Theory of the Lyric: a Prototypical Approach

2017 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Klaus W. Hempfer

AbstractProceeding from a distinction between ›poetry‹ and ›lyric‹, the present article outlines a prototype theory of the lyric as transhistorical mode. As such the lyric prototype cannot be defined by means of empirical tests, but is a theoretical construct that presupposes the knowledge of highly diverse discursive systems and traditions and the recourse to interpretative-hermeneutic methods for its validity. The model of the prototypical lyric the article proposes is based on four interdependent components: (1) a speech situation characterised by an I-here-now deixis; (2) a represented situation which comes into being in and through the simultaneous speech act based on an identical deixis; (3) a fiction of performativity whose performative character results from the simultaneity and coincidence of speech situation and represented situation, and whose fictionality is based on the fact that the relation of simultaneity is text-internal, thus ›staged‹, and does not conform to the communicative situation between producer and recipient; and finally (4) a lack of, or an asymmetry in, the relationship between speaker and addressee, in as far as the speaker has the ›licence‹ to either perform a locutionary act directly and without any explicit motivation or addressee, or to explicitly address recipients. Unlike in normal

2020 ◽  
Vol 48 (5) ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Hongwu Xiao ◽  
Donghan Wang ◽  
Xiaohan Liu ◽  
Yi Liu

We applied role theory to test a theoretical model that explained how and why an implicit prototype match influences employees' proactive behavior in interpersonal contexts. After analyzing the reliability and validity of the variables, we used correlation and regression analyses to test our hypotheses with 342 participants from enterprises in China. The results show that (a) a stronger implicit prototype match increased employees' proactive behavior, (b) leader–member exchange mediated the relationship between implicit prototype match and proactive behavior, and (c) leader–member liking (employee's liking for leader and vice versa) moderated the relationship between implicit prototype match and leader–member exchange. Our findings provide theoretical support for implicit prototype theory from the implicit match perspective and have managerial implications for organizations seeking to improve employees' proactive behavior.


SUHUF ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 321-342
Author(s):  
Fathur Rosyid

Abstrak Kata Kunci: Pragamtik, Tindak Tutur, Implikatur, Kisah Sayyidah Maryam   Kisah Sayyidah Maryam dalam al-Qur’a>n merupakan salah-satu kisah yang menarik dikaji dengan pendekatan pragmatik. Hal ini disebabkan, secara tekstual, beliau adalah publik figur yang fenomenal, bahkan mengalahkan status sosial perempuan lainnya, sehingga namanya terdokumentasikan dalam satu surat khusus yang populer dengan sebutan ”Surat Maryam”. Kecuali itu, kisah tersebut juga termasuk kisah yang kaya dengan nuansa konteks. Sementara posisi ilmu prgamatik sendiri  merupakan disiplin keilmuan yang mengkaji satuan bahasa dari sudut pandang relasi antara konteks linguistik yang bersifat diadik dan konteks non-linguistik yang bersifat triadik. Penelitian ini hendak mengungkap dua hal; Pertama, apa yang dimaksud pragmatika al-Qur’a>n?. Kedua, bagaimana bentuk aplikasi pragmatik tindak tutur dan implikatur terhadap fragmentasi kisah kelahiran Sayyidah Maryam dalam al-Qur’an?. Tujuan kedua pertanyaan tersebut untuk memahami konsep prgamtika al-Qur’an, juga untuk mengungkap bentuk tindak tutur dan implikatur fragmentasi kisah kelahiran Sayyidah Maryam. Penelitian ini menghasilkan kesimpulan; Pertama, pragmatika al-Qur’an adalah suatu disiplin ilmu yang mengkaji al-Qur’a>n dari sudut pandang relasi antara konteks kebahasaan dengan konteks non-kebahasaan. Kedua, tindak tutur fragmentasi kisah kelahiran Sayyidah Maryam yang terdapat dalam Qs. A<li ‘Imra>n (03): 36, lokusinya berupa kalimat informatif, sementara illokusinya merupakan bentuk kalimat asertif yang bermakna mengeluh. Adapun implikaturnya sebagai pelajaran, bahwa jika segala sesuatu telah dipasrahkan sama Allah swt. maka tidak pantas mencari kesalahan atas peraturan yang telah ditetapkan-Nya.               Abstract Keywords: Pragamtik, Speech Acts, implicatures, Story of Sayyidah Maryam   The story of Sayyidah Maryam in the al-Qur'a>n is one-on-one interesting stories studied with a pragmatic approach. This is due, textually, he is a public figure who is phenomenal, even beating out other women's social status, so the name is documented in a special letter that is popularly known as "Surah Maryam". Except that, the story also included a story rich with nuances of context. While the position pragamatic science itself is a scientific discipline that examines unit of language from the perspective of the relationship between linguistic context that is both dyadic and non-linguistic context that is triadic. This research seeks to reveal two things; First, what is meant pragmatic al-Qur'a>n?. Second, how the application form pragmatics of speech acts and implicatures to fragmentation birth story of Sayyidah Maryam in the al-Qur'a>n?. The second purpose of these questions to understand the concept pragamtic al-Qur'a>n, as well as to reveal the shape of speech acts and implicatures fragmentation of the birth story of Sayyidah Maryam. This research resulted in the conclusion; First, the pragmatics of the al-Qur’a>n is a discipline that examines al-Qur'a>n from the viewpoint of the relationship between linguistic context with non-linguistic context. Second, the speech act fragmentation birth story of Sayyidah Maryam contained in Qs. A<li 'Imra>n (03): 36, locutionary acts be informative sentence, while illocutionary acts an assertive form meaningful sentences complaining. The implicature as a lesson, that if everything was handled the same God, it is inappropriate to find fault with the regulations set his.


