Expert advice about therapeutic exercise during pregnancy reduces the symptoms of sacroiliac dysfunction

2020 ◽  
Vol 48 (6) ◽  
pp. 559-565
Author(s):  
Manuela Filipec ◽  
Ratko Matijević
Keyword(s):  
Pain Intensity ◽  
Functional Disability ◽  
Expert Advice ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Strong Positive Correlation ◽  
Therapeutic Exercise ◽  
Analog Scale ◽  
And Control ◽  
Exercise During Pregnancy ◽  
In Pregnancy

AbstractObjectivesThere are growing evidence that exercise improves sacroiliac dysfunction symptoms in pregnant women; but no data about the effect of expert advice regarding this matter. The aim of this study was to assess the effectiveness of expert advice about therapeutic exercise on sacroiliac dysfunction in pregnancy.MethodsA total of 500 women with sacroiliac dysfunction diagnosed in pregnancy were randomized in study and control group. Study group has conducted expert advice on therapeutic exercise; while control group continued with their normal lifestyle. Pain intensity by Visual Analog Scale (VAS) and degree of functional disability by Quebec scale were assessed at enrolment and after 3 and 6 weeks.ResultsSignificantly better reduction in pain intensity assessed by VAS (p=0.001) and degree of functional disability assessed by Quebec scale (p=0.001) was noted in study compared to control group. Better results for both outcome measures were obtained if intervention was implemented earlier i.e., in second (p=0.001; p=0.001) compared to third (p=0.005; p=0.001) trimester. Strong positive correlation was found between pain intensity and degree of functional disability in both groups.ConclusionsExpert advice on therapeutic exercise is effective in reduction of sacroiliac dysfunction symptoms during pregnancy.Trial registrationACTRN12617000556347

scholarly journals Moxibustion as a Therapy for Breast Cancer–Related Lymphedema in Female Adults: A Preliminary Randomized Controlled Trial

2019 ◽  
Vol 18 ◽  
pp. 153473541986691 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chunhui Wang ◽  
Ming Yang ◽  
Yingyi Fan ◽  
Xiaohua Pei
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Scale Score ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Visual Analog Scale Score ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Analog Scale ◽  
Randomized Controlled ◽  
Arm Circumference ◽  
Breast Cancer Related Lymphedema ◽  
And Control

Objective: To evaluate the effect of moxibustion on relieving breast cancer–related lymphedema. Materials and Methods: A randomized controlled trial was conducted in our institution from March 2016 to March 2017. All patients (N = 48) with cancer-related lymphedema were allocated to 2 groups: a treatment group, in which moxibustion was performed, and a control group, in which pneumatic circulation was performed with compression garments worn every day. Therapeutic efficacy was evaluated by measuring arm circumference (wrist crease, 10 cm proximal to wrist crease, elbow crease, and 10 cm proximal to elbow crease) and determining the Revised Piper Fatigue Scale score and Visual Analog Scale score for swelling before and after treatment. Results: All patients were treated for 4 consecutive weeks. Compared with 0 week after treatment, the affected-side arm circumference after 4 weeks’ treatment decreased in both treatment and control groups; the difference value in the treatment group was superior to that in the control group. Compared with the controls, moxibustion resulted in a lower Visual Analog Scale score. The Revised Piper Fatigue total scores were improved in both the moxibustion and control group, and there was no significant difference between the 2 groups. Moxibustion reduced the behavioral, sensory, emotional, and cognitive Revised Piper Fatigue scores, but only the behavioral and sensory scores improved in the control group. Conclusion: Moxibustion has potential effect on breast cancer–related lymphedema. We present promising preliminary data for larger randomized trials to enable accurate evaluation of moxibustion as a lymphedema treatment.

scholarly journals PERIOPERATIVE ANESTHESIA: TO DO OR NOT TO DO?

