scholarly journals Bentuk Ṣarfi dan Struktur Nahwi dalam Kitab Al-Arabiyyah Li Ṭullab Al-Jāmi’ah

2017 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 121-138
Author(s):  
Zainal Muttaqin ◽  
Mugy Nugraha

Abstrak Bahasa Arab merupakan bahasa yang wajib dipelajari oleh seluruh mahasiswa di semua Fakultas di UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta. Bahkan Rektor telah menerbitkan SK No. Un.01/R/HK.005/233/2012 yang menetapkan standar nilai bahasa Arab dan bahasa Inggris yang harus dicapai mahasiswa sebagai syarat kelulusan.Namun kemampuan bahasa Arab mahasiswa pada umumnya masih jauh dari taraf penguasaan yang diharapkan. Buktinya selama beberapa tahun terakhir ini mereka 90% mahasiswa mencapai skor TOAFL di bawah standar yang ditentukan. Hal ini kemungkinan besar disebabkan oleh banyaknya mahasiswa baru yang tidak memiliki pengetahuan dasar bahasa Arab. Agar mahasiswa yang tidak memiliki pengetahuan dasar bahasa Arab dapat mengikuti perkuliahan bahasa Arab, maka perlu diberikan materi khusus berupa bentuk ṣarf dan struktur nahwu yang diambil dari buku Al-Arabiyyah li Ṭullab al-Jāmi’ah yang akan mereka gunakan nanti dalam perkuliahan. Dengan demikian kebutuhan yang sangat mendesak adalah penyiapan materi khusus yang diberikan kepada mahasiswa sebelum mengambil mata kuliah bahasa Arab. Sebagai langkah awal penyusunan materi khusus yang dimaksud maka penelitian ini perlu dilaksanakan. Data tentang struktur kalimat dalam penelitian ini diambil dari teks bahan qirā’ah dalam buku Al-‘Arabiyyah li Ṭullab al-Jāmi’ah, mengingat buku tersebut merupakan buku yang menjadi pegangan bagi mahasiswa di perguruan tinggi Islam. Berdasarkan hasil analisis diperoleh kesimpulan bahwa tidak semua bentuk kata dan fungsi sintaksis yang biasa dipelajari dalam kitab-kitab klasik digunakan dalam materi qira’ah buku Al-‘Arabiyyah li Ṭullab al-Jāmi’ah. Sehingga perlu ada penyusunan silabus yang memperhatikan keberadaan bentuk dan fungsi kata dalam buku ini. Selanjutnya perlu disusun buku bagi mahasiswa dalam rangka mengenalkan bentuk dan fungsi kata sebagai bahan pengantar sebelum mempelajari bahasa Arab dalam perkuliahan regular.---Abstract Arabic is one of the language subjects that must be learned by all students at UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta. Even the Rector has established Decree No. Un.01/R/HK.005/233/2012 which sets the standard of value in Arabic and English to be achieved by each student as an essential condition of graduation. But the competence of Arabic students are generally still far from the level of mastery to be achieved. over the last few years 90% of the students obtained a score TOAFL below specified standards. It can be caused by a number of new students who do not have basic knowledge of Arabic. So that students who do not have basic knowledge of Arabic can take the classes in Arabic well, it should be given special materials such as morphological and syntactic structures taken from the book Al-Arabiyyah li Ṭullab al-Jami'ah they will use later in the lecture. Thus an urgent need is the preparation of a special material that is given to students prior to taking courses in Arabic. As the first step of the preparation,  research needs to be done. Data based on the structure of the sentence in this study were taken from the reading text  material in the book Al-'Arabiyyah li Ṭullab al-Jami'ah, consider that the book became a handbook for students at Islamic university. Based on the analysis we concluded that not all morphological and syntactic function commonly studied in classical texts used in the reading text material book Al-'Arabiyyah li Ṭullab al-Jami'ah. So there needs syllabus that takes into account the existence of the form and function of words in this book. Further necessary to develop books for students in order to introduce the form and function of words as introductory material before studying Arabic in regular lectures.DOI: 10.15408/al-turas.v23i1.4805

2017 ◽  
Vol 122 (1) ◽  
pp. 83-104
Author(s):  
Katsiaryna Ackermann

AbstractThe distribution of stem and desinence allomorphs in PB.-Sl. infinitives reveals their initial dependence on syntactic function/semantics and verbal aspect. While constituting part of syntactic constructions, forerunners of infinitives adopted stem allomorphs fitting best the purposive semantics (as the most frequent usage) which correspond to the stems of Slavic aorists and Baltic s-futures. The distribution of the two ending variants in both language branches, the unaccented circumflex *-ti and the acute and partially stressed *-tí, shows that infinitives of originally telic roots (root aorists in PIE) took only the former, whereas infinitives of originally atelic roots (no root aorists in PIE) took the latter variant of the ending. In certain infinitive groups, due to their syllabic structure the prosody has been susceptible to further change, so that the distribution is not obvious at first sight. In the following analysis unstressed circumflex PB.-Sl. *-ti is associated with the dative case-ending of -ti- abstracts: *-tı̃ < *-téi̯-ei̯(with regular circumflexion in auslaut contraction), whereas stressed acute *-tí has been connected to the locative morphology, continuing the lengthened suffix allomorph of the PIE endingless locative: *-tí < *-tēi̯. Originally the dative case-ending best fit use as a purposive, whereas the locative case-ending best fit syntactic functions with concurrent adverbial semantics. Thus a coherent picture of all three components - meaning, form, and function - comes to light.


