Diminutive affixes in the Number domain: A syntactic variation

2013 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 33-56 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olga Steriopolo
Keyword(s):  
Syntactic Variation ◽  
Syntactic Structures ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Form Function ◽  
And Function

Abstract This article investigates diminutive affixes in four unrelated languages: Maale, Walman, Kolyma Yukaghir, and Itelmen, with additional discussion of German, Breton, and Yiddish. The data show variation in the syntax of diminutives. Diminutives differ cross-linguistically in the manner and place of attachment in a syntactic tree. In terms of the manner of attachment, some diminutive affixes are shown to behave as syntactic heads, while others show a behaviour characteristic of syntactic modifiers. In terms of the place of attachment, some affixes attach in the number position, while others attach above it. This article contributes to a discussion of form-function correspondence between syntactic categories (Wiltschko, in press). It shows that although diminutives across languages have the same meaning (or function), they significantly differ in their syntactic structures (or form). Thus, there is no 1:1 correspondence between form and function of diminutives in terms of the attachment and ordering of morphemes.

scholarly journals Bentuk Ṣarfi dan Struktur Nahwi dalam Kitab Al-Arabiyyah Li Ṭullab Al-Jāmi’ah

2017 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 121-138
Author(s):  
Zainal Muttaqin ◽  
Mugy Nugraha
Keyword(s):  
Basic Knowledge ◽  
Syntactic Structures ◽  
Essential Condition ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Introductory Material ◽  
Reading Text ◽  
New Students ◽  
Syntactic Function ◽  
Arabic And English ◽  
And Function

Abstrak Bahasa Arab merupakan bahasa yang wajib dipelajari oleh seluruh mahasiswa di semua Fakultas di UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta. Bahkan Rektor telah menerbitkan SK No. Un.01/R/HK.005/233/2012 yang menetapkan standar nilai bahasa Arab dan bahasa Inggris yang harus dicapai mahasiswa sebagai syarat kelulusan.Namun kemampuan bahasa Arab mahasiswa pada umumnya masih jauh dari taraf penguasaan yang diharapkan. Buktinya selama beberapa tahun terakhir ini mereka 90% mahasiswa mencapai skor TOAFL di bawah standar yang ditentukan. Hal ini kemungkinan besar disebabkan oleh banyaknya mahasiswa baru yang tidak memiliki pengetahuan dasar bahasa Arab. Agar mahasiswa yang tidak memiliki pengetahuan dasar bahasa Arab dapat mengikuti perkuliahan bahasa Arab, maka perlu diberikan materi khusus berupa bentuk ṣarf dan struktur nahwu yang diambil dari buku Al-Arabiyyah li Ṭullab al-Jāmi’ah yang akan mereka gunakan nanti dalam perkuliahan. Dengan demikian kebutuhan yang sangat mendesak adalah penyiapan materi khusus yang diberikan kepada mahasiswa sebelum mengambil mata kuliah bahasa Arab. Sebagai langkah awal penyusunan materi khusus yang dimaksud maka penelitian ini perlu dilaksanakan. Data tentang struktur kalimat dalam penelitian ini diambil dari teks bahan qirā’ah dalam buku Al-‘Arabiyyah li Ṭullab al-Jāmi’ah, mengingat buku tersebut merupakan buku yang menjadi pegangan bagi mahasiswa di perguruan tinggi Islam. Berdasarkan hasil analisis diperoleh kesimpulan bahwa tidak semua bentuk kata dan fungsi sintaksis yang biasa dipelajari dalam kitab-kitab klasik digunakan dalam materi qira’ah buku Al-‘Arabiyyah li Ṭullab al-Jāmi’ah. Sehingga perlu ada penyusunan silabus yang memperhatikan keberadaan bentuk dan fungsi kata dalam buku ini. Selanjutnya perlu disusun buku bagi mahasiswa dalam rangka mengenalkan bentuk dan fungsi kata sebagai bahan pengantar sebelum mempelajari bahasa Arab dalam perkuliahan regular.---Abstract Arabic is one of the language subjects that must be learned by all students at UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta. Even the Rector has established Decree No. Un.01/R/HK.005/233/2012 which sets the standard of value in Arabic and English to be achieved by each student as an essential condition of graduation. But the competence of Arabic students are generally still far from the level of mastery to be achieved. over the last few years 90% of the students obtained a score TOAFL below specified standards. It can be caused by a number of new students who do not have basic knowledge of Arabic. So that students who do not have basic knowledge of Arabic can take the classes in Arabic well, it should be given special materials such as morphological and syntactic structures taken from the book Al-Arabiyyah li Ṭullab al-Jami'ah they will use later in the lecture. Thus an urgent need is the preparation of a special material that is given to students prior to taking courses in Arabic. As the first step of the preparation,  research needs to be done. Data based on the structure of the sentence in this study were taken from the reading text  material in the book Al-'Arabiyyah li Ṭullab al-Jami'ah, consider that the book became a handbook for students at Islamic university. Based on the analysis we concluded that not all morphological and syntactic function commonly studied in classical texts used in the reading text material book Al-'Arabiyyah li Ṭullab al-Jami'ah. So there needs syllabus that takes into account the existence of the form and function of words in this book. Further necessary to develop books for students in order to introduce the form and function of words as introductory material before studying Arabic in regular lectures.DOI: 10.15408/al-turas.v23i1.4805