2018 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 36-40
Author(s):  
S. A. Firsov ◽  
A. S. Lepilov ◽  
R. P. Matveev ◽  
V. S. Savinkin
Keyword(s):  
Hip Arthroplasty ◽  
Motor System ◽  
Main Group ◽  
Narcotic Analgesic ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Treatment Results ◽  
Analog Scale ◽  
And Control

Introduction. In patients with chronic loco-motor system diseases the pain often persists after arthroplasty and does not respond to symptomatic therapy.Purpose of study: to evaluate the efficacy of perioperative use of Meloxicam in patients after hip arthroplasty. Patients and methods. The follow-up covered 120 patients (mean age 64.4±5.23 years) after hip arthroplasty. In the main group (n=60) Meloxicam was given 7 days prior to and 3 weeks after surgery; after intervention narcotic analgesic was used on the request. In control group (n=60) the patients were only on narcotic analgesic on request after operation. Treatment results were assessed by 100-millimeter visual analog scale (VAS) and D’Aubigné-Postel Score.Results. Seven days before the surgery the pain severity in the main and control groups was comparable: 85±2.3 and 84±2.1, respectively. In 2 days after operation the pain relief was more pronounced in the main group — 69±2.1 mm versus 82±3.4 mm in the control group (p0.05). In 3 months those indices made up 10±2.1 and 35±12.6 mm (p0.001), respectively. In the main group the result was assessed as the excellent and good in 22 patients, in the rest of patients as satisfactory by d’Aubigné-Postel Score. In the control group the good result was recorded in 9, satisfactory — in 47 and poor — in 4 cases.Conclusion. Meloxicam may be considered as an effective perioperative analgesic in large joints arthroplasty.

P6290Enhanced IL-6/pSTAT3/fibroblast signaling pathway contributes to spontaneous postoperative atrial fibrillation in a novel simulated cardiac surgery mouse model

2019 ◽  
Vol 40 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Y Liu ◽  
F Wu ◽  
Y Wu ◽  
Y Deng ◽  
Y Xiao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Path Analysis ◽  
Causal Relationship ◽  
Connexin 43 ◽  
Elisa Test ◽  
Collagen I ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Strong Positive Correlation ◽  
Collagen Iii ◽  
Unit Increase ◽  
And Control

Abstract Background Cumulative evidences have shown that IL-6 in atrium might play an important role in the pathogenesis of postoperative AF (POAF) via activation of atrial fibrosis in patients undergoing CABG. However, whether atria produces IL-6 after the stimulation of CABG and its causal relationship with spontaneous POAF (sPOAF) and its specific pathways is still unclear. Purpose To test the hypothesis that atrium will produce IL-6 after CABG and causes sustained sPOAF (ssPOAF) through activating pSTAT3-mediated fibroblast proliferation. Methods To determine the causal relationship between IL-6 and sPOAF, IL-6−/− and wild type (WT) mice were both divided into three groups (10 mice/group): CABG group (NAI, mimic CABG), anti-inflammatory group (AI, mimic CABG with pericardial administration of methylprednisolone for 3 days via chest tube), and control group (anesthesia only). Mice were monitored for ssPOAF for 7 days using implanted telemetry device. Another two sets of mice, using the same models mentioned above, were euthanatized at 48th hours postoperatively. The atria of one set animals were excised and separated into pericardium (PC), pulmonary vein (PV), left atrium (LA), and right atrium (RA) and cultured for 4 hours. IL-6 levels in the supernatant were measured at 10 min and 4 hours of culture using ELISA test. The region producing the largest amount of IL-6 in the other set of animals was harvested for analyzing expressions of IL-6, pSTAT3/STAT3, connexin 43 and 40, fibroblast deposition, and collagen I and III. Path analysis was performed to determine the causal relationship of CABG induced IL-6 release, pSTAT3/fibroblast signaling, and the onset of ssPOAF. Results 40% NAI-WT mice developed ssPOAF (Figure 1A) which was completely protected in IL-6−/− and AI groups. IL-6 was produced by all 4 atrial regions at 4hrs after CABG stimulation with the LA producing the highest amount. Western blotting (Figure 1B), RT-CPR, Masson staining, and immunofluorescence all showed a significantly upregulation of IL-6, pSTAT3/STAT3, fibroblasts, collagen I and III, and downregulation of Cx40 an 43 in NAI-WT mice, but not in IL-6−/− and AI mice. IL-6 was colocalized with vimentin to a large extent in cytoplasm (Figure 1C). IL-6 had strong positive correlation with pSTAT3/STAT3, collagen I and III (all r>0.700, P<0.001), moderate and weak negative correlation with Cx40 and 43 (r=−0.505, P<0.001; r=−0.307, P=0.048, respectively). Path analysis (Figure 1D) revealed that every 1 unit increase in IL-6 upregulated a 0.589 unit increase in ssPOAF, which was mediated by pSTAT3/collagen indirectly and collagen I/ collagen III directly. Conclusion Our study, for the first time, to the best of our knowledge, established a novel pathophysiological role of IL-6/pSTAT3/fibroblast signaling in the pathogenesis of ssPOAF and demonstrated that inhibition of atrial IL-6 might be a potential novel sPOAF prevention strategy. Acknowledgement/Funding The National Natural Science Foundation (No.81170170)