2010 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 473-500 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ineke van de Craats ◽  
Roeland van Hout

This study examines an interlanguage in which Moroccan learners of Dutch use non-thematic verbs in combination with thematic verbs that can be inflected as well. These non-thematic verbs are real dummy auxiliaries because they are deprived of semantic content and primarily have a syntactic function. Whereas in earlier second language (L2) research only patterns with ‘be’ were found for learners of three Germanic languages with various first language (L1) backgrounds, an alternative dummy auxiliary pattern was observed with ‘go’ in the data of the Moroccan learners of Dutch. We argue that the auxiliary pattern with ‘go’ is bootstrapped by the unique similarities between Dutch (L2) and Arabic (L1). The emergence of dummy auxiliaries precedes movement of the thematic verb, and it turns out that adult L2 learners can be plainly focused on expressing syntactic properties.


Author(s):  
Ali Hassan Sayed Morsy, Ph.D.

The aim of this paper is to provide a review of the problem of finding a proper temporal equivalent while conveying the SL (the Qur'an) into the TL (English) suggesting applicable solutions to the problems in question. Arabic and English share the general characteristics of time, tense and aspect, but often formally disagree in the methods of expressing them. This makes the problem of finding proper temporal equivalent arise to the surface during the process of translation. The linguistic concepts of time, tense and aspect are problematic in Arabic in general, and in applying them to the analysis of the Glorious Qur'an in particular. This paper attempts to approach this problematic area and suggests solutions to many temporal problems that translators are likely to face during their translation process e.g. the disagreement between form and function, translating the different categories (variations) of /kaan-a/ 'be', translating the verbs and forms expressing the attributes of Allah and the contextual tenses. This paper adopts Dr. Ali's model used in his thesis by which a translator could identify which tense is much more appropriate to be used in each case. The suggested model differentiates between two types of temporal structures: the surface or form and the deep or function. Comparing the different translations using the given model tables makes the disagreement idea between form and function clear to the reader. The paper concludes, after analyzing the selected verses, that Ghali's and Ali's translations is the most accurate in handling the problems of tenses, followed by Pickthall's comes last. The used model analyzes the given verb to help a translator identify and select the most appropriate temporal equivalent in each analyzed case.


Deponency is a mismatch between form and function in language that was first described for Latin, where there is a group of verbs (the deponents) that are morphologically passive but syntactically active. This is evidence of a larger problem involving the interface between syntax and morphology: inflectional morphology is supposed to specify syntactic function, but sometimes it sends out the wrong signal. Although the problem is as old as the Western linguistic tradition, no generally accepted account of it has yet been given, and it is safe to say that all current theories of language have been constructed as if deponency did not exist. In recent years, however, linguists have begun to confront its theoretical implications, albeit largely in isolation from each other. There is as yet no definitive statement of the problem, nor any generally accepted definition of its nature and scope. This volume brings together the findings of scholars working in the area of morphological mismatches, and represents a typological and theoretical treatment of the topic.


2013 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 33-56 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olga Steriopolo

Abstract This article investigates diminutive affixes in four unrelated languages: Maale, Walman, Kolyma Yukaghir, and Itelmen, with additional discussion of German, Breton, and Yiddish. The data show variation in the syntax of diminutives. Diminutives differ cross-linguistically in the manner and place of attachment in a syntactic tree. In terms of the manner of attachment, some diminutive affixes are shown to behave as syntactic heads, while others show a behaviour characteristic of syntactic modifiers. In terms of the place of attachment, some affixes attach in the number position, while others attach above it. This article contributes to a discussion of form-function correspondence between syntactic categories (Wiltschko, in press). It shows that although diminutives across languages have the same meaning (or function), they significantly differ in their syntactic structures (or form). Thus, there is no 1:1 correspondence between form and function of diminutives in terms of the attachment and ordering of morphemes.


2020 ◽  
Vol 136 (2) ◽  
pp. 390-415
Author(s):  
Joan-Rafael Ramos

AbstractThis article studies the formal variation of the existential quantifiers u/un (‘one; a, an’), algú/algun (‘someone; some’), ningú/ningun (‘no one, anyone; any’) and the distributive universal quantifier cada u/cada un (‘everyone’) in Catalan. The research is based on an extensive diachronic corpus of texts written between the 15th and 20th centuries. The author classifies the syntactic structures of these quantifiers and analyses their meaning and formal vacillations: apocopated form (without ‑n) vs. non-apocopated form (with ‑n). Although hesitations tend to disappear gradually during the period under analysis, the uses of these quantifiers change in Catalan dialects. In fact, distinct geographical areas adopt different distributions of form and function. These linguistic changes are explained, highlighting the mutual influences and interactions between phono-syntactic, phonological, analogical and pragmatic factors.


Author(s):  
Patricia G. Arscott ◽  
Gil Lee ◽  
Victor A. Bloomfield ◽  
D. Fennell Evans

STM is one of the most promising techniques available for visualizing the fine details of biomolecular structure. It has been used to map the surface topography of inorganic materials in atomic dimensions, and thus has the resolving power not only to determine the conformation of small molecules but to distinguish site-specific features within a molecule. That level of detail is of critical importance in understanding the relationship between form and function in biological systems. The size, shape, and accessibility of molecular structures can be determined much more accurately by STM than by electron microscopy since no staining, shadowing or labeling with heavy metals is required, and there is no exposure to damaging radiation by electrons. Crystallography and most other physical techniques do not give information about individual molecules.We have obtained striking images of DNA and RNA, using calf thymus DNA and two synthetic polynucleotides, poly(dG-me5dC)·poly(dG-me5dC) and poly(rA)·poly(rU).


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