A comparative study on characterizations and synthesis of pure lead sulfide (PbS) and Ag-doped PbS for photovoltaic applications

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 1484-1492
Author(s):  
Muhammad Hasnain Jameel ◽  
Shahroz Saleem ◽  
Muhammad Hashim ◽  
Muhammad Sufi Roslan ◽  
Hamoud Hassan Naji Somaily ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crystallite Size ◽  
Lead Sulfide ◽  
Average Crystallite Size ◽  
Phase Changes ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Ag Nps ◽  
Pure Lead ◽  
Vis Spectroscopy ◽  
Small Lattice ◽  
Device Applications

Abstract In this study, a hydrothermal technique was used to synthesize lead sulfide (PbS) and silver (Ag)-doped PbS nanoparticles (NPs) at different concentrations of 20, 40, and 60% of Ag. The small lattice phase changes appeared due to the shifting of diffraction angle peaks toward higher 2θ for samples doped with PbS with increasing Ag content. The analysis of average crystallite size, phase structure, and lattice constant was observed under X-ray diffraction. The value of crystallite size, volume of the unit cell, and porosity (%) were found to increase with the increasing concentration of Ag NPs in PbS. The pure PbS crystallite size is small compared to Ag-doped PbS. The optical characteristics including absorption spectra of the prepared samples were investigated and confirmed by using scanning electron microscope and UV-Vis spectroscopy. The observation of the composition showed that higher doping concentrations of Ag lead to an increase in particle size. Absorption peaks in the UV-Vis spectra corresponding to pure and 20, 40, and 60% of Ag/PbS were observed at different wavelengths of 368, 369, 371, and 372 nm, respectively. Fourier transformation infrared spectroscopy peaks were found in the vibration mode of the ions due to the increment in Ag doping concentrations. These results indicate the possibility of tuning the optical structural properties of Ag-doped PbS through doping various concentrations of Ag NPs. Ag-doped PbS is considered promising future semiconductor nanomaterial, which will enhance the efficiency of photovoltaic device applications.

scholarly journals Reducing the Crystallite Size of Spherulites in PEO-Based Polymer Nanocomposites Mediated by Carbon Nanodots and Ag Nanoparticles

Nanomaterials ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 874 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ranjdar Abdullah ◽  
Shujahadeen Aziz ◽  
Soran Mamand ◽  
Aso Hassan ◽  
Sarkawt Hussein ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crystallite Size ◽  
Polymer Nanocomposites ◽  
Electron Transition ◽  
Peak Position ◽  
Carbon Nanodots ◽  
Ag Nps ◽  
Peak Broadening ◽  
Vis Spectroscopy ◽  
Solution Cast ◽  
Significant Change

The PEO-based polymer nanocomposites were prepared by solution cast method. Green approaches were used for synthesis of carbon nanodots (CNDs) and silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs). It was found that the crystallite size of spherulites of PEO was greatly scarified upon incorporation of CNDs and Ag NPs. In the present work, in opposition to other studies, broadening of surface plasmon resonance (SPR) peak of metallic Ag NPs in PEO-based polymer composites was observed rather than peak tuning. Various techniques, such as powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), SEM, UV–Vis spectroscopy, and photoluminescence (PL), were used to characterize the structural, morphological, and optical properties of the samples. Increase of amorphous phase for the PEO doped with CND particles was shown from the results of XRD analyses. Upon the addition of suspended Ag NPs to the PEO:CNDs composites, significant change of XRD peak position was seen. A field-emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) was used to investigate the surface morphology of the samples. In the SEM, a significant change in the crystalline structure was seen. The size of PEO spherulites in the PEO nanocomposite samples became smaller and the percentage of amorphous portion became larger, owing to the distribution of CNDs and Ag NPs. The UV–Vis absorption spectra of the PEO-based polymer were found to improve and shift to higher wavelengths upon incorporation of CNDs and Ag NPs into the PEO matrix. The SPR peak broadening in the UV–Vis spectra was observed in the PEO:CNDs composites due to the Ag NPs. The absorption edge value of PEO was found to shift toward lower photon energy as the CNDs and Ag NPs are introduced. The photoluminescence (PL) spectra were also observed for the PEO:CNDs and PEO:CNDs:Ag samples and found to be more intense in the PEO:CNDs system than in the PEO:CNDs:Ag system. Lastly, the optical band gap of the samples was further studied in detail using of Tauc’s model and optical dielectric loss parameter. The types of electron transition were specified.

