Your data is gold – Data donation for better healthcare?

Abstract Today, medical data such as diagnoses, procedures, imaging reports and laboratory tests, are not only collected in context of primary research and clinical studies. In addition, citizens are tracking their daily steps, food intake, sport exercises, and disease symptoms via mobile phones and wearable devices. In this context, the topic of “data donation” is drawing increased attention in science, politics, ethics and practice. This paper provides insights into the status quo of personal data donation in Germany and from a global perspective. As this topic requires a consideration of several perspectives, potential benefits and related, multifaceted challenges for citizens, patients and researchers are discussed. This includes aspects such as data quality & accessibility, privacy and ethical considerations.

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Artificial intelligence in hospitals: providing a status quo of ethical considerations in academia to guide future research

AI & Society ◽

10.1007/s00146-021-01239-4 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Milad Mirbabaie ◽

Lennart Hofeditz ◽

Nicholas R. J. Frick ◽

Stefan Stieglitz

Keyword(s):

Artificial Intelligence ◽

Citation Network ◽

Status Quo ◽

Biomedical Ethics ◽

Future Research ◽

Ethical Considerations ◽

Ethical Discourse ◽

The Status ◽

Clinical Environments ◽

Research Questions

AbstractThe application of artificial intelligence (AI) in hospitals yields many advantages but also confronts healthcare with ethical questions and challenges. While various disciplines have conducted specific research on the ethical considerations of AI in hospitals, the literature still requires a holistic overview. By conducting a systematic discourse approach highlighted by expert interviews with healthcare specialists, we identified the status quo of interdisciplinary research in academia on ethical considerations and dimensions of AI in hospitals. We found 15 fundamental manuscripts by constructing a citation network for the ethical discourse, and we extracted actionable principles and their relationships. We provide an agenda to guide academia, framed under the principles of biomedical ethics. We provide an understanding of the current ethical discourse of AI in clinical environments, identify where further research is pressingly needed, and discuss additional research questions that should be addressed. We also guide practitioners to acknowledge AI-related benefits in hospitals and to understand the related ethical concerns.

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Toward a rational and ethical sociotechnical system of autonomous vehicles: A novel application of multi-criteria decision analysis

PLoS ONE ◽

10.1371/journal.pone.0256224 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 16 (8) ◽

pp. e0256224

Author(s):

Veljko Dubljevic ◽

George List ◽

Jovan Milojevich ◽

Nirav Ajmeri ◽

William A. Bauer ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Decision Analysis ◽

Autonomous Vehicles ◽

Large Scale ◽

Status Quo ◽

Regulatory Control ◽

Sociotechnical System ◽

Multi Criteria Decision Analysis ◽

Reliable Assessment ◽

The Status ◽

Potential Benefits

The impacts of autonomous vehicles (AV) are widely anticipated to be socially, economically, and ethically significant. A reliable assessment of the harms and benefits of their large-scale deployment requires a multi-disciplinary approach. To that end, we employed Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis to make such an assessment. We obtained opinions from 19 disciplinary experts to assess the significance of 13 potential harms and eight potential benefits that might arise under four deployments schemes. Specifically, we considered: (1) the status quo, i.e., no AVs are deployed; (2) unfettered assimilation, i.e., no regulatory control would be exercised and commercial entities would “push” the development and deployment; (3) regulated introduction, i.e., regulatory control would be applied and either private individuals or commercial fleet operators could own the AVs; and (4) fleets only, i.e., regulatory control would be applied and only commercial fleet operators could own the AVs. Our results suggest that two of these scenarios, (3) and (4), namely regulated privately-owned introduction or fleet ownership or autonomous vehicles would be less likely to cause harm than either the status quo or the unfettered options.

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Is it alright to use artificial intelligence in digital health? A systematic literature review on ethical considerations

Health Informatics Journal ◽

10.1177/14604582211052391 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 27 (4) ◽

pp. 146045822110523

Author(s):

Nicholas RJ Möllmann ◽

Milad Mirbabaie ◽

Stefan Stieglitz

Keyword(s):

Artificial Intelligence ◽

Decision Making ◽

Literature Review ◽

Systematic Literature Review ◽

Digital Health ◽

Status Quo ◽

Ethical Principles ◽

Ethical Considerations ◽

Autonomous Decision ◽

The Status

The application of artificial intelligence (AI) not only yields in advantages for healthcare but raises several ethical questions. Extant research on ethical considerations of AI in digital health is quite sparse and a holistic overview is lacking. A systematic literature review searching across 853 peer-reviewed journals and conferences yielded in 50 relevant articles categorized in five major ethical principles: beneficence, non-maleficence, autonomy, justice, and explicability. The ethical landscape of AI in digital health is portrayed including a snapshot guiding future development. The status quo highlights potential areas with little empirical but required research. Less explored areas with remaining ethical questions are validated and guide scholars’ efforts by outlining an overview of addressed ethical principles and intensity of studies including correlations. Practitioners understand novel questions AI raises eventually leading to properly regulated implementations and further comprehend that society is on its way from supporting technologies to autonomous decision-making systems.