scholarly journals Platelet count estimation: a prognostic index in pregnancy induced hypertension

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 476
Author(s):  
Aakriti Gupta ◽  
Jyoti Hak ◽  
Isha Sunil ◽  
Amita Gupta
Keyword(s):  
Platelet Count ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Prognostic Index ◽  
Disease Process ◽  
Late Pregnancy ◽  
Control Group ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference ◽  
And Control ◽  
In Pregnancy

Background: Hypertension in pregnancy is one of the serious complications of pregnancy with an incidence of 5% to 7% of all pregnancies, particularly in cases with preeclampsia and eclampsia. Though platelet count during pregnancy is within the normal non pregnant reference values, there is a tendency for the platelet count to fall in late pregnancy. The frequency and intensity of maternal thrombocytopenia varies and is dependent on the intensity of the disease process and duration of PIH syndrome.Methods: A prospective observational study was conducted on 200 pregnant women attending OPD Or Inpatients in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, SMGS Hospital, GMC Jammu from November 2015 to October 2016. Pregnant women beyond 28 weeks gestation of pregnancy are included and divided into two groups i.e. the study and control group. Platelet counts will be done every 4 weeks in controls and weekly in subjects from 28 weeks till delivery.Results: The mean platelet count observed among cases of mild preecclampsia, severe preeclampsia and ecclampsia was 2.26, 1.63 and 0.99 lakh/mm3 respectively. The difference in mean platelet count among cases and controls was statistically significant. The association of platelet count with severity of different categories of PIH was analysed statistically and was highly significant.Conclusions: Platelet count is a very important investigation for the antenatal mother having PIH, as it is directly related to maternal and perinatal outcome. Routine and regular monitoring of platelet count can be included in the routine antenatal checkup among the pregnant women with PIH.

scholarly journals Improving listening comprehension skills relying on metacognitive strategies - focus on vocabulary and specific l2 instruction

2016 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 301-320
Author(s):  
Danica Jerotijevic-Tisma
Keyword(s):  
Listening Comprehension ◽  
Metacognitive Strategies ◽  
Metacognitive Awareness ◽  
Target Language ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Strong Positive Correlation ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Foreign Language Learners ◽  
Efl Students ◽  
And Control

The present paper aims at investigating the application of an instructional method specifically focused on the expansion of metacognitive awareness and its effect on Serbian EFL students? listening comprehension. The current study is a follow-up research of a similar study by Vandergrift and Tafaghodtari (2010). However, we sought to expand the previous research by investigating the relationship between the students? current level of L2 (target language) vocabulary and listening test scores. Our study likewise differed in the sample of participants, the target language, teaching and testing material used, and the duration of the very experiment. To answer the proposed research questions we conducted an experiment with 57 Serbian secondary school EFL (English as a Foreign Language) learners divided into experimental (n=27) and control group (n=30). The results of the pre- and post-tests of the two groups showed the beneficial effects of developing metacognitive strategies and the strong positive correlation between the level of vocabulary and listening comprehension. The paper underlines important pedagogical implications especially regarding the enhancement of metacognitive awareness and vocabulary proficiency of students in order to improve performance on listening comprehension tasks.