The Effect of Different Methods to Pretreat Reed Pulp on the Crystallinity of Microcrystalline Cellulose

2014 ◽  
Vol 1056 ◽  
pp. 12-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wen Long Zhang ◽  
Wen Long Zhao ◽  
Ya Jie Dai
Keyword(s):  
Crystallite Size ◽  
Microcrystalline Cellulose ◽  
Average Crystallite Size ◽  
Comprehensive Analysis ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Type I ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Dimethyl Acetamide ◽  
Crystal Type

Reed Pulp was Raw Material that Pretreated by Four Methods {ultrasonic, Microwave, N, N-Dimethyl Acetamide (DMAc) and Tetrahydrofuran (THF)}. Reed Microcrystalline Cellulose (MCC) was Prepared by the Dilute Hydrochloric Acid Hydrolysis from Pretreated Reed Pulp. the Influences of Pretreatment Methods on Crystalline Type, Crystallinity and Crystallite Size of MCC were Investigated by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD). the Results Showed that the Crystallinity of MCC with Four Pretreatment Methods was 68.45%, 62.28%, 63.21% and 69.56%, Respectively. the Average Crystallite Size of MCC Prepared by Hydrolysis after Pretreated by Dmac was the Largest. whereas, the Crystal Type of MCC was Not Changed, it was still the Cellulose Type I. Comprehensive Analysis Indicated that the Effects of MCC Prepared by Hydrolysis after Pretreated by Ultrasonic were the Best.

Effect of reaction temperature on the average crystallite size of SexTe1−x alloys

1986 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 234-236 ◽  
Author(s):  
Santokh S. Badesha ◽  
George T. Fekete ◽  
Ihor Tarnawskyj
Keyword(s):  
Crystallite Size ◽  
Small Particle ◽  
Chemical Method ◽  
Average Crystallite Size ◽  
Organic Media ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Electrophotographic Properties ◽  
Dark Decay ◽  
Chalcogenide Materials

Electrophotographic properties of chalcogenide materials are readily influenced by altering their composition and/or structure. Dark decay and cycle down of photoreceptors utilizing small particle generators are both directly proportional to average crystallite size (ACS). This paper describes a novel chemical method to control the ACS of Se, Te, and Sex Te1−x alloys. These chalcogenide materials are prepared as powders by the reduction or coreduction of SeIV and/or TeIV intermediates with hydrazine, in organic media. To control the ACS of precipitated chalcogens the reaction is carried out at the desired temperature. X-ray diffraction measurements are used to determine the ACS, homogeneity, and phase of these precipitated powders.

scholarly journals Characterization of Cobalt Sulfide Thin Films Synthesized from Acidic Chemical Baths

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Tizazu Abza ◽  
Dereje Gelanu Dadi ◽  
Fekadu Gashaw Hone ◽  
Tesfaye Chebelew Meharu ◽  
Gebremeskel Tekle ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thin Films ◽  
Crystallite Size ◽  
Deposition Time ◽  
Average Crystallite Size ◽  
Cobalt Sulfide ◽  
Face Centered Cubic ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Face Centered

Cobalt sulfide thin films were synthesized from acidic chemical baths by varying the deposition time. The powder X-ray diffraction studies indicated that there are hexagonal CoS, face-centered cubic Co3S4, and cubic Co9S8 phases of cobalt sulfide. The crystallite size of the hexagonal CoS phase decreased from 52.8 nm to 22.5 nm and that of the cubic Co9S8 phase increased from 11 nm to 60 nm as the deposition time increased from 2 hrs to 3.5 hrs. The scanning electron microscopic images revealed crack and pinhole free thin films with uniform and smooth background and few large polygonal grains on the surface. The band gap of the cobalt sulfide thin films decreased from 1.75 eV to 1.3 eV as the deposition time increased from 2 hrs to 3.5 hrs. The photoluminescence (PL) spectra of the films confirmed the emission of ultraviolet, violet, and blue lights. The intense PL emission of violet light at 384 nm had red shifted with increasing deposition time that could be resulted from the increase in the average crystallite size. The FTIR spectra of the films indicated the presence of OH, C-O-H, C-O, double sulfide, and Co-S groups. As the deposition time increased, the electrical resistivity of the cobalt sulfide thin films decreased due to the increase in both the crystallite size and the films’ thickness.

scholarly journals Characterization of Mechanically Alloyed Nanocrystalline Fe(Al): Crystallite Size and Dislocation Density

2010 ◽  
Vol 2010 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Mhadhbi ◽  
M. Khitouni ◽  
L. Escoda ◽  
J. J. Suñol ◽  
M. Dammak
Keyword(s):  
Solid Solution ◽  
Dislocation Density ◽  
Crystallite Size ◽  
Average Crystallite Size ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Lattice Parameter ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Mechanically Alloyed ◽  
Scanning Calorimetry ◽  
High Energy Ball Mill

A nanostructured disordered Fe(Al) solid solution was obtained from elemental powders of Fe and Al using a high-energy ball mill. The transformations occurring in the material during milling were studied with the use of X-ray diffraction. In addition lattice microstrain, average crystallite size, dislocation density, and the lattice parameter were determined. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was employed to examine the morphology of the samples as a function of milling times. Thermal behaviour of the milled powders was examined by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The results, as well as dissimilarity between calorimetric curves of the powders after 2 and 20 h of milling, indicated the formation of a nanostructured Fe(Al) solid solution.