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Protecting Power

Mapping Power ◽

10.1093/oso/9780199487820.003.0011 ◽

2018 ◽

pp. 215-236

Author(s):

Ashwini K. Swain

Keyword(s):

Renewable Energy ◽

Status Quo ◽

The State ◽

Supply Side ◽

Demand Side ◽

Agrarian Economy ◽

Economic Significance ◽

The Status ◽

Potential Benefits

Punjab is a high-income state with a predominantly agrarian economy, the first in India to achieve universal village electrification and household access. Promises of free power for farmers came at a time when electricity constituted a substantial input in farm costs. Now, though, even as the economic significance of the subsidy has fallen and free power yields few electoral gains, no party in the state can risk eliminating the subsidy. In addition to cross-subsidy from industrial consumers, paying consumers are also charged increasing levels of cess and duties to balance the high cost of subsidies. Populist inertia strains the ability of any one actor to break from the status quo. On the supply-side, high-cost, long-term contracts signed over the last five years with private generators have curtailed the potential benefits of demand-side management (since far from curbing demand, the utility needs to encourage it) and renewable energy (with a supply glut, no one has an appetite for new sources of energy, however virtuous they may be).

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Into the Vast External Realm

The New Deal ◽

10.23943/princeton/9780691149127.003.0003 ◽

2016 ◽

Author(s):

Kiran Klaus Patel

Keyword(s):

New Deal ◽

Status Quo ◽

Global Perspective ◽

Main Concern ◽

International Level ◽

Roosevelt Administration ◽

Republican Era ◽

The Status ◽

Global Connections ◽

The New Deal

This chapter concentrates on the multiple global connections that the New Deal created, redirected, or discontinued—and how the meaning of “global” changed thanks to these encounters during the 1930s. Early New Deal action largely concentrated on domestic intervention. Hence, solving the world's problems at the international level was not the main concern for the New Dealers. From a global perspective, such a narrow focus makes little sense, mainly for two reasons. For one, the New Dealers' dealings with the wider world and their domestic agenda interacted closely with one another. For another, inactivity is a form of politics, too. By and large, the Roosevelt administration preserved the status quo on some issues, deepened the course of insulation it inherited from the Republican era on others, and in a third group, aimed to create new links around the globe.

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PELINDUNGAN DATA PRIBADI DI INDONESIA: IUS CONSTITUTUM DAN IUS CONSTITUENDUM

Law Review ◽

10.19166/lr.v19i3.2510 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 19 (3) ◽

pp. 326

Author(s):

Glenn Wijaya

Keyword(s):

Data Protection ◽

House Of Representatives ◽

Personal Data ◽

Electronic System ◽

Status Quo ◽

Personal Data Protection ◽

Criminal Sanctions ◽

The Status ◽

The Government ◽

Laws And Regulations

<pre>Abstract</pre><pre> </pre><pre> </pre><pre>Cases of leakage and misuse of personal data continue to increase in Indonesia along with the increasing activity of the digital economy, especially in the era of the COVID-19 pandemic. However, the existing laws and regulations, or what is called as the ius constitutum relating to the protection of personal data are still sectoral in nature so that they are not centralized and there are no regulations at the level of law, so that criminal sanctions are not maximally applied to criminals in this sector. Now, the Indonesian House of Representatives (DPR) is drafting a Personal Data Protection Bill (“PDP Bill”), which in general follows the standards set out in the GDPR, which in the near future is expected to become an ius constitutum that can solve problems related to the protection of personal data in Indonesia. In this article, the author will discuss what are the shortcomings of the existing ius constitutum and also discuss new things and criticisms of the provisions in the ius constituendum, namely the PDP Bill. The research method used by the author is normative legal research by examining, primarily, the existing laws and regulations in Indonesia relating to the protection of personal data along with the PDP Bill. The author then also provides several recommendations to the Government, Electronic System Administrators, and also the general public regarding the development of the PDP Bill and the status quo of personal data protection in Indonesia.</pre><pre> </pre><pre> </pre><pre> </pre><pre>Keywords: Personal Data Protection, Ius Constitutum, Ius Constituendum</pre> AbstrakKasus kebocoran dan penyalahgunaan data pribadi terus meningkat di Indonesia seiring dengan meningkatnya aktivitas ekonomi digital, terlebih di era pandemi COVID-19. Namun, peraturan perundang-undangan yang sudah ada, atau disebut ius constitutum terkait pelindungan data pribadi masih bersifat sektoral sehingga belum terpusat dan tidak ada pengaturan di setingkat undang-undang, sehingga sanksi pidana pun masih belum maksimal diterapkan kepada para pelaku kejahatan di sektor ini. Kini, DPR sedang menyusun RUU Perlindungan Data Pribadi (“RUU PDP”), yang secara garis besar mengikuti standar yang ada dalam GDPR, yang dalam waktu dekat diharapkan akan menjadi ius constitutum yang dapat mengatasi permasalahan terkait pelindungan data pribadi di Indonesia. Dalam artikel ini, Penulis akan membahas apa saja yang menjadi kekurangan dari ius constitutum yang ada dan juga mengupas apa saja hal-hal baru beserta kritik terhadap pengaturan dalam ius constituendum, yaitu RUU PDP. Metode penelitian yang dipakai Penulis adalah penelitian hukum secara normatif dengan mengkaji, terutama, peraturan perundang-undangan yang sudah berlaku di Indonesia terkait dengan pelindungan data pribadi beserta draf RUU PDP. Penulis lalu juga memberikan beberapa rekomendasi kepada Pemerintah, Penyelenggara Sistem Elektronik, dan juga masyarakat umum terkait perkembangan RUU PDP dan status quo pelindungan data pribadi di Indonesia.Kata Kunci: Pelindungan Data Pribadi, Ius Constitutum, Ius Constituendum

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