scholarly journals MASASE MENGURANGI NYERI PERSALINAN PADA IBU BERSALIN

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 726-730
Author(s):  
Nopita Yanti Sitorus ◽  
Maimunah R
Keyword(s):  
Pain Management ◽  
Pain Intensity ◽  
Intervention Group ◽  
Active Phase ◽  
Labor Pain ◽  
Survey Study ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
And Control ◽  
Maternity Clinic

Introduction: Labor pain management can be implemented both non pharmacologically and pharmacologically. It can be done non pharmacologically without using drugs such as relaxation, massage, acupressure, acupuncture, hot or cold compresses and aromatherapy, while pharmacologically through the use of drugs. Non-pharmacological pain management is more secure, simpler, no bad side effect and reffering to mother caring than pharmacological pain management that potentially have adverse effect.Purpose: To identify the effect of massage on mothers’ pain during first stage labor. Method: This is an analytical survey study with cross sectional method. It was taken place in Hadijah Maternity Clinic which is located in Medan. It was conducted from January to July 2021. The populations were 38 mothers who gave birth physiologically, that complained pain during first stage labor in Hadijah Maternity Clinic. The samples were part of the number and characteristics possessed by the population. There were 38 women chosen as the sample of the study that devided into 2 groups; control group and intervention group.Results: The rate of pain intensity in intervention group before the massage was about 7,26 and after the massage was 4,74 with the value p=0,000. Whereas in control group, the rate of pain intensity before the massage was 7,00 and after the massage 6,16 with value p=0,007. So that the comparison after the massage which was carried out in the intervention and control groups obtained value p=0,001Conclusion: There is a significant effect of the massage on the reduction of mothers’ labor pain during first stage labor. Suggestion clinics and hospitals to use the massage method as an intervention in reducing labor pain in the active phase of the first stage Key words: Massage, Labor Pain, First Stage Labor ABSTRAKPendahuluan : Manajemen nyeri persalinan dapat diterapkan secara non farmakologis dan farmakologis. Pendekatan secara non farmakologis tanpa penggunaan obat-obatan seperti relaksasi, masase, akupresur, akupunktur, kompres panas atau dingin dan aromaterapi, sedangkan secara farmakologis melalui penggunaan obat-obatan. Manajemen nyeri non farmakologis lebih aman, sederhana dan tidak menimbulkan efek merugikan serta mengacu kepada asuhan sayang ibu, dibandingkan dengan metode farmakologi yang berpotensi mempunyai efek yang merugikanTujuan : Mengidentifikasi pengaruh metode masase terhadap nyeri persalinan pada ibu inpartu kala I fase aktif. Metode : Jenis penelitian kuantitatif pendekatan quasy ekspreimen Lokasi penelitian di RB Hadijah yang terletak di Kota Medan. Penelitian dilakukan sejak bulan Januari sampai dengan bulan Juli 2021. Populasi penelitian adalah semua Ibu Bersalin Fisiologis yang mempunyai keluhan nyeri persalinan dengan partus pervaginam di RB Hadijah sebanyak 38 orang. Sampel adalah bagian dari jumlah dan karakteristik yang dimiliki oleh populasi. Sampel dalam penelitian ini sesuai dengan kriteria adalah sebanyak 38 orang dibagi menjadi 2 yaitu kelompok control dan kelompok intervensiHasil : Intensitas nyeri responden pada kelompok intervensi rata-rata skala nyeri sebelum dilakukan metode masase adalah 7,26 dan sesudah dilakukan metode masase adalah 4,74 diperoleh nilai p=0,000. Pada kelompok kontrol rata-rata skala nyeri sebelum dilakukan metode masase adalah 7,00 dan sesudah dilakukan metode masase pada kelompok kontrol 6,16 diperoleh nilai p=0,007. Sehingga perbandingan sesudah dilakukan metode masase pada kelompok intervensi dan kontrol diperoleh nilai p=0,001Kesimpulan : ada pengaruh yang signifikan metode masase terhadap pengurangan nyeri persalinan pada ibu inpartu kala I fase aktif.Saran klinik maupun rumah sakit supaya menggunakan metode masase sebagai salah satu intervensi dalam mengurangi nyeri persalinan kala I fase aktif Kata Kunci : Metode masase, Nyeri Persalinan, Inpartu Kala I

scholarly journals Effectiveness of combined ultrasound and exercise therapy in the treatment of carpal tunnel syndrome - randomized, placebo-controlled investigation

