycelial growth of B. dothidea and D. sarmentorum for 39 to 44% and 53 to 60%, respectively. Moreover, we studied the antagonistic effect of three Trichoderma isolates originating from the pine bark. Trichoderma spp. reduced growth of B. dothidea by 67%–85%, D. sarmentorum by 63%–75% and N. parvum by 55%–62%. Microscopic examination confirmed typical mycoparasitism manifestations (coiling, parallel growth, hook-like structures). The isolates produced cellulase, β-glucosidase and N-acetyl-β-glucosaminidase. The volatile blend detected the emission of several volatile compounds with antimicrobial activity, including nonanoic acid, cubenene, cis-α-bergamotene, hexanedioic acid, and verticillol. The present study confirmed in vitro potential of P. sylvestris bark extracts and Trichoderma spp. against the Botryosphaeriaceae. The study is an important step towards the use of environmentally friendly methods of Botryosphaeriaceae disease control.

The Influence of Herbicides to Marine Organisms Aliivibrio fischeri and Artemia salina

The aim of this work was to determine the toxic effect of the most used herbicides on marine organisms, the bacterium Aliivibrio fischeri, and the crustacean Artemia salina. The effect of these substances was evaluated using a luminescent bacterial test and an ecotoxicity test. The results showed that half maximal inhibitory concentration for A. fischeri is as follows: 15minIC50 (Roundup® Classic Pro) = 236 µg.l−1, 15minIC50 (Kaput® Premium) = 2475 µg.l−1, 15minIC50 (Banvel® 480 S) = 2637 µg.l−1, 15minIC50 (Lontrel 300) = 7596 µg.l−1, 15minIC50 (Finalsan®) = 64 µg.l−1, 15minIC50 (glyphosate) = 7934 µg.l−1, 15minIC50 (dicamba) = 15,937 µg.l−1, 15minIC50 (clopyralid) = 10,417 µg.l−1, 15minIC50 (nonanoic acid) = 16,040 µg.l−1. Median lethal concentrations for A. salina were determined as follows: LC50 (Roundup® Classic Pro) = 18 µg.l−1, LC50 (Kaput® Premium) = 19 µg.l−1, LC50 (Banvel® 480 S) = 2519 µg.l−1, LC50 (Lontrel 300) = 1796 µg.l−1, LC50 (Finalsan®) = 100 µg.l−1, LC50 (glyphosate) = 811 µg.l−1, LC50 (dicamba) = 3705 µg.l−1, LC50 (clopyralid) = 2800 µg.l−1, LC50 (nonanoic acid) = 7493 µg.l−1. These findings indicate the need to monitor the herbicides used for all environmental compartments.

Comparative Analyses of Glyphosate Alternative Weed Management Strategies on Plant Coverage, Soil and Soil Biota

Glyphosate-based foliar spray herbicides are the most common method for urban weed control due to their broad-spectrum and efficacy for burndown applications. As interest in glyphosate alternatives has increased in recent years, this project assessed the efficacy of the following non-glyphosate-based alternative weed management strategies: glufosinate, imazapyr, MCPA + dicamba, prodiamine, pine oil, clove oil, nonanoic acid, acetic acid + hydrochloric acid and steam against untreated (negative) controls and glyphosate-treated sites. Across all four seasonal treatments (winter, spring, summer and autumn), glyphosate and glufosinate reduced weed coverage (>65% after 4 and 12 weeks); imazapyr reduced weed coverage by >80% after 12 weeks; and steam reduced weed coverage by >80% after 4 weeks, and after 12 weeks showed to reduce weed coverage by >20% after the second application. The MCPA + dicamba, prodiamine, pine oil, clove oil, nonanoic acid and acetic acid + hydrochloric acid treatments had mixed impacts on weed coverage. Minimal alterations to soil physicochemical properties were observed across the two sites for all treatments. Assessment of impacts the different weed management strategies had on arthropod and microbial relative abundance showed minimal alterations; with only steam observed to reduce relative microbial abundance. Glufosinate, imazapyr and steam may be considered alternatives to glyphosate for reducing weed coverage but may not be as effective or have undesirable off-target effects. Overall, glyphosate provided the most consistent weed reduction at both sites over 12 weeks, without any recorded negative off-target or soil biota impacts.

