scholarly journals Economic Conditions in the Area Around the Sea of Galilee in Pre-Hellenistic Times

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 141-153
Author(s):  
Wolfgang Zwickel
Keyword(s):  
Methodological Approach ◽  
Landscape Archaeology ◽  
The Other ◽  
Economic Conditions ◽  
Persian Period ◽  
Jordan Valley ◽  
Hill Country ◽  
Economic Basis ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Ancient People

Abstract In a landscape archaeology project all the fertile fields around the Sea of Galilee (an area of 50 × 30 km) were mapped. The whole territory was subdivided in 5 regions: Jordan valley, Lower Galilee, Upper Galilee, Golan and Transjordanian Hill Country. Additionally all ancient sites from the Neolithic to the Persian period, which are mentioned in archaeological literature, were collected – all together more than 300 sites. These data allow a reconstruction of the economic conditions in antiquity in the area around the Sea of Galilee. Landscape archaeology clearly demonstrates that the economic basis may have been completely diverse in the five sub-regions, and also during different times. Agriculture played a major role in the economy of ancient people. During some periods and in some regions people lived in the midst of the fields, while in other periods they settled at the edges in order not to waste valuable farmland. On the other hand the position of some sites in some periods clearly demonstrates that trade played a major role for the income of the settlers, or basalt mining and working. Streets can be reconstructed, and our methodological approach allows new insights in the economy of this area

scholarly journals Methodological approach in management and quality sciences

2021 ◽  
Vol 307 ◽  
pp. 01002
Author(s):  
Henryk Dźwigoł
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Research ◽  
Methodological Approach ◽  
The Other ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Idiographic Approach ◽  
Nomothetic Approach

The article presents methodological approach in management and quality sciences. Quantitative research aims to test hypothesised relationships between variables. Three areas can be identified for assessing the methodological rigour of this type of research: (1) theories relating to phenomena; (2) measures of concepts explaining the phenomena; (3) the reality analysed. it was found that the idiographic approach predominates in the group of theoreticians and represents 59.6 % (239 indications). The nomothetic approach, on the other hand, is used less frequently, accounting for 40.4 % of the responses (162 indications).

CONFISCATIONS IN THE SELJUK ERA 447 AH/ 1055 AD- 590 AH / 1193 AD

2020 ◽  
pp. 01-19
Author(s):  
Prof. Subhi M. AL-AZZAM ◽  
Dr. Hayel M. AL- BREE
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Economic Conditions ◽  
Financial Situation ◽  
Historical Material ◽  
Economic Issues ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Abbasid Caliphate ◽  
Economic Reality ◽  
Precipitating Factor

This study aims to clarify the concept of confiscation, the equivalent terms for the meaning of confiscation, and explain the reasons for confiscations, categories of expropriations, methods of collecting them, and the consequences from frequent confiscations in the Seljuk state. Confiscations are among the interesting and arduous economic issues, due to the lack of historical material and its scattering in the sources. There is also a difficulty in linking this information so that it is difficult for the researcher to conclude in the economic conditions of that period. On the other hand, the importance of Confiscations lies in forming an image of the economic reality of the Seljuk state. Among the most results findings of the study is that the financial situation of the Sultanate Treasury was the precipitating factor for Confiscations for many sultans, especially during the period of conflict between members of the Seljuk house after the end of the period of great Sultans,and that the employers of jobs in the House of Caliphate were more confiscated than their counterparts in the Seljuk state, That is because they plotted with the Sultanate against the Abbasid Caliphate

Big Houses in Kano Emirate

Africa ◽  
1974 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 117-135 ◽  
Author(s):  
Polly Hill
Keyword(s):  
Population Density ◽  
Special Reference ◽  
The Other ◽  
Economic Conditions ◽  
Economic Organization ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Opening Paragraph ◽  
The Village ◽  
Compare And Contrast

Opening ParagraphIn 1971–2 I undertook research in part of the very densely populated farming zone around Kano city (often called the Kano close-settled zone) in order to compare it with a Hausa village, Batagarawa, some 100 miles further north in Katsina Emirate, where I had lived and worked in 1967. At Batagarawa farmland is not scarce and members of the community are free to establish farms on uncultivated (bush) land, some of which is no further than a mile or so from the village. For some 30 to 40 miles or more around Kano city, on the other hand, there is little or no uncultivated bush and farmers with insufficient land are obliged to buy or to ‘borrow’ (aro) farmland from others. My purpose was to compare and contrast the socio-economic organization and economic conditions of farmers in the two localities, with special reference, in so far as this variable could be isolated, to population density.

scholarly journals The Mountains of the Moon: A puzzle of the Ptolemaic Geography

2014 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 29
Author(s):  
Γεώργιος ΣΙΔΗΡΟΠΟΥΛΟΣ ◽  
Δημήτριος ΚΑΛΠΑΚΗΣ
Keyword(s):  
Point Of View ◽  
The Other ◽  
Original Form ◽  
The Moon ◽  
Adequate Knowledge ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Geographic Knowledge ◽  
Ancient People ◽  
Age Of Discovery

