Social Statistics: Its History and Some Modern Issues / Zur Geschichte der Sozialstatistik und einiger moderner Probleme

2003 ◽  
Vol 223 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Oscar Sheynin
Keyword(s):  
Probability Theory ◽  
Statistical Method ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Present Situation ◽  
Natural Sciences ◽  
Social Statistics ◽  
History Of ◽  
Statistical Issues ◽  
Similarities And Differences

SummaryBased on my previous publications and many other sources, I trace the history of social statistics before the 20th century and link it with the development of the statistical method in natural sciences. Many recent statistical issues had scarcely, or not at all existed then, and before Lexis probability theory had hardly entered statistics. Moreover, its introduction met with real and imaginary difficulties.Other topics discussed here are the present situation regarding “mathematical” versus “theoretical” statistics and the similarities and differences between statistics and the theory of errors.

scholarly journals Renouncing the World and Taking Ordination

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2021/1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Krisztina Teleki
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Dominant Role ◽  
Family Members ◽  
Family Ties ◽  
The Family ◽  
The World ◽  
Monastic Life ◽  
History Of ◽  
Similarities And Differences ◽  
Written Sources

The 20th century brought different periods in the history of Mongolia including theocracy, socialism and democracy. This article describes what renouncing the world (especially the home and the family), taking ordination, and taking monastic vows meant at the turn of the 20th century and a century later. Extracts from interviews reveal the life of pre-novices, illustrating their family backgrounds, connections with family members after ordination, and support from and towards the family. The master-disciple relationship which was of great significance in Vajrayāna tradition, is also described. As few written sources are available to study monks’ family ties, the research was based on interviews recorded with old monks who lived in monasteries in their childhood (prior to 1937), monks who were ordained in 1990, and pre-novices of the current Tantric monastic school of Gandantegčenlin Monastery. The interviews revealed similarities and differences in monastic life in given periods due to historical reasons. Though Buddhism could not attain its previous, absolutely dominant role in Mongolia after the democratic changes, nowadays tradition and innovation exist in parallel.

scholarly journals Academician Jonas Kubilius: works dedicated to the history of Lithuanian mathematics

2021 ◽  
Vol 62 ◽  
pp. 13-21
Author(s):  
Juozas Banionis
Keyword(s):  
Probability Theory ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
History Of Mathematics ◽  
Book Series ◽  
Informal Group ◽  
Mathematical School ◽  
Mathematics History ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Fourth Book

The rise of the Lithuanian mathematical school in the second half of the 20th century is associated with the development of probability theory and its application, and the foundations of that school were insightfully laid by the famous Lithuanian mathematician Jonas Kubilius. However, the academician also had a second vocation – the history of mathematics. At the end of the 20th century, he purposefully researched the mathematical legacy of the poet, bishop A. Baranauskas, recognizing him as the first Lithuanian mathematician researcher of the second half of the 19th century. At the beginning of the 21st century, J. Kubilius undertook a detailed implementation of the idea of a work in the history of Lithuanian mathematics. For this purpose, an informal group of specialists was convened, the content of the work was planned, and the research-based book series ``From the History of Lithuanian Mathematics'' was published. The fourth book in this series, Mathematics in Lithuanian Higher Education Institutions in 1921–1944, presents the research of an academic who reveals the situation of mathematics in universities in Kaunas and Vilnius. In addition, the memoirs of mathematics history by J. Kubilius, dedicated to mathematicians Z. Žemaitis, G. Žilinskas and V. Statulevičius, should be mentioned. The article, at the end of which fragments of the author's memories are presented, is dedicated to the centenary of the birth of Academician J. Kubilius.

scholarly journals Pioneras en la Paleontología española: María Teresa Rodríguez Mellado (1921-1985)

2020 ◽  
pp. 161-175
Author(s):  
Isabel Rábano
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Research Council ◽  
Research Work ◽  
National Research Council ◽  
Natural Sciences ◽  
Western Sahara ◽  
History Of ◽  
Siglo Xx ◽  
Intense Research

