CONFISCATIONS IN THE SELJUK ERA 447 AH/ 1055 AD- 590 AH / 1193 AD

2020 ◽  
pp. 01-19
Author(s):  
Prof. Subhi M. AL-AZZAM ◽  
Dr. Hayel M. AL- BREE
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Economic Conditions ◽  
Financial Situation ◽  
Historical Material ◽  
Economic Issues ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Abbasid Caliphate ◽  
Economic Reality ◽  
Precipitating Factor

This study aims to clarify the concept of confiscation, the equivalent terms for the meaning of confiscation, and explain the reasons for confiscations, categories of expropriations, methods of collecting them, and the consequences from frequent confiscations in the Seljuk state. Confiscations are among the interesting and arduous economic issues, due to the lack of historical material and its scattering in the sources. There is also a difficulty in linking this information so that it is difficult for the researcher to conclude in the economic conditions of that period. On the other hand, the importance of Confiscations lies in forming an image of the economic reality of the Seljuk state. Among the most results findings of the study is that the financial situation of the Sultanate Treasury was the precipitating factor for Confiscations for many sultans, especially during the period of conflict between members of the Seljuk house after the end of the period of great Sultans,and that the employers of jobs in the House of Caliphate were more confiscated than their counterparts in the Seljuk state, That is because they plotted with the Sultanate against the Abbasid Caliphate

Big Houses in Kano Emirate

Africa ◽  
1974 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 117-135 ◽  
Author(s):  
Polly Hill
Keyword(s):  
Population Density ◽  
Special Reference ◽  
The Other ◽  
Economic Conditions ◽  
Economic Organization ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Opening Paragraph ◽  
The Village ◽  
Compare And Contrast

Opening ParagraphIn 1971–2 I undertook research in part of the very densely populated farming zone around Kano city (often called the Kano close-settled zone) in order to compare it with a Hausa village, Batagarawa, some 100 miles further north in Katsina Emirate, where I had lived and worked in 1967. At Batagarawa farmland is not scarce and members of the community are free to establish farms on uncultivated (bush) land, some of which is no further than a mile or so from the village. For some 30 to 40 miles or more around Kano city, on the other hand, there is little or no uncultivated bush and farmers with insufficient land are obliged to buy or to ‘borrow’ (aro) farmland from others. My purpose was to compare and contrast the socio-economic organization and economic conditions of farmers in the two localities, with special reference, in so far as this variable could be isolated, to population density.

scholarly journals Economic Conditions in the Area Around the Sea of Galilee in Pre-Hellenistic Times

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 141-153
Author(s):  
Wolfgang Zwickel
Keyword(s):  
Methodological Approach ◽  
Landscape Archaeology ◽  
The Other ◽  
Economic Conditions ◽  
Persian Period ◽  
Jordan Valley ◽  
Hill Country ◽  
Economic Basis ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Ancient People

Abstract In a landscape archaeology project all the fertile fields around the Sea of Galilee (an area of 50 × 30 km) were mapped. The whole territory was subdivided in 5 regions: Jordan valley, Lower Galilee, Upper Galilee, Golan and Transjordanian Hill Country. Additionally all ancient sites from the Neolithic to the Persian period, which are mentioned in archaeological literature, were collected – all together more than 300 sites. These data allow a reconstruction of the economic conditions in antiquity in the area around the Sea of Galilee. Landscape archaeology clearly demonstrates that the economic basis may have been completely diverse in the five sub-regions, and also during different times. Agriculture played a major role in the economy of ancient people. During some periods and in some regions people lived in the midst of the fields, while in other periods they settled at the edges in order not to waste valuable farmland. On the other hand the position of some sites in some periods clearly demonstrates that trade played a major role for the income of the settlers, or basalt mining and working. Streets can be reconstructed, and our methodological approach allows new insights in the economy of this area

scholarly journals اسلامی اُصولوں کے تناظر میں سوشلزم کا تنقیدی جائزہ

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (02) ◽  
pp. 84-98
Author(s):  
Muhammad Mahmood ul Hassan Shah ◽  
Dr. Muhammad Zaid Lakhvi
Keyword(s):  
Welfare State ◽  
Social Structure ◽  
The Other ◽  
Economic Conditions ◽  
Current Position ◽  
Political Movement ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The World ◽  
Salient Features ◽  
Intellectual Movements

Multiple intellectual movements are here that changed the socio-economic conditions of humankind throughout history. Among these movements, a highly Influential is socialism, which was the most discussed and dominant social and political movement in the 19th and 20th centuries. It affected many thoughts and cultures owing to its impressive materialistic approach. On the other hand, Islam negates socialism’s fundamental principles, and it does not appreciate pure materialistic discourse for the wellbeing of humanity. Islam also provides a social structure for equality and justice for success in this world and the hereafter. This article explains the salient features of socialism which are contrary to Islamic ideas and precepts. Furthermore, the current position of socialism in the world and how Islamic traditions and civilization can be preserved have been discussed. In addition, this article provides a brief overview of the importance of establishing an Islamic "welfare state."

