Pump eflciency of lymphatic vessels: numeric estimation

2019 ◽  
Vol 34 (5) ◽  
pp. 261-268 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anastasia S. Mozokhina ◽  
Sergey I. Mukhin ◽  
Gennady I. Lobov

Abstract A model of