Ancient Latin grammarians on suppletion

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucie Pultrová
Keyword(s):  
Native Speaker ◽  
Peak Point ◽  
Lexical Items ◽  
Analyze Data

Abstract The term “suppletion”, introduced by Osthoff (1899. Vom Suppletivwesen der indogermanischen Sprachen. Heidelberg: Universitätsbuchdruckerei Hörning), was traditionally used to refer to an inflectional paradigm containing forms based on two or more etymologically different stems. In the last decades, however, it has been argued that etymology does not contribute to our understanding of the phenomenon, and it should be strictly defined on synchronic terms: simply as the peak point on the formal irregularity scale, regardless of the actual origin of the irregularity. Under this approach, all forms reported by speakers as two potentially different lexical items are considered to be suppletive. To be able to determine what users of a living language consider to be a case of suppletion, it is possible to analyze data collected from speakers. The situation is considerably more difficult for dead languages, which however have played an important role in the debate and provided many of the canonical examples. As a closest equivalent to eliciting the required information from a native speaker, the informed but from the present-day perspective naïve expressions of linguistic introspection in the works of Late Latin Grammarians, namely their use of specific terms (defectivum, anomalum, inaequale) to refer to different degrees and lexical examples of irregularity, are highly valuable, as it also may reflect the difficulties confronted by non-native learners.

Valency and English learners’ thesauri

2018 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 326-361 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jun Gao ◽  
Haitao Liu
Keyword(s):  
English Learners ◽  
Native Speaker ◽  
Theoretical Framework ◽  
Lexical Information ◽  
Distinctive Features ◽  
Learner Corpus ◽  
Learner Corpora ◽  
Pragmatic Information ◽  
Chinese Learners ◽  
Lexical Items

Abstract Learners’ thesauri do not simply offer an inventory of semantically related lexical items but explicate their nuances and furnish users with rich syntactic, semantic, and pragmatic information. Adopting the theoretical framework of valency, this study examines the distinctive features of two English learners’ thesauri, the Oxford Learner’s Thesaurus: A Dictionary of Synonyms (OLT) and the Longman Language Activator (LLA). Furthermore, the study, supported by learner corpus evidence, empirically assesses the usefulness of OLT and LLA in Chinese learners’ writing. The results demonstrate that learners’ thesauri can generally meet the practical needs of users in writing through providing a range of synonyms and syntactic patterns, including abundant information on semantic collocations, and offering rich pragmatic information regarding registers and emotive variables. The results also show some defects in OLT and LLA, such as their failure to present specific syntactic patterns, including those frequently used in Chinese learners’ compositions. It is then suggested that the compilation of learners’ thesauri draw upon the ways in which lexical information is presented in the English Valency Dictionary, and that learner corpora and native speaker corpora be combined to improve their usefulness.

Grammatical gender assignment in French: dispelling the native speaker myth

2017 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 113-148 ◽  
Author(s):  
DALILA AYOUN
Keyword(s):  
Native Speakers ◽  
Native Speaker ◽  
Grammatical Gender ◽  
Gender Effects ◽  
Gender Assignment ◽  
Lexical Items ◽  
And Gender

ABSTRACTThis study highlights the complexity of French grammatical gender as a lexical property at the interface of morpho-phonology and the lexicon. French native speakers (n = 168) completed a gender assignment task with written stimuli illustrating common versus uncommon nouns, vowel-initial versus consonant-initial nouns, compounds and grammatical homonyms; they also indicated the strategies they used to assign a gender to stimuli. The findings showed strong lexical and gender effects suggesting that grammatical gender must be acquired for individual lexical items as morpho-phonological cues alone are unreliable and vary greatly.

scholarly journals Words in Sheep’s Clothing

2006 ◽  
Vol 3 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 51-62
Author(s):  
Dušan Gabrovšek
Keyword(s):  
Native Speaker ◽  
Actual Usage ◽  
The Status ◽  
Lexical Items ◽  
Derivatives Of ◽  
English Monolingual

The paper focuses on various types of dictionary words, i.e. infrequent and rather uncommon words often listed in comprehensive monolingual English dictionaries but virtually nonexistent in actual usage. These are typically learned derivatives of Greek or Latin origin that are given as unlabeled synonyms of everyday vocabulary items. Their inclusion seems to stem from the application of two different bits of lexicographic philosophy: great respect for matters classical and the principle of comprehensiveness. Seen from this perspective, descriptive corpus-based lexicography is still too weak. While in large native-speaker-oriented dictionaries of English such entries do not seem to cause any harm, they can be positively dangerous in EFL/ESL environments, because using them can easily lead to strange or downright incomprehensible lexical items. Learners are advised to be careful and check the status of such “dubious” items also in English monolingual learners’ dictionaries, in which dictionary words are virtually nonexistent.