Resumen Se presentan algunos aspectos de la biografía de María Teresa Rodríguez Mellado (1921-1985), una pionera desconocida en la historia de la Geología española. El matrimonio y la maternidad la retiraron de la ciencia tras una breve pero intensa actividad investigadora. Licenciada en Ciencias, Sección de Ciencias Naturales, por la Universidad Central en 1946, obtuvo una beca del Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas en el Museo de Ciencias Naturales de Madrid para realizar su tesis doctoral sobre el Devónico en España, dirigida por Francisco Hernández-Pacheco. Colaboró con Manuel Alía Medina en algunas cuestiones paleontológicas de las investigaciones geológico-mineras del Sáhara Occidental. Asimismo, se muestra la evolución de la enseñanza de las materias geológicas durante la primera mitad del siglo XX en España. Abstra ct This paper deals with some aspects of María Teresa Rodríguez Mellado´s biography (1921-1985), an unknown pioneer in the history of Spanish Geology. Marriage and motherhood removed her from science after a brief but intense research work. She graduated in Natural Sciences in 1946, and got a Spanish National Research Council scholarship to carry out her Ph.D. thesis on the Devonian of Spain, supervised by Francisco Hernández-Pacheco. She collaborated with Manuel Alía Medina on some paleontological issues of the geology of Western Sahara. Also, the evolution of the teaching of geological subjects during the first half of the 20th century in Spain is shown.

scholarly journals Book reviews in the history of knowledge

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 ◽  
pp. 629-650
Author(s):  
Aleksei Pleshkov ◽  
Jan Surman
Keyword(s):  
Conceptual Framework ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Natural Sciences ◽  
Virtue Theory ◽  
Media Environment ◽  
Epistemic Virtues ◽  
Academic Practices ◽  
History Of

Academic reviewing, one of the communal academic practices, is a vital genre, in which epistemic virtues have been cultivated. In our article, we discuss reviews as a form of institutionalized critique, which historians could use to trace the changing epistemic virtues within humanities. We propose to use them analogously to Lorraine Daston’s and Peter Galison’s treatment of atlases in their seminal work Objectivity as a marker of changing epistemic virtues in natural sciences and medicine. Based on Aristotle’s virtue theory and its neo-Aristotelian interpretation in the second half of the 20th century, as well as on its most recent applications in the field of history and philosophy of science, we propose a general conceptual framework for analyzing reviews in their historical dimension. Besides, we contend that the analysis of reviews should be carried out taking into account their historical context of social, political, cultural and media-environment. Otherwise, one may risks presupposing the existence of an autonomous, disconnected community of scholars.

scholarly journals Semiotics of the 20th century

2008 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 185-244
Author(s):  
Vyacheslav V. Ivanov
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Comparative Research ◽  
Natural Sciences ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Future Research ◽  
History Of ◽  
Important Field ◽  
Development Of Language ◽  
History Of Culture ◽  
The Brain

Semiotic and linguistic studies of the 20th century have been important mostly in two senses — (1) they have opened a road for comparative research on the origin and development of language and other systems of signs adding a new dimension to the history of culture; (2) they have shown a possibility of uniting different fields of humanities around semiotics suggesting a way to trespass separation and atomisation of different trends in investigating culture. In the 21st century one may hope for closer integration of semiotics and exact and natural sciences. The points of intersection with the mathematical logic, computer science and information theory that already exist might lead to restructuring theoretical semiotics making it a coherent and methodologically rigid discipline. At the same time, the continuation of neurosemiotic studies promises a breakthrough in understanding those parts of the work of the brain that are most intimately connected to culture. From this point of view semiotics may play an outstanding role in the synthesis of biological science and humanities. In my mind that makes it a particularly important field of future research.

scholarly journals “The Revolution of Relativity” and Self-Consciousness in the History of Philosophy of the 20th Century