Metabolomic Response of the Creeping Wood Sorrel Oxalis corniculata to Low-Dose Radiation Exposure from Fukushima’s Contaminated Soil

The biological consequences of the Fukushima nuclear accident have been intensively studied using the pale grass blue butterfly Zizeeria maha and its host plant, the creeping wood sorrel Oxalis corniculata. Here, we performed metabolomic analyses of Oxalis leaves from Okinawa to examine the plant metabolites that were upregulated or downregulated in response to low-dose radiation exposure from Fukushima’s contaminated soil. The cumulative dose of radiation to the plants was 5.7 mGy (34 μGy/h for 7 days). The GC-MS analysis revealed a systematic tendency of downregulation among the metabolites, some of which were annotated as caproic acid, nonanoic acid, azelaic acid, and oleic acid. Others were annotated as fructose, glucose, and citric acid, involved in the carbohydrate metabolic pathways. Notably, the peak annotated as lauric acid was upregulated. In contrast, the LC-MS analysis detected many upregulated metabolites, some of which were annotated as either antioxidants or stress-related chemicals involved in defense pathways. Among them, only three metabolite peaks had a single annotation, one of which was alfuzosin, an antagonist of the α1-adrenergic receptor. We conclude that this Oxalis plant responded metabolically to low-dose radiation exposure from Fukushima’s contaminated soil, which may mediate the ecological “field effects” of the developmental deterioration of butterflies in Fukushima.

The immunometabolite itaconate inhibits heme synthesis and remodels cellular metabolism in erythroid precursors

As part of the inflammatory response by macrophages, Irg1 is induced resulting in millimolar quantities of itaconate being produced. This immunometabolite remodels the macrophage metabolome and acts as an antimicrobial agent when excreted. Itaconate is not synthesized within the erythron, but instead may be acquired from central macrophages within the erythroid island. Previously we reported that itaconate inhibits hemoglobinzation of developing erythroid cells. Herein we demonstrate that this is accomplished by inhibition of tetrapyrrole synthesis. In differentiating erythroid precursors, cellular heme and protoporphyrin IX synthesis are reduced by itaconate at an early step in the pathway. In addition, itaconate causes global alterations in cellular metabolite pools resulting in elevated levels of succinate, 2-hydroxyglutarate, pyruvate, glyoxylate, and intermediates of glycolytic shunts. Itaconate taken up by the developing erythron can be converted to itaconyl-CoA by the enzyme succinyl-CoA:glutarate-CoA transferase. Propionyl-CoA, propionyl-carnitine, methylmalonic acid, heptadecanoic acid and nonanoic acid, as well as the aliphatic amino acids threonine, valine, methionine, and isoleucine are increased, likely due to the impact of endogenous itaconyl-CoA synthesis. We further show that itaconyl-CoA is a competitive inhibitor of the erythroid-specific 5-aminolevulinate synthase (ALAS2), the first and rate-limiting step in heme synthesis. These findings strongly support our hypothesis that the inhibition of heme synthesis observed in chronic inflammation is mediated not only by iron limitation, but also by limitation of tetrapyrrole synthesis at the point of ALAS2 catalysis by itaconate. Thus, we propose that macrophage-derived itaconate promotes anemia during an inflammatory response in the erythroid compartment.

The Production and Analysis of Biodegradable Polymers of Type of Medium-Chain-Length Polyhydroxyalkanoates (mcl-PHA) by Pseudomonas putida Strain for the Biomedical Engineering

Background: Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) are bacteria-synthetized biopolymers under unbalanced growth conditions. These biopolymers are considered potential biomaterials for future applications for their biocompatibility and biodegradable features and potential biomaterials for future applications for their biocompatibility and biodegradable characteristics and their ability to be quickly produced and functionalize with strong mechanical resistance. This article is intended to perform microbial fermentation using Pseudomonas putida strain to show the amount of biopolymers of the type polyhydroxyalkanoates with medium-chain-length (mcl-PHA) obtained depending on the type and quantity of added precursors (glucose and fatty acids). Methods: It is important to understand the microbial interaction and mechanism involved in PHA biosynthetis.For these, several methods were used, such as: obtaining microbial biomass by using a Pseudomonas putida strain able of PHA-producing, analysis of biopolymer production by acetone extraction following the Soxhlet method, purification of biopolymer by methanol-ethanol treatment, followed by the estimation of biomass by spectrophotometric analysis and the measurement of the dry weight of cells and the quantification of the amount of biopolymer produced following the gas chromatographic method (GC). Results: The highest PHA yield was obtained using octanoic (17 mL in 2000 mL medium) and hexanoic acids (14 mL in 2000 mL medium) as precursors. Consequently, octanoic acid – octanoic acid, heptanoic acid – nonanoic acid, and octanoic acid - hexanoic acid were the mix of precursors that supported the amount of PHA obtained. Conclusion: Of the 4 types of structurally related substrate, the strain Pseudomonas putida ICCF 319 prefers the C8 sublayer for an elastomeric PHA's biosynthesis with a composition in which the C8 monomer predominates over C6 and C10.