Author(s):  
Craige Roberts

This essay sketches an approach to speech acts in which mood does not semantically determine illocutionary force. The conventional content of mood determines the semantic type of the clause in which it occurs, and, given the nature of discourse, that type most naturally lends itself to a particular type of speech act, i.e. one of the three basic types of language game moves—making an assertion (declarative), posing a question (interrogative), or proposing to one’s addressee(s) the adoption of a goal (imperative). There is relative consensus about the semantics of two of these, the declarative and interrogative; and this consensus view is entirely compatible with the present proposal about the relationship between the semantics and pragmatics of grammatical mood. Hence, the proposal is illustrated with the more controversial imperative.


The essays collected in this book represent recent advances in our understanding of speech acts-actions like asserting, asking, and commanding that speakers perform when producing an utterance. The study of speech acts spans disciplines, and embraces both the theoretical and scientific concerns proper to linguistics and philosophy as well as the normative questions that speech acts raise for our politics, our societies, and our ethical lives generally. It is the goal of this book to reflect the diversity of current thinking on speech acts as well as to bring these conversations together, so that they may better inform one another. Topics explored in this book include the relationship between sentence grammar and speech act potential; the fate of traditional frameworks in speech act theory, such as the content-force distinction and the taxonomy of speech acts; and the ways in which speech act theory can illuminate the dynamics of hostile and harmful speech. The book takes stock of well over a half century of thinking about speech acts, bringing this classicwork in linewith recent developments in semantics and pragmatics, and pointing the way forward to further debate and research.


2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 463-481
Author(s):  
Susanna Bithiah Varma ◽  
Shamala Paramasivam ◽  
Vahid Nimehchisalem

AbstractThis study analyses leadership apologies to gain insights into effective leadership performance from the perspective of apologising. The study explores Obama’s leadership qualities that are projected through his apology discourse mainly the strategies used to construct his apologies and values that emerge from them. The study concluded that leadership should be versatile for a leader to be able to perform efficiently in crucial situations. It is important for a leader to have the ability to blend strategies to display good values to perform the speech act of apology well because in doing so, they will be able to bind themselves in good rapport with their followers which creates unity in the relationship. The significance of the study can be viewed in the potential to reframe apology as an empowering act that can positively impact leaders’ image rather than an act that is viewed as taboo or ineffective for leadership.


Lampas ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 52 (4) ◽  
pp. 437-452
Author(s):  
Gerard Boter

Summary The present article discusses three hotly debated interpretational issues in Diotima´s speech in Plato´s Symposium. The first of these is the relationship of Diotima´s speech to other dialogues, such as the Phaedo and the Republic, with regard to the immortality of the soul. It is argued that there is no discrepancy at all, because the immortality of the soul does not play any role in the Symposium. The second issue is the nature of the three classes of posterity: biological, spiritual and philosophical. Whereas the posterity of the first two classes can be relatively easily defined, the character of the philosopher´s posterity, ‘true virtue’, remains rather vague. It may consist in dialectical teaching of the Idea of Beauty by Socrates. Thirdly, it is argued that the philosopher´s immortality differs only gradually from the immortality of the other two classes, that is, the philosopher as a man only survives by means of his posterity.