2018 ◽  
pp. 114-125
Author(s):  
O. A. Vlasova
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Natural Sciences ◽  
History Of Philosophy ◽  
The Other ◽  
Philosophical Work ◽  
History Of ◽  
Objective Description ◽  
Critical Historiography ◽  
Physical Phenomena ◽  
The Revolution

This paper discusses the development of self-consciousness in the history of philosophy of the 20th century compared with the same development in the natural sciences. The author characterizes this stage of philosophical historiography as the “revolution of relativity.” This movement of self-consciousness was apparent in not only the humanities but also the natural sciences at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries. Awareness of probability is a fundamental achievement of non-classic physics, which has since reversed its paradigm. In contrast to the Newtonian scheme, quantum theory introduces the category of probability and insists that we can talk about certain physical phenomena only in a probabilistic mode and that the method of observation affects the phenomena observed. Consequently, any “object-subject” and “subject-subject” interaction involves the experience of the researcher, which thereby affects the results. The same model of interpretation lies at the basis of the turn toward self-consciousness in the history of philosophy of the 20th century. The classical history of philosophy is built on idealization and gives an objective description of the philosophical process. Following the other sciences, the philosophy of the 20th century understood that historical and philosophical reality largely depends on the historians of philosophy; that such reality is constructed by certain means; that there is a certain kind of historical and philosophical work; and that, with different strategies, methods and approaches, we obtain different results that are complementary to each other. The 20th century was a time of competing interpretations rather than gradually progressing historical and philosophical systems. This stimulated the search for own ideal of objectivity. For philosophical historiography, this is the hermeneutic ideal of the structural analysis of text or architectonic reconstruction. The historicalphilosophical revolution of relativity promotes the development of critical historiography and revises the foundations of its classical tradition.

scholarly journals PEMIKIRAN FIKIH SYAIKH MUHAMMAD ZAIN BATU BARA: Fidiah Salat dan Puasa

2017 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmad Fauzi Ilyas
Keyword(s):  
Literature Review ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Dead Person ◽  
Legal Thought ◽  
History Of ◽  
Similarities And Differences ◽  
The Dead ◽  
Conventional School ◽  
Respective Figure

<strong>Abstrak: </strong>Artikel ini membahas pemikiran Syaikh Muhammad Zain Batu Bara, seorang ulama besar alumni Makkah awal abad 20 dan berasal dari Batu Bara yang namanya tidak dikenal, namun mempunyai kontribusi besar dalam perkembangan dakwah Islam di daerah tersebut. Salah satu kontribusinya adalah praktik dan tradisi Fidiah salat dan puasa bagi orang yang sudah meninggal, yang sampai sekarang masih dilestarikan oleh masyarakatnya. Dalam konteks wilayah Nusantara, kajian ini membandingkan pemikiran Syaikh Muhammad Zain dengan pemikiran-pemikiran ulama Nusantara lainnya baik sebelum, semasa atau sesudahnya, untuk menemukan titik persamaan dan perbedaan dan sejauhmana implikasinya, dengan  menggunakan telaah kepustakaan karya-karya dan sejarah biografi masing-masing tokoh. Penulis menyimpulkan bahwa Syaikh Muhammad Zain Batu Bara adalah kelompok ulama Kaum Tua di Sumatera Timur yang tetap mempertahankan amaliah dan tradisi Fidiah salat dan puasa bagi orang yang sudah meninggal, dengan memilih pendapat mazhab Hanafi yang memasukkan masalah ini dalam pendapat yang dipedomani dan berkembang terus di masyarakat.<br /> <br /><strong>Abstract: Islamic Legal Thought of </strong><strong>Syaikh Muhammad Zain Batu Bara</strong><strong>: A Case of <em>Fidyah</em> for Fasting and Prayer</strong>. This article discusses the thought of Shaykh Muhammad Zain Batu Bara, a prominent scholar of early 20th century Mecca originating from Batu Bara whose name is unknown, but has a major contribution in the development of Islamic da'wah in the area. One of his contributions is the practice and tradition of <em>fidyah</em> for the five prayers and fasting for the dead, which until now is still preserved by the society. In the context of the archipelago territory, this study compares the thought of Shaykh Muhammad Zain with the thoughts of other learned Islamic thinkers of the archipelago throughout the history, to unveil the points of similarities and differences as well as the extent of their implications, using literature review of works and the biographical history of respective figure. The author concludes that Shaykh Muhammad Zain Batu Bara appears to be bounded by conventional school of thought in East Sumatra, who retains the tradition of <em>fidyah</em> for prayer and fasting of the dead person, by choosing the opinion of the Hanafi school that eventually developed in the society.<br /> <br /><strong>Kata Kunci:</strong> fikih, ulama, Nusantara, Syaikh Muhammad Zain, fidiah, salat, puasa