scholarly journals An integrative method for testing form–function linkages and reconstructed evolutionary pathways of masticatory specialization

2015 ◽  
Vol 12 (107) ◽  
pp. 20150184 ◽  
Author(s):  
Z. Jack Tseng ◽  
John J. Flynn
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Morphological Evolution ◽  
Integrative Approach ◽  
Deep Time ◽  
Integrate Form ◽  
Functional Changes ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Form Function ◽  
Evolutionary Pathways ◽  
And Function

Morphology serves as a ubiquitous proxy in macroevolutionary studies to identify potential adaptive processes and patterns. Inferences of functional significance of phenotypes or their evolution are overwhelmingly based on data from living taxa. Yet, correspondence between form and function has been tested in only a few model species, and those linkages are highly complex. The lack of explicit methodologies to integrate form and function analyses within a deep-time and phylogenetic context weakens inferences of adaptive morphological evolution, by invoking but not testing form–function linkages. Here, we provide a novel approach to test mechanical properties at reconstructed ancestral nodes/taxa and the strength and direction of evolutionary pathways in feeding biomechanics, in a case study of carnivorous mammals. Using biomechanical profile comparisons that provide functional signals for the separation of feeding morphologies, we demonstrate, using experimental optimization criteria on estimation of strength and direction of functional changes on a phylogeny, that convergence in mechanical properties and degree of evolutionary optimization can be decoupled. This integrative approach is broadly applicable to other clades, by using quantitative data and model-based tests to evaluate interpretations of function from morphology and functional explanations for observed macroevolutionary pathways.

Cleft Sentences: Form, Function, and Translation

2009 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 167-191 ◽  
Author(s):  
Klaus Fischer
Keyword(s):  
Information Structure ◽  
Individual Case ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Semantic Transparency ◽  
Semantic Equivalence ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Form Function ◽  
Sentence Construction ◽  
Ultimate Cause ◽  
And Function

Although cleft sentences are possible constructions in both English and German, they are far more frequent in English texts. Durrell (2002: 479) observes in his Hammer's German Grammar and Usage that “with the exception of the type Er war es, der mich davon abhielt […], cleft sentence constructions sound unnatural in German and should be avoided.” The article discusses the form and function of cleft sentences in the context of other focusing devices. It shows that, although German and English cleft sentences have the same information structure, their stylistic value is very different. Using a short translation, Durrell's observation is confirmed: in translating cleft sentences into German, semantic equivalence is often sacrificed for stylistic appropriateness. Although structural features of both languages are the ultimate cause of the contrast, they cannot explain choices in each individual case. The article argues that structural typology should be complemented with a typology of parole: the respective frequencies of cleft sentences in both languages reflect neatly into the more verbal style, more hierarchical sentence construction and, in certain respects, greater semantic transparency of English texts (by comparison with their German counterparts).*

scholarly journals Search for the Relation of Form and Function Using the ForFun Database

2018 ◽  
Vol 110 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-84
Author(s):  
Marie Mikulová ◽  
Eduard Bejček ◽  
Eva Hajičová ◽  
Jarmila Panevová
Keyword(s):  
Natural Language Processing ◽  
Natural Language ◽  
Language Processing ◽  
International Workshop ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Form Function ◽  
Theoretical Linguistics ◽  
And Function ◽  
Annotated Corpora ◽  
Function Relation

Abstract The aim of the contribution is to introduce a database of linguistic forms and their functions built with the use of the multi-layer annotated corpora of Czech, the Prague Dependency Treebanks. The purpose of the Prague Database of Forms and Functions (ForFun) is to help the linguists to study the form-function relation, which we assume to be one of the principal tasks of both theoretical linguistics and natural language processing. We demonstrate possibilities of the exploitation of the ForFun database. This article is largely based on a paper presented at the 16th International Workshop on Treebanks and Linguistic Theories in Prague (Bejček et al., 2017).