Author(s):  
Yulianah Prihatin

The purpose of this article is to find out the illocutionary speech acts of Sandiaga Uno in the mata najwa talk show in TRANS 7 based on the form and type. The data obtained by the author comes from the utterances spoken by Sandiaga Uno in the Mata Najwa talk show on TRANS 7 which is re-aired on Najwa Shihab's Youtube channel April 15, 2021. The author collects data using listening and note-taking techniques. A speech act is an utterance that contains action as a functional unit in communication that considers aspects of the speech situation. Speech acts are classified into three, namely locutionary speech acts, illocutionary speech acts, and perlocutionary speech acts. In this article, the writer analyzes the illocutionary speech acts. Illocutionary speech acts are speech acts that are usually interpreted with explicit performative sentences. Based on the results of data analysis, it can be concluded that the forms of illocutionary speech acts obtained are declarative and imperative forms. While the types of illocutionary speech acts obtained are assertive, directive, and expressive.


1981 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 91-109
Author(s):  
Lars Heltoft

This paper argues that Jürgen Habermas' theory of universal pragmatics is valuable for semantic and text-linguistic theory. Habermas' distinctions between communicative action (Kommunikatives Handeln) and discourse (Diskurs; debate on the validity of statements) are reflected in linguistic structure, as is his distinction between the four dimensions involved in every speech, act: comprehensibility, truth, sincerity, and correctness. The primary question is: Given that Habermas' distinctions are universal, what means of signalling them do natural languages contain? The present article limits itself to contrastive focus and epistemic verbs. The application of contrastive focus, to epistemic verbs enables speakers to mark the distinction between communicative action and discourse (the level of debate) and to clarify the dimension, under debate: comprehensibility, truth, sincerity, or correctness.


2020 ◽  
Vol 17 ◽  
pp. 81-93
Author(s):  
Małgorzata Puto

The aim of the present article is to analyze the relationship between the city and the protagonists of Giuseppe Culicchia’s texts. The methodological perspective is that of cultural anthropology, in particular the concept of mente locale, discussed by Franco La Cecla. Mente locale, as a relationship between space and human mind, is vital in the act of getting lost in space (perdersi), which leads to getting to know it (orientarsi) and finally initiating the profound relationship based on emotivity. Culicchia’s texts are set in Turin, and the study points out the different ways of perception of the city. The analyzed texts represents the gradual acquisition of knowledge about the city that corresponds to the theoretical thesis that is how the anthropology of space and place illustrates the conceptual and material dimensions of space which is central to the production of social life, bringing classics of cultural anthropology together with new theoretical approaches.


2019 ◽  
Vol 78 (311) ◽  
pp. 679
Author(s):  
José Reinaldo Felipe Martins Filho

Este artigo tenta suscitar algumas pistas de reflexão sobre o protagonismo laical presente no catolicismo popular brasileiro, tendo como mote superar uma leitura meramente dicotômica e de oposição entre as esferas do oficial e do popular. Vale-se, para isso, de conceitos já consolidados pelas pesquisas em Teologia e Ciências da Religião, bem como de suas interfaces com a Antropologia, a Filosofia e a Sociologia. Entre as principais características do catolicismo popular que apontam para o protagonismo dos leigos estão a dimensão comunitária, a capacidade de ressignificação espaçotemporal e identitária e a ausência de intermediadores na relação entre céu e terra, como é o caso dos santos. Trata-se de um vasto e rico horizonte a ser explorado, cuja contribuição também alcança nossas atuais discussões sobre a identidade dos cristãos leigos. Abstract: The present article is an attempt to rise some reflecting clues on the lay protagonism presents in the Brazilian popular Catholicism, aiming at overcoming a merely dichotomous reading and opposition between official and popular spheres.  In this way, it is worth to recur to concepts already established by researches in Theology, Religion Science, as well as their interfaces with Antropology, Philosophy and Sociology. Among the main characteristics of popular Catholicism that point out in the direction of the lay Christian  are communitarian dimention, capacity of  identity espacio-temporal resignification and the absence of mediators such as saints, in the relationship between  Heaven and Earth. The subject matter, whose contribution meets our current discussions  about identity and lay Christians, is of great amplitude and still needs to be explored in depth.Keywords: Lay protagonism; Popular Catholicism; Identity.


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