Corroboration of Structural Properties of Dy2O3-TiO2 Nanocomposites through X-Ray Diffraction and Raman Spectroscopy

2017 ◽  
Vol 17 ◽  
pp. 127-130
Author(s):  
J. Dhanalakshmi ◽  
D. Pathinettam Padiyan
Keyword(s):  
Raman Spectroscopy ◽  
Crystallite Size ◽  
Structural Properties ◽  
Oxygen Vacancies ◽  
Raman Band ◽  
Anatase Phase ◽  
Average Crystallite Size ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Weight Percentage

Dy2O3-TiO2 nanocomposites with different weight percentage (0, 2, 4, 8 & 10)Dy were synthesized bysol-gel method and named as 0DT, 2DT, 4DT, 6DT, 8DT and 10DT. The structural properties of these nanocomposites are characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Raman spectroscopy. XRD results show that Dy2O3-TiO2 nanocomposites have anatase phase with tetragonal structure. The average crystallite size of the Dy2O3-TiO2 nanocomposites lies between 10 to 18 nm.Coupling of Dy with TiO2 shifts the Raman band to higher wavenumber side indicating the creation of oxygen vacancies in the TiO2 lattice.

scholarly journals Boost the Crystal Installation and Magnetic Features of Cobalt Ferrite/M-Type Strontium Ferrite Nanocomposites Double Substituted by La3+ and Sm3+ Ions (2CoFe2O4/SrFe12−2xSmxLaxO19)

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (24) ◽  
pp. 7820
Author(s):  
Mahmoud M. Hessien ◽  
Ali Omar Turky ◽  
Abdullah K. Alanazi ◽  
Mohammed Alsawat ◽  
Mohamed H. H. Mahmoud ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Saturation Magnetization ◽  
Crystallite Size ◽  
Cobalt Ferrite ◽  
Average Crystallite Size ◽  
Strontium Hexaferrite ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Ion Substitution ◽  
Double Substitution ◽  
Lanthanum Cobalt Oxide ◽  
Co Doped

Spinel cobalt ferrite/hexagonal strontium hexaferrite (2CoFe2O4/SrFe12−2xSmxLaxO19; x = 0.2, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5) nanocomposites were fabricated using the tartaric acid precursor pathway, and the effects of La3+–Sm3+ double substitution on the formation, structure, and magnetic properties of CoFe2O4/SrFe12−2xSmxLaxO19 nanocomposite at different annealing temperatures were assayed through X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and vibrating sample magnetometry. A pure 2CoFe2O4/SrFe12O19 nanocomposite was obtained from the tartrate precursor complex annealed at 1100 °C for 2 h. The substitution of Fe3+ ion by Sm3–+La3+ions promoted the formation of pure 2CoFe2O4/SrFe12O19 nanocomposite at 1100 °C. The positions and intensities of the strongest peaks of hexagonal ferrite changed after Sm3+–La3+ substitution at ≤1100 °C. In addition, samples with an Sm3+–La3+ ratio of ≥1.0 annealed at 1200 °C for 2 h showed diffraction peaks for lanthanum cobalt oxide (La3Co3O8; dominant phase) and samarium ferrite (SmFeO3). The crystallite size range at all constituent phases was in the nanocrystalline range, from 39.4 nm to 122.4 nm. The average crystallite size of SrFe12O19 phase increased with the number of Sm3+–La3+ substitutions, whereas that of CoFe2O4 phase decreased with an x of up to 0.5. La–Sm co-doped ion substitution increased the saturation magnetization (Ms) value and the subrogated ratio to 0.2, and the Ms value decreased with the increasing number of double substitutions. A high saturation magnetization value (Ms = 69.6 emu/g) was obtained using a La3+–Sm3+ co-doped ratio of 0.2 at 1200 for 2 h, and a high coercive force value (Hc = 1192.0 Oe) was acquired using the same ratio at 1000 °C.