scholarly journals Revisiting Complaints Regarding Occupational Health and Safety: The Impact of Time and Economic Conditions

2016 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Konstantinos Mekos
Keyword(s):  
Occupational Health ◽  
Health And Safety ◽  
Occupational Health And Safety ◽  
The Other ◽  
Economic Conditions ◽  
Unemployed People ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The Impact

<p>This paper re-examines the matter of<br />complaints regarding occupational health and<br />safety in the area of Thessaloniki, originally<br />dealt with in a 2009 paper. In this paper we<br />examine (a) the validity of the conclusions<br />derived in the 2009 paper as well as the<br />effect of time on them and (b) the effect of<br />the economic conditions on the complaints<br />received and the penalties imposed by the<br />office in charge. The main conclusions of the<br />2009 paper are still valid: complaints do not<br />lead to the detection of the most dangerous<br />workplaces and no priority should be given<br />to their investigation. Furthermore, as the<br />income per head declines or as the number of<br />unemployed people rises, the complaints are<br />more likely to be characterised as “irrelevant”.<br />On the other hand, the economic conditions<br />do not seem to have any effect on the decision<br />of the office in charge to impose sanctions.</p>

scholarly journals On the Way to Women's Citizenship in Russia: the 1860s-1917

Inter ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 92-111
Author(s):  
Irina Iukina
Keyword(s):  
Civil Rights ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
The Other ◽  
Sociological Analysis ◽  
Gender Group ◽  
Historical Material ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
History Of ◽  
The One ◽  
The Way

This article examines the development of Russian women's citizenship from the standpoint of the theory of citizenship and describes the main directions and milestones of its formation on the historical material. The article proves that the main subjects of the setting up of women's citizenship on the one hand are the women's, feminist, suffragist movement, which put the problems of its social (gender) group before the authorities and sought their solution. On the other hand, there are ‘broad masses of women’, i.e. women of various classes and social groups, who, by changing their daily practices, actually expanded their civil rights and duties. The History of Russian Women as a historical discipline in recent years has accumulated significant factual material about various aspects of the life of Russian women, which made possible such a historical and sociological analysis of the phenomenon of women's citizenship in Russia.

scholarly journals KARAKTER DAN PERILAKU MILINEAL: PELUANG ATAU ANCAMAN BONUS DEMOGRAFI

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 10-22
Author(s):  
Suci Prasarti ◽  
Erik Teguh Prakoso
Keyword(s):  
Data Collection ◽  
Human Resources ◽  
Millennial Generation ◽  
National Development ◽  
Qualitative Approach ◽  
The Other ◽  
Economic Conditions ◽  
Central Problem ◽  
Unique Character ◽  
Other Hand

ABSTRACT The central problem of this research is the issue of demographic bonus and millineal generation whose impact can be an opportunity or threat to the sustainability and progress of the development of the Indonesian nation. The purpose of this research is to find indicators of character and milineal behavior and analyze the potential opportunities and threats. This study uses a qualitative approach using observation, interview, and documentation data collection techniques. The results of the study concluded that millennial generation has a unique character based on region and socio-economic conditions. One of the main characteristics of millennial generation is that it is characterized by a very literate digital, communicative, and multitasking technology. Being raised by technological advancements, this generation has creative, informative, passionate and productive characteristics. If the unique characteristics of this milineal are understood and facilitated optimally, it will be an opportunity for the development of productive human resources that will become the nation's development capital. On the other hand, the characteristics of this generation will be a threat to national development if not understood and facilitated according to their potential and passion. ABSTRAKProblematika sentral riset ini adalah isu bonus demografi dan generasi milineal yang dampaknya dapat menjadi peluang atau ancaman terhadap keberlangsungan dan kemajuan pembangunan bangsa Indonesia. Tujuan penelitian adalah menemukan indikator karakter dan perilkau milineal serta menganalisis potensi peluang dan ancamannya. Penelitian ini memnggunakan hampiran kualitatif dengan menggunakan teknik pengumpulan  data observasi, wawancara, dan dokumentasi. Hasil penelitian menyimpulkan bahwa generasi milenial memiliki karakter unik berdasarkan wilayah dan kondisi sosial-ekonomi. Salah satu ciri utama generasi milenial adalah ditandai oleh  sangat melek teknologi digital, komunikatif, dan multitasking. Karena dibesarkan oleh kemajuan teknologi, generasi ini memiliki ciri-ciri kreatif, informatif, mempunyai passion dan produktif. Bila karakteristik khas dari milineal ini  dipahami dan difasilitasi secara optimal akan menjadi peluang terbangunnya sumber daya manusia yang produktif sehingga akan menjadi modal pembangunan bangsa. Sebaliknya karakteristk generasi milineal ini akan menjadi ancaman pembangunan bangsa apabila tidak dipamahami dan difasilitasi sesuai dengan potensi dan passionnya.