scholarly journals EARLY HISTORY OF GEOMETRIC PROBABILITY AND STEREOLOGY

2012 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
Magdalena Hykšová ◽  
Anna Kalousová ◽  
†Ivan Saxl
Keyword(s):  
Probability Theory ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Volume Fraction ◽  
Early History ◽  
Geometric Probability ◽  
The Other ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
History Of ◽  
Chance Games

The paper provides an account of the history of geometric probability and stereology from the time of Newton to the early 20th century. It depicts the development of two parallel ways: on one hand, the theory of geometric probability was formed with minor attention paid to other applications than those concerning spatial chance games. On the other hand, practical rules of the estimation of area or volume fraction and other characteristics, easily deducible from geometric probability theory, were proposed without the knowledge of this branch. A special attention is paid to the paper of J.-É. Barbier published in 1860, which contained the fundamental stereological formulas, but remained almost unnoticed both by mathematicians and practicians.

scholarly journals History of the flint inventory studies of the Neolithic and Bronze Age from the sites of Belarusian Neman region

2018 ◽  
Vol 63 (4) ◽  
pp. 447-460
Author(s):  
S. S. Velent-Shcherbach
Keyword(s):  
Detailed Analysis ◽  
Bronze Age ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Natural Sciences ◽  
Simple Description ◽  
Classification Schemes ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Creation

The main directions and results of the 150-year study of flint artifacts from Neolithic and Bronze Age settlements of Belarusian Neman region are presented in this article. The study of flint industry has passed a long way from a simple description to a detailed analysis and systematization, the development of a typology and the creation of classification schemes. Since the second half of the 20th century the methods of natural sciences were begun to be employed in the analysis of flint assemblages. But despite the previous active work of researchers there are still a number of unsolved issues and tasks that require further study.

scholarly journals Zapożyczenia w słownictwie wyścigów konnych w dwudziestoleciu międzywojennym (na podstawie czasopisma „Jeździec i Hodowca”).

2021 ◽  
pp. 44-57
Author(s):  
Milena Wojtyńska-Nowotka
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Method ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Interwar Period ◽  
Horse Racing ◽  
Language System ◽  
History Of ◽  
Polish Language

This paper represents the stream of structuralist research and has been dedicated to discussing a selected portion of the sports vocabulary of the interwar period. On the basis of the „Jeździec i hodowca” (“Rider and breeder”) magazine, foreign words present in the horse-racing vocabulary have been analysed. The research concentrates on describing the chronology and genetics of the borrowings, their registration in selected lexicographic sources, and the thematic circles they represent. The conclusion of this paper indicates that a large portion of the vocabulary borrowed from horse races was not stabilized and was subject to adaptation to the Polish language system in the selected period. Keywords: structuralism – history of Polish – 20th century – sports vocabulary – horse-racing vocabulary – vocabulary of Polish magazines form the period 1918 –1939 – borrowings – thematic circles – statistical method of examining vocabulary

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