X-ray structure and microstructure determination of the mixed sesquioxides (Eu1−xYbx)2O3prepared by a sol–gel process

2003 ◽  
Vol 36 (6) ◽  
pp. 1411-1416 ◽  
Author(s):  
Z. K. Heiba ◽  
Y. Akin ◽  
W. Sigmund ◽  
Y. S. Hascicek
Keyword(s):  
Crystallite Size ◽  
Rietveld Method ◽  
Sol Gel ◽  
Average Crystallite Size ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Profile Fitting ◽  
Cationic Distribution ◽  
Sol Gel Process ◽  
Multiple Orders

Polycrystalline samples of (Eu1−xYbx)2O3(x= 0.0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.5, 0.8, 0.9 and 1.0) were synthesized by a sol–gel process. X-ray diffraction data were collected and the crystal structures were refined by the Rietveld method. All samples are found to have the same crystal system and formed solid solutions over the whole range ofx. The lattice parameters are found to vary linearly with the compositionx. The cationic distribution over the two non-equivalent sites 8band 24dof the space group Ia{\bar 3} is found to be random in the range 0.0 <x≤ 0.5 and preferential in the range 0.5 <x≤ 1.0. Replacing Eu3+and Yb3+by each other introduces slight changes in the atomic coordinates. Crystallite size and microstrain analysis are performed on single and multiple orders for each sample using profile fitting and the Warren–Averbach method. The obtained values of microstrain are correlated with the distribution of the rare earth (RE) ions over the two cationic sites of the structure. The average crystallite size ranges from 35 to 96 nm and the mean-square strain from 0.052 to 0.225 × 10−2.

Effect of Polymeric Milling Media on the Mechanosynthesis and Structural Properties of Nanocrystalline Hydroxyapatite

2009 ◽  
Vol 283-286 ◽  
pp. 98-105 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ali Shokuhfar ◽  
Bahman Nasiri-Tabrizi ◽  
Omid Gashti ◽  
Reza Ebrahimi-Kahrizsangi
Keyword(s):  
Crystallite Size ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Average Crystallite Size ◽  
Morphological Properties ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Mechanochemical Process ◽  
Structural Evaluation ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Nanocrystalline Hydroxyapatite ◽  
Xrd Patterns

Mechanochemical process in polymeric vials has been carried out successfully to produce nanocrystalline hydroxyapatite (HAp) through two different reactions R1 and R2. Morphological properties and structural evaluation of obtained materials are studied by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning and transmission electron microscopy (SEM and TEM). The obtained data show that the increase in milling time leads the increasing in lattice strain and decreasing in crystallite size. The average crystallite size of HAp is below 20 and 23 nm for R1 and R2 reactions, respectively. Based on XRD patterns and SEM/TEM micrographs, the possible formation mechanism of nanocrystalline hydroxyapatite by mechanochemical process in polymeric milling media is confirmed. Final results indicate that the nanocrystalline hydroxyapatite with low chemically stable contaminations and suitable morphology can be produced in Polyamide6 vials similar to stainless steel vials, therefore it seems that using polymeric vials could lead to a new way for the mass production of nanocrystalline hydroxyapatite with high performance, low contamination and cost and also suitable morphology.

Structure and microstructure characterization of the mixed sesquioxides (Gd1−xYbx)2O3and (Gd1−xHox)2O3prepared by sol–gel process

2005 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 306-310 ◽  
Author(s):  
Z. K. Heiba ◽  
L. Arda ◽  
Y. S. Hascicek
Keyword(s):  
Crystallite Size ◽  
Sol Gel ◽  
Average Crystallite Size ◽  
Rare Earth Ions ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Refinement Method ◽  
Cationic Distribution ◽  
Sol Gel Process ◽  
Structure And Microstructure

Polycrystalline samples of (Gd1−xYbx)2O3and (Gd1−xHox)2O3(0.0 ≤x≤ 1.0) were synthesized by a sol–gel process. X-ray diffraction data were collected and crystal structure and microstructure analyses were performed using the Rietveld refinement method. All samples were found to have the same crystal system and formed solid solutions over the whole range ofx. For the system (Gd1−xHox)2O3, the cationic distribution over the two non-equivalent sites 8band 24dof the space groupIa\bar{3} were found to be random for all values ofx. For (Gd1−xYbx)2O3, the distribution is random in the range 0.0 <x≤ 0.5 and preferential in the range 0.5 <x≤ 1.0. The lattice parameters are found to vary linearly with the compositionx. Replacing Gd3+and Yb3+, or Gd3+and Ho3+, by each other introduces slight changes in relative atomic coordinates. Crystallite size and microstrain analyses were performed along different crystallographic directions and both are found to vary anisotropically with the composition parameter (x). The obtained values of microstrain are correlated with the distribution of the rare earth ions over the two cationic sites of the structure. The average crystallite size ranges from 45 to 144 nm and the root mean square (r.m.s.) strain from 0.018 to 0.409 × 10−2.

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