2018 ◽  
Vol 146 (9-10) ◽  
pp. 561-566
Author(s):  
Milica Lazovic ◽  
Mirjana Kocic ◽  
Marija Hrkovic ◽  
Dejan Nikolic ◽  
Ivana Petronic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome ◽  
Pain Intensity ◽  
Carpal Tunnel ◽  
Sensory Nerve ◽  
Ultrasound Treatment ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Sensory Nerve Action ◽  
Tunnel Syndrome ◽  
And Control

Introduction/Objective. The aim of the paper was to evaluate the short-term effectiveness of ultrasound treatment procedure on defined clinical parameters and changes of electrodiagnostic parameters at the median nerve in carpal tunnel syndrome patients. Methods. Thirty-five patients (50 hands) were randomly divided into two groups: the experimental group (EG) (20 patients (29 hands)) and the control group (CG) (15 patients (21 hands)). Twenty sessions of ultrasound treatment were performed over a period of seven weeks and control examination was performed during the eighth week from the initial session. Clinical assessment parameters (pain intensity, superficial sensibility, and Tinel sign), and electrodiagnostic parameters (motor distal latency ? mDL), median sensory nerve conduction velocity (SNCV), and median sensory nerve action potential (SNAP) were assessed both at baseline (T1) and at control (T2). Results. There is significant improvement of pain intensity (T1 ? 10.4/58.6/31; T2 ? 65.5/27.6/6.9; p < 0.001) and superficial sensibility (T1 ? 3.4/69/27.6; T2 ? 44.8/34.5/20.7; p < 0.001) in the EG after the treatment. In the EG, there is significant reduction in frequency of positive Tinel?s sign (T1 ? 100/0; T2 ? 62.1/37.9; p < 0.001), and mDL significantly decreased after the treatment (T1 ? 4.7 ? 1.3; T2 ? 4.5 ? 1.2; p = 0.007), while SNAP (T1 ? 20.2 ? 15.4; T2 ? 24.4 ? 16.5; p < 0.001) and SNCV (T1 ? 36.5 ? 9.8; T2 ? 42.6 ? 9.7; p < 0.001) significantly increased. Conclusion. Ultrasound treatment along with exercises have positive short-term effects and benefits on improvement of clinical and electrodiagnostic findings in individuals with carpal tunnel syndrome.

scholarly journals Impairment of Proprioception in Young Adult Nonradicular Patients with Lumbar Derangement Syndrome

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Marzena Olszewska-Karaban ◽  
Anna Permoda-Białozorczyk ◽  
Aneta Dąbrowska ◽  
Ewa Bandurska ◽  
Andrzej Permoda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Postural Control ◽  
Pain Intensity ◽  
Stability Index ◽  
Activity Level ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Study Group ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Degree Of Disability ◽  
And Control

Maintaining body balance is a complex function based on the information deriving from the vestibular, visual, and proprioceptive systems. The aim of the study was to evaluate quiet single stance stability in young adults with lumbar derangement syndrome (LDS) and in the control group of the healthy subjects. The second aim of this study was to determine whether pain intensity, degree of disability, and the level of physical activity can influence postural control in patients with LDS. It is important to underline that selecting a homogeneous group of LBP patients using, for example, mechanical diagnosis and therapy method and Quebec Task Force Classification, can result in an increased sensitivity of the study. The study included 126 subjects: 70 patients with LDS (37 women, 33 men) and the control group 56 healthy volunteers (36 women, 20 men). In case of multiple group comparisons for variables with normal distribution, ANOVA post hoc test was used or, as the nonparametric equivalent, Kruskal-Wallis test. In all these calculations, the statistical significance level was set to p < 0.05 . The stability index eyes open for the study group was 88.34 and for the control group 89.86. There was no significant difference in the level of postural control between the study and control groups ( p > 0.05 ). The level of stability index eyes closed (SI EC) for the study group was 71.44 and for the control group 77.1. SI EC results showed significant differences in proprioceptive control during single leg stance between the study and control groups ( p < 0.05 ). The level of pain intensity, the degree of disability, and physical activity level did not influence postural control in the study group with LDS. In summary, patients with LDS showed significantly worse proprioceptive control.