scholarly journals New crime reality as a result of the new socio-economic conditions of development of Russia

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 168-174
Author(s):  
A L Sitkovsky ◽  
Y V Latov
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Economic Conditions ◽  
National Economic ◽  
Systemic Transformation ◽  
The World ◽  
Economic Reality ◽  
New Challenges ◽  
National Economic Development ◽  
The One

General characteristics of long-term changes of the criminal situation in Russia, 2000-2010-ies. By analogy with the concept of«new economic reality» used to describe the current conditions of national economic development, proposed the concept of «new criminalreality». It is, on the one hand, the completion of overcoming the catastrophic consequences of the transformational crisis of the 1990s (thereturn of criminal homicide to the level of the 1980s, the decline of threats of terrorism), and on the other hand, the growth of the valuesof the new criminal challenges and threats. Most important among these new challenges and threats - cybercrime, the crime of migrantsand institutional corruption. Stressed economic determinism new criminal threats and challenges, the growth of which is associated notso much with the failures of the Ministry of internal Affairs, as with the systemic transformation of socio-economic institutions in Russiaand around the world. The article used data from the departmental statistics of the MVD of Russia.

Transformation of living spaces – Changes in functional aspect

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 241-247
Author(s):  
Mimoza Sylejmani
Keyword(s):  
Residential Buildings ◽  
The Other ◽  
Economic Conditions ◽  
Social Changes ◽  
Functional Aspect ◽  
Spatial Change ◽  
Apartment Buildings ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Spatial Aspect

Abstract Ensuring the provision of suitable living units remains one of the most challenging issues among the architects. The economic conditions in Kosovo represent one of the factors that influenced the functional and spatial change in multi-apartment buildings. Taking into account the passing of time, economic conditions, the requirements and needs of the communities change, those affects change in the functional and spatial aspect. The construction of multi-apartment and individual buildings, as well as other buildings with other uses in the center of the cities represents a delicate issue. On the other hand, the need for reconstruction and re-destination of usage of the existing residential buildings is becoming an important topic for the society in Kosovo. The issue is somewhat sensitive regarding the multi-apartment residential buildings, given that the usable surface is increasingly limited. The next challenge for the architects will be the treatment of the existing areas, their adaption in harmony with the requirements of the new generations, social changes that Kosovo is dealing with. The entire endeavor to reach a more comfortable solution is realized through treatment of the residential spaces not only in function wise, as well as in the exterior, through the transparence in architecture. The aim of the paper is to show transformation of the living spaces through real example, in Prishtina.

The Causes and Consequences of Adopting a Works Council

2008 ◽  
Vol 228 (5-6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kornelius Kraft ◽  
Julia Lang
Keyword(s):  
Employment Growth ◽  
Job Security ◽  
The Other ◽  
Economic Conditions ◽  
Works Councils ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Employment Security ◽  
Business Conditions ◽  
Works Council ◽  
The One

SummaryThis paper reports on the results of a study on the determinants of the introduction of a works council and its consequences. We consider the effects of expectations concerning the economic conditions of a firm on the probability of adopting a works council. This is done, on the one hand, by use of employees' expectations on employment security and, on the other hand, by including forecasts of the management concerning employment growth and business conditions. Secondly, the effects of the introduction of works councils on wages and overtime working are investigated. Works councils are introduced when employees are concerned about job security. After the introduction of a works council the concerns about job security are less pronounced.

scholarly journals Rising significance of globalization in international relations

2017 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-32
Author(s):  
Tadeusz Sporek
Keyword(s):  
International Relations ◽  
Social Interactions ◽  
Mass Exchange ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
The Other ◽  
Economic Conditions ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Negative Results ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The World

Globalization should be treated as a process of spreading, in the world scale, the connections which are typical for the local economic conditions. This phenomenon is associated with the creation of transnational culture and progressively deepening network of social interactions. The mass exchange of people, commodities, services and capitol on the global scale is carried out through modern means of communication and transport technologies. This process includes also long-distance migration of people. The globalization can mean both potential profits and new chances, but on the other hand, it can cause serious threats and huge challenges. A direction of its development and prevention from its negative results, depends on possibilities to influence this process by particular countries and grouping, including societies. It is obvious, that the present shape of the globalization bears injustice, increases inequalities and threats, so is must be corrected to a common favour.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document