scholarly journals Coping with Lexical Gaps: Use of Compensatory Strategies by Iranian EFL Students

2014 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alireza Hojati ◽  
Akbar Mirzaee
Keyword(s):  
Native Speaker ◽  
Native Language ◽  
Strategy Use ◽  
Intermediate Level ◽  
Target Language ◽  
Linguistic Knowledge ◽  
Compensatory Strategies ◽  
Advanced Level ◽  
Efl Students ◽  
Lexical Items

Learners of English as a non-native anguage unavoidably confront situations in which insufficiency of their linguistic knowledge presents them with difficulties. There are also case in which the absence of some native-language lexical items in the target language is the source of problems the learners have to grapple with. This  study focused on the phenomenon known as ˜lexical gap .The aim was to identify and examine the use of compensatory strategies employed by Iranian EFL students in coping with lexical gaps.To this end, number of Iranian undergraduate EFL students were selected and then split into two groups of intermediate-level and advanced-level. Both groups were given two written tasks requiring them to introduce eight Farsi words with no English counterparts to a typical native speaker of English. The analysis of data revealed  well as the existence of some surprising differences between the frequencies of strategy use by the two groups.

scholarly journals Expressing authorial self in research articles written by Polish and English native-speaker writers: A corpus-based study

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 621-642 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Hryniuk
Keyword(s):  
Native Speaker ◽  
Native English Speakers ◽  
Research Articles ◽  
Striking Difference ◽  
Writing For Publication ◽  
Frequency Of Use ◽  
Lexical Items ◽  
Anglo American ◽  
The Given

This cross-linguistic and cross-cultural, corpus-based study explores the notion of writer identity expressed through self-reference. The study examines how writers from two cultural regions – Polish and Anglo-American – construct a credible representation of themselves in writing. That is, it investigates the differences and similarities in the frequency of use, and the role of first person pronouns and determiners, in the corpora of 40 research articles in the area of applied linguistics – 20 written by Polish authors in English, published in Polish institutions, and 20 by native English speakers, published in Anglophone journals. Additionally, the frequency of use and the role of nominal lexical items referring to the writers, such as the author(s) and the researcher(s), are explored. The location of pronouns, determiners and the lexical items in the IMRD structure (Introduction-Method-Results-Discussion) is also researched, as certain types of pronouns and determiners were expected to occur in the given sections, depending on their functions. The results clearly show that there is a striking difference between the use of pronouns and determiners in the texts written by the two groups of writers. The findings carry important implications for formulating clearer instructions and developing appropriate writing strategies by novices writing for publication in EFL.

Well I’m not sure I think… The use of well by non-native speakers

2011 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 231-254 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karin Aijmer
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Native Speakers ◽  
Native Speaker ◽  
Efl Learners ◽  
Pragmatic Markers ◽  
Management Problems ◽  
Similarities And Differences ◽  
Lexical Items

Pragmatic markers are an important part of the grammar of conversation and not simply markers of disfluency. They have a number of functions that help the speaker to organise the conversation and to express feelings and attitudes. Advanced EFL learners use frequent pragmatic markers such as well. However their use of well diverges from the native speaker norm. The present study uses data from the Swedish component of the LINDSEI corpus and its native speaker counterpart (LOCNEC) to examine similarities and differences between native and non-native speakers. The overall picture is that Swedish learners overuse well, although there are considerable individual differences. Thus learners use well above all as a fluency device to cope with speech management problems but underuse it for attitudinal purposes. Pragmatic markers cannot be taught in the same way as other lexical items but it is important to discuss how and where they are used.

scholarly journals Lexical Incorporation of Loanwords in the Sengwato Dialect of Setswana

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. p100
Author(s):  
Mahmoud S. Al Mahmoud
Keyword(s):  
Native Speaker ◽  
Semantic Content ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Sound Change ◽  
Change Processes ◽  
Lexical Items ◽  
Gender Based

This paper reports on the incorporation of lexical items into one of the well-known dialects of Setswana, namely Sengwato. A native speaker of the Sengwato dialect provided much of the data for this study. The data show that borrowings from English and Afrikaans Dutch adhere to the phonological canons of Sengwato via the application of a number of sound change processes such as lenition, fortition, affrication, palatalization and obstruent devoicing to name a few. In addition, the data demonstrate how lexical borrowings undergo gender-based classification when incorporated into Sengwato and are categorized into fourteen gender classes identified from the Swadesh list provided by the informant. The paper discusses how the semantic content of loanwords plays a vital role in their incorporation into the Sengwato dialect.