The quest for the sources of the Nile had been -already since the antiquity- a major issue regarding the exploration of Africa by both locals and foreigners. This makes no surprise, if the importance of the river is taken into account, not only from a strictly economical point of view but also from a political, historical and cultural one. Since Ptolemy introduced the Mountains of the Moon, the whole issue got a more stable basis; the quest had a specific aim from then on. Those mountains, either existing or product of a false translation tantalized the researchers for ages. On the other hand, the difficulties of such a risky expedition helped the Ptolemaic authority remain unchanged within the cartographic depictions long after the Age of Discovery. This paper aims only to outline the framework of this great issue, highlighting also a few points and proposing answers to questions which, though not of high priority, are really important: Did Ptolemy himself have first-hand geographic knowledge of that area? Did the ancient people of that part of Africa have adequate knowledge of such a complicated hydrological phenomenon? Was the Ptolemaic text in its original form when Planoudis discovered it, or had it got updated with fresh geographic knowledge through the ages?

scholarly journals Nikola Milosevic as critic of Marxism

2013 ◽  
Vol 56 (4) ◽  
pp. 95-110 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dejan Stankovic
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Political Attitudes ◽  
Methodological Approach ◽  
The Other ◽  
Logical Consistency ◽  
Ethical Argument ◽  
False Theory ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Real Socialism

In this essay, author analyses Nikola Milosevic's critique of Marxism. His methodological approach is the mixture of philosophy, literature and positive sciences, mostly psychology and history. His argument against Marxism consists of two parts: practical, mostly, ethical and political, and theoretical, mostly, methodological and epistemic. Ethical argument against Marxism is based on the idea of critical reconsideration of the relation between goals and means. For Milosevic, Marxism and real socialism are obvious examples of maxim: ?Goal justifies any means necessary for its achievement?. Such ethical standpoint justifies the regime of terror and manipulation. On the other hand, at the methodological and epistemic level, Marxism is an overt example of false theory in positivistic sense. It lacks logical consistency and empirical evidence. Being a theory without a scientific grounds, Marxism is a mere projection of the psychological and political attitudes of its author. Marxism is not a theory in traditional philosophical sense, it is just a theoretical rationalization of basic psychological and political attitudes of it creator and his successors.

scholarly journals اسلامی اُصولوں کے تناظر میں سوشلزم کا تنقیدی جائزہ

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (02) ◽  
pp. 84-98
Author(s):  
Muhammad Mahmood ul Hassan Shah ◽  
Dr. Muhammad Zaid Lakhvi
Keyword(s):  
Welfare State ◽  
Social Structure ◽  
The Other ◽  
Economic Conditions ◽  
Current Position ◽  
Political Movement ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The World ◽  
Salient Features ◽  
Intellectual Movements

Multiple intellectual movements are here that changed the socio-economic conditions of humankind throughout history. Among these movements, a highly Influential is socialism, which was the most discussed and dominant social and political movement in the 19th and 20th centuries. It affected many thoughts and cultures owing to its impressive materialistic approach. On the other hand, Islam negates socialism’s fundamental principles, and it does not appreciate pure materialistic discourse for the wellbeing of humanity. Islam also provides a social structure for equality and justice for success in this world and the hereafter. This article explains the salient features of socialism which are contrary to Islamic ideas and precepts. Furthermore, the current position of socialism in the world and how Islamic traditions and civilization can be preserved have been discussed. In addition, this article provides a brief overview of the importance of establishing an Islamic "welfare state."

Conditions for Discussing and Comprehending Georationality

2019 ◽  
Vol 62 (7) ◽  
pp. 7-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vadim M. Rozin
Keyword(s):  
Methodological Approach ◽  
The Other ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Globalizing World ◽  
The World ◽  
Single Process ◽  
Pluralistic Approach ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The One ◽  
Independent Behavior

The article examines the debate between, on the one hand, the proponents of the position that European reason and logic are universal and therefore the dialogue between West and East will always be unequal and, on the other hand, the advocates of a pluralistic approach, who defend the equality of parties in the dialogue as well as the independence of cultures and ways of thinking in different regions of the world. The author expands the agenda of the debate, appealing to the authors of the book Dialogue of Cultures in a Globalizing World. In addition, the author clarifies the concept of globalization, used by many participants in the discussion, and also formulates his own understanding of philosophy. The author considers philosophy, firstly, as a way of deconstructing reality that has ceased to respond to the challenges of time, secondly, as a process of the creation of schemes defining new reality and objects and, thirdly, as personal and professional methods for solving these problems. The article also discusses the condition of the comprehension of procedural phenomena. Thus, there is a methodological approach that makes possible, according to Kant, to grasp the essence of complex systemic phenomena. Therefore, the author examines a case in which C.G. Jung talks about one of his own child experiences. The author argues that the conditions of the comprehension of processuality are, on the one hand, the formation of a special integrity that is personality and, on the other hand, its actions, which make it possible to assemble the discrete states identified by the researcher into a single process. The personality is considered as the subject who, starting from ancient culture, aims for independent behavior, partially overcomes social and cultural dependence, begins to build his own world and himself in this world.

scholarly journals Kontekstualisasi Pemikiran Waris Abdullah Saeed dalam Hukum Kewarisan di Indonesia