Form and function in the acquisition of Korean wh-questions

1989 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 323-347 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patricia M. Clancy
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Development ◽  
Korean Children ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Form Function ◽  
Wh Questions ◽  
Acquisition Order ◽  
And Function ◽  
Selection Of

ABSTRACTIn this paper the order in which wh-questions are acquired in the production and comprehension of two Korean children, aged 1;8–2;8 and 1;10–2; 10, is analysed and compared with the available crosslinguistic data. Consistencies in acquisition order are hypothesized to be based on universals of cognitive development, which constrain the comprehension and production of wh-forms and influence the order in which mothers introduce them, and on functionally based similarities in the input of form/function pairs across children and languages. Discrepancies in acquisition order are attributed to differences in interactive style across caregivers and children, leading to different input frequencies of particular forms and individual children's selection of different forms for use.

Form and function in early clause-combining

2015 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 157-185 ◽  
Author(s):  
LYLE LUSTIGMAN ◽  
RUTH A. BERMAN
Keyword(s):  
Language Development ◽  
Communicative Function ◽  
Linguistic Form ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
General Properties ◽  
Form Function ◽  
And Function ◽  
Clause Combining ◽  
Developmental Phases ◽  
The Impact

ABSTRACTThe study characterizes developmental trends in early Hebrew clause-combining (CC) by analyzing the interplay between linguistic form and communicative function in different interactional settings. Analysis applied to all utterances produced by three children aged 2;0–3;0 who combined two or more clauses, either self-initiated or on the basis of adult input. Ten types of CC were analyzed for marking by connectives (e.g. the Hebrew equivalents of ‘and’, ‘that’, ‘so’). Four shared consecutive developmental phases emerged: non-marking; partial marking by ‘and’ and ‘that’; use of ‘but’ and ‘because’, favored significantly in interlocutor-supported contexts; marking of adverbial relations and more varied use ofše-‘that’. These CC processes are interpreted as reflecting general properties of language development, in the form of gradually increasing specification of form–function relations under the impact of interlocutor–child interactive support combined with Hebrew-particular typological factors.

scholarly journals Ecomorphology of Neotropical Electric Fishes: An Integrative Approach to Testing the Relationships between Form, Function, and Trophic Ecology

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
K M Evans ◽  
L Y Kim ◽  
B A Schubert ◽  
J S Albert
Keyword(s):  
Resource Utilization ◽  
Trophic Ecology ◽  
Morphological Evolution ◽  
Trophic Levels ◽  
Integrative Approach ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Form Function ◽  
Electric Fishes ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Relationship

SynopsisThe relationship between form and function is thought to play an integral role in structuring broad-scale patterns of morphological evolution and resource utilization. In ecomorphological studies, mechanical performance is widely understood to constrain the evolution of form and function. However, the relationship between form, function, and resource utilization is less clear. Additionally, seasonal fluctuations in resource availability may further complicate patterns of resource use. How organisms cope with these complexities, and the effect of these factors on broadscale patterns of morphological evolution is also poorly understood. Here we use three-dimensional geometric morphometrics, biomechanics, stable isotope analysis, and gut-content analysis to study trophic evolution in a clade of riverine-adapted electric fishes from a region with high seasonal variability; the Amazon River. We find significant and phylogenetically structured relationships among measures of trophic ecology and skull shape. We also recover a significant relationship between the mechanical advantage of the mandible and trophic position, where species feeding at higher trophic levels have narrower jaws with lower mechanical advantages, and species feeding at lower trophic levels have deeper jaws with higher mechanical advantages. Our results indicate that selection is driving the evolution of mandible shape and performance toward specialization on different trophic ecologies.

scholarly journals Examples of Weak, If Not Absent, Form-Function Relations in the Vertebrate Heart

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bjarke Jensen ◽  
Theodoor Smit
Keyword(s):  
Structural Changes ◽  
Coronary Circulation ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Anatomy And Physiology ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Form Function ◽  
Blood Clots ◽  
Salient Function ◽  
And Function