Lexical Comprehension in Young Children With Developmental Delays

1994 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 79-88 ◽  
Author(s):  
Theresa A. Kouri
Keyword(s):  
Young Children ◽  
Developmental Delays ◽  
Normal Development ◽  
Clinical Applications ◽  
Group Status ◽  
Novel Object ◽  
Related Information ◽  
Comprehension Skills ◽  
Lexical Items ◽  
Lexical Concepts

Lexical comprehension skills were examined in 20 young children (aged 28–45 months) with developmental delays (DD) and 20 children (aged 19–34 months) with normal development (ND). Each was assigned to either a story-like script condition or a simple ostensive labeling condition in which the names of three novel object and action items were presented over two experimental sessions. During the experimental sessions, receptive knowledge of the lexical items was assessed through a series of target and generalization probes. Results indicated that all children, irrespective of group status, acquired more lexical concepts in the ostensive labeling condition than in the story narrative condition. Overall, both groups acquired more object than action words, although subjects with ND comprehended more action words than subjects with DD. More target than generalization items were also comprehended by both groups. It is concluded that young children’s comprehension of new lexical concepts is facilitated more by a context in which simple ostensive labels accompany the presentation of specific objects and actions than one in which objects and actions are surrounded by thematic and event-related information. Various clinical applications focusing on the lexical training of young children with DD are discussed.

MOTIVASI MEMEDIASI PENGARUH PELATIHAN DAN LINGKUNGAN KERJA TERHADAP KINERJA KARYAWAN PT. TELKOM WITEL YOGYAKARTA

2020 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-88
Author(s):  
Tyas Tunjung Sari ◽  
Pandu Nuansa Luhur
Keyword(s):  
Work Environment ◽  
Significant Influence ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Employee Performance ◽  
Partial Least Square ◽  
Least Square ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Version 2.0 ◽  
Analyze Data

This study aims to determine the motivation of work to mediate the effect of training and work environment on employee performance at PT. Telkom Witel Yogyakarta Yogyakarta. The purpose of this study is to determine and analyze 1) the effect of training on employee performance at PT. Telkom Witel Yogyakarta 2) the effect of training on employee performance through motivation at PT. Telkom Witel Yogyakarta 3) the influence of the work environment on employee performance at PT. Telkom Witel Yogyakarta 4) the influence of the work environment on employee performance through motivation at PT. Telkom Witel Yogyakarta. This study uses primary data through research on 62 respondents. Structural Equation is used to analyze data, using PLS (Partial Least Square) version 2.0. The results of this study indicate that there are 1) positive and significant influence of training on employee performance 2) positive and significant influence of work environment on employee performance 3) positive and significant effect of training on employee performance through motivation 4) positive and significant influence of work environment on employee performance through motivation.

Feelings of Figures in Novel Notes Juang Fiersa Besari (Personality Ludwig Klages)

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 13
Author(s):  
Faridatus Soleha
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Approach ◽  
Personality Structure ◽  
Personality Theory ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Research Focus ◽  
The Third ◽  
Analyze Data

This study aims to describe the feelings of the characters in the novel Juang Notes by Fiersa Bersari and researchers analyze using personality theory originated by Ludwig Klages by focusing his study on the personality structure of feelings. Feeling is a process of someone accepting or rejecting something in life. This study uses a qualitative approach by using library techniques to obtain data that will produce a description of the words or sentences in the observed study. In the analysis of this research using the hermeutics technique, in the hermeutics technique there are several stages, namely reading the research object in this study in the form of a fighting journal, the second gives a mark on the data that has been obtained from the reading results, the third provides code or coding on the data that has been found, and the fourth is to analyze data that has been obtained from the object of research in accordance with the specified research focus. Novel Notes Juang by Fiersa Besari is a novel that can be used as an inspiration for readers in living life. Based on the results of the study it was found that in the Fighting Notes novel there is a feeling that is divided into inner activities and the level of clarity, inner activities in the novel in the form of fear and guilt while viewed from the level of clarity in the form of happiness, sadness and longing.

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