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 447
Author(s):  
Suqiyah Musafa’ah
Keyword(s):  
Methodological Approach ◽  
The Other ◽  
Customary Law ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Value Hierarchy ◽  
The Law ◽  
Theory Of Value ◽  
The One ◽  
Fundamental Values

<p>This article seeks to discuss the issue of inheritance in Indonesia and the solution offered through studying the Quranic verses of inheritance according to Abdullah Saeed. Saeed’s methodological approach is used as a tool of analysis to reconstruct the law of inheritance in Indonesia. On the one hand, Saeed’s theory of ‘value hierarchy’ is formulated in order to maintain the principle of Islam’s universality. On the other hand, this theory is applied in order for Islam to be valid for every time and place (<em>sâlih li kull zamân wa makân</em>). Saeed’s theory of ‘value hierarchy’ consists of among others obligatory values, fundamental values, protectional values, implementational values, and instructional values. Based on Saeed’s theory of value hierarchy, the division of inheritance based of customary law (<em>adat</em>) called <em>dumdum kupat</em> (the portion of inheritance for son and that for daughter is the same) is valid and can be applied.</p>

scholarly journals Revisiting Complaints Regarding Occupational Health and Safety: The Impact of Time and Economic Conditions

2016 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Konstantinos Mekos
Keyword(s):  
Occupational Health ◽  
Health And Safety ◽  
Occupational Health And Safety ◽  
The Other ◽  
Economic Conditions ◽  
Unemployed People ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The Impact

<p>This paper re-examines the matter of<br />complaints regarding occupational health and<br />safety in the area of Thessaloniki, originally<br />dealt with in a 2009 paper. In this paper we<br />examine (a) the validity of the conclusions<br />derived in the 2009 paper as well as the<br />effect of time on them and (b) the effect of<br />the economic conditions on the complaints<br />received and the penalties imposed by the<br />office in charge. The main conclusions of the<br />2009 paper are still valid: complaints do not<br />lead to the detection of the most dangerous<br />workplaces and no priority should be given<br />to their investigation. Furthermore, as the<br />income per head declines or as the number of<br />unemployed people rises, the complaints are<br />more likely to be characterised as “irrelevant”.<br />On the other hand, the economic conditions<br />do not seem to have any effect on the decision<br />of the office in charge to impose sanctions.</p>

scholarly journals Assessment of Potentially Toxic Elements in Technosols by Tailings Derived from Pb–Zn–Ag Mining Activities at San Quintín (Ciudad Real, Spain): Some Insights into the Importance of Integral Studies to Evaluate Metal Contamination Pollution Hazards

Minerals ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 346 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mari Luz García-Lorenzo ◽  
Elena Crespo-Feo ◽  
Jose María Esbrí ◽  
Pablo Higueras ◽  
Patricia Grau ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sediment Toxicity ◽  
Methodological Approach ◽  
Salt Content ◽  
Ore Deposits ◽  
The Other ◽  
Root Growth Inhibition ◽  
Soil Toxicity ◽  
Mineral Concentration ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Very High

This work presents an integral methodological approach to assess the environmental potential hazards posed by metals and metalloids hosted by spolic technosols derived from old tailings from a mining operation for galena (PbS, with high Ag contents)-sphalerite (ZnS, with a varied cohort of trace elements contents) in central Spain. We studied the total and soluble concentrations and spatial distribution of Pb, Zn, Cd, As, and Fe and the mineralogy of these soils, as well as an ecotoxicological evaluation by means of bioassays. The indices assessing soil contamination such as pollution load index (PI) and natural mobility index (NMI) have been calculated. Furthermore, the phytotoxic effect of the soil samples has been determined and a chronic sediment toxicity test using the benthic ostracod Heterocypris incongruens was applied. The geochemical study of 33 spolic technosols samples indicates large to extremely large metal and metalloid total contents: up to 48,600 mg kg−1 Pb, 34,000 mg kg−1 Zn, 500 mg kg−1 Cd, and 1000 mg kg−1 As. Given that sphalerite is usually the most important host mineral for cadmium in hydrothermal mineral deposits, there is a high correlation (R = 0.75) between this element and Zn. On the other hand, despite being two metallogenically intertwined elements in ore deposits, Pb and Zn show a less significant relationship, which can be attributed both to heterogeneities in the mineralogical composition of the veins, and to the complex history of the mineral concentration process: In the older process, the interest was only for Pb, meanwhile in the late period, the interest was focused in Zn. The Phytotoxkit® bioassay showed that soils with high PTEs presented very high toxicity, particularly the inhibition germination is related to Pb, As, and Cd content and root inhibition with Pb content. Both indexes were correlated with pH and electrical conductivity; samples with lower pH and higher soluble salt content are those with higher seed germination inhibition and root growth inhibition. On the other hand, the Ostracodtoxkit® bioassay showed very high sensitivity, with 100% mortality. The applied bioassays confirmed the soil toxicity and it is highly recommended to complement the results from environmental chemistry with results from bioassays, in order to provide a more complete and relevant information on the bioavailability of contaminants and to characterize the risk of contaminated areas.

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