That form and function relates, is the maxim to anatomy and physiology. Yet form-function relations can be difficult to establish. Human subjects with excessive trabeculated myocardium in the left ventricle, for example, are diagnosed with non-compaction cardiomyopathy, but the extent of trabeculations may be without relation to ejection fraction. Rather than rejecting a relation between form and function, we may ask whether the salient function is assessed; is there a relation to electrical propagation, mean arterial blood pressure, propensity to form blood clots, or all? And how should extent of trabeculated muscle be assessed? While reviewing literature on trabeculated muscle, we applied Tinbergen’s four types of causation - how does it work, why does it work, how is it made, and why did it evolve - to better parse what is meant by form and function. The paper is structured around cases that highlight advantages and pitfalls of applying Tinbergen’s questions. It further uses the evolution of lunglessness in amphibians to argue lung reduction can impact on chamber septation, and it considers the evolution of an arterial outflow in fishes to argue that reductions in energy consumption may drive structural changes with little consequences to function. Concerning trabeculations, we argue they relate to pump function in the embryo in the couple of weeks before the onset of coronary circulation. In fetal and postnatal stages, a spectrum of trabeculated-to-compact myocardium makes no difference to cardiac function and in this period form and function may appear unrelated.

scholarly journals Penginovasian Bentuk Disfemisme Pada Berita Online dan Relevansinya Pada Bahan Ajar Bahasa Indonesia di SMP

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 33-45
Author(s):  
Nivia Putri Ratna Juwita ◽  
Agus Budi Wahyudi
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Research ◽  
Junior High School ◽  
Online News ◽  
Research Data ◽  
Word Form ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Form Function ◽  
Analysis Technique ◽  
And Function ◽  
Bahasa Indonesia

Abstrak Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan (1) menemukan bentuk dan fungsi disfemisme pada berita online “detik.com”, (2) menginovasikan bentuk disfemisme pada berita online “detik.com”, dan (3) mendeskripsikan relevansi penginovasian bentuk disfemisme pada berita online “detik.com” sebagai bahan ajar bahasa Indonesia di SMP. Jenis penelitian yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah penelitian deskriptif kualitatif. Sumber data penelitian ini yaitu berita online detik.com. Data penelitian ini berupa bentuk dan fungsi disfemisme yang terdapat di berita online detik.com. Teknik pengumpulan data menggunakan teknik simak dan catat. Keabsahan data dalam penelitian ini menggunakan triangulasi teori. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode agih dan padan referensial, dengan teknik analisis data menggunakan teknik ganti. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian dari 50 bentuk disfemisme menunjukkan pertama, terdapat tiga bentuk disfemisme yaitu disfemisme bentuk kata, disfemisme bentuk frasa, dan disfemisme bentuk klausa. Kedua, terdapat tujuh fungsi disfemisme, yaitu mengungkapkan keheranan, mengungkapkan keintiman dalam pergaulan, mengungkapkan emosi, mengungkapkan rasa kesal, mengungkapkan penghinaan, mengungkapkan candaan atau tujuan melawak, dan mengungkapkan frustasi dan jengkel. Kata kunci: bentuk, disfemisme, fungsi, penginovasian, relevansi   Abstract This study aims to describe (1) find the form and function of dysphemism in online news "detik.com", (2) to innovate the form of dysphemism on online news "detik.com", and (3) to describe the relevance of the innovation of the form of dysphemism on online news " detik.com "as Indonesian language teaching materials in junior high school. The type of research used in this study is descriptive qualitative research. Sources of research data is online news detik.com. This research data in the form and function of dysphemism contained in online news detik.com. Techniques of data collection using techniques refer and note. Validity of data in this study using triangulation theory. This research uses the method of agih and referential padan, with data analysis technique using change technique. Based on the results of the research of 50 forms of dysphemism show first, there are three forms of dysphemism, namely word form dysphemism, phrase form dysphemism, and clauses dysphemism. Secondly, there are seven functions of dysphemism: expressing astonishment, expressing social intimacy, expressing emotions, expressing resentment, expressing contempt, expressing jokes or jesting purposes, and expressing frustration and irritation. Keywords: dysphemism, form, function, innovation, relevance

scholarly journals An Accidental Architecture the Architecture of the Imperfect

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kavosh Maleki
Keyword(s):  
Absolute Accuracy ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Form Function ◽  
The World ◽  
New Form ◽  
And Function

Accidental architecture is an imperfect architecture due to the contingent reality of the world. An accidental architecture abandons the futile binaries of form and function and the telos(end goal) of Pure Formalism, Pure Functionalism and absolute accuracy in form-function relations in favour of the poetic interplay and collisions(metaphors) of things—any entities—to create objects through accident. This change of approach from teleological to accidental architecture allows for a new form of aesthetics, an accidental aesthetic that is more than just the subsequent product of form-function relations, an aesthetic that has the same hierarchy with the notions of form and function. This thesis explores accident as a mode of design to create an imperfect architectural object, an accidental architectural object.

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