scholarly journals Evaluation of functional disability and pain in patients with chronic low back pain submitted to physiotherapy

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Andrei Luiz Sales Teixeira ◽  
Noberto Fernandes da Silva ◽  
Edson Meneses da Silva Filho
Keyword(s):  
Low Back Pain ◽  
Back Pain ◽  
Pain Intensity ◽  
Chronic Low Back Pain ◽  
Functional Disability ◽  
Therapy Group ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Low Back ◽  
Mobility Limitations

Introduction: Chronic low back pain (CLBP) is one of the causes that usually result in mobility limitations in the economically active population due to musculo-skeletal disorders. It has, as main symptoms, pain and disability and should be seen as a public health problem. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the Functional Disability (FD) and pain intensity in patients with CLBP, underwent to manipulative therapy and conventional physiotherapy at Getulio Vargas Hospital. Method: This was a randomized trial study with a control group, with a sample, participants with CLBP, who were divided into two groups: those who underwent manipulative physiotherapy (group 1) and those who underwent conventional therapy (group 2), and the both groups were subjected to two treatments at different times. The program lasted five weeks, and 2 weeks for each intervention, performing two weekly sessions, which average duration was 30 minutes and one week interval between treatments. There were collected sociodemographic data, data related to FD using the Disability questionnaire Roland-Morris (RMDQ) and data related to pain intensity using the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS). Results: The study included 14 patients with mean age of 51 + 9 years. They showed significant improvement in RMDQ (p <0.001) and VAS (p <0.001), after being subjected to manipulative group, also showing a significant treatment effect over conventional treatment in both RMDQ (p = 0.004) and EVA (p = 0.006). Conclusion: Through this study, it can be shown that patients with CLBP showed significant improvements in functional capacity, by reducing the FD and reduction of painful symptoms, after being subjected to a five-week-program of manipulative physiotherapy.

scholarly journals The Effect of Self-Management Educational Program on Pain Intensity in Elderly Patients with Knee Osteoarthritis: A Randomized Clinical Trial

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (6) ◽  
pp. 1062-1066 ◽  
Author(s):  
Reza Ganji ◽  
Azadeh Pakniat ◽  
Mohammad Reza Armat ◽  
Mahbubeh Tabatabaeichehr ◽  
Hamed Mortazavi
Keyword(s):  
Elderly Patients ◽  
Knee Osteoarthritis ◽  
Pain Intensity ◽  
Educational Program ◽  
Intervention Group ◽  
Self Management ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
The Mean ◽  
And Control

BACKGROUND: Osteoarthritis is one of the chronic diseases that greatly affect the health and life quality of individuals.AIM: This study aimed to determine the effect of self-management educational program on the pain intensity of the elderly patients with knee osteoarthritis.METHODS: In a randomised clinical trial, a total of 82 elderly patients with knee osteoarthritis were randomly divided into intervention and control groups. The intervention group received six sessions of self-management group education, while the control group received only the routine care during this period. In both groups, patients’ pain intensity, with a visual analogue scale (VAS), were assessed before, immediately after and eight weeks after the start of the study.RESULTS: The mean pain intensity scores of the intervention and control groups were not significantly different before the intervention (P = 0.9), but after the intervention, the mean pain intensity score in the intervention group (3.61 ± 2.36) was significantly lower than that of the control group (4.93 ± 2.00), (P < 0.0001).CONCLUSION: Implementation of a self-management program for the patients with knee osteoarthritis is useful in reducing their pain intensity and can be used as one of the effective methods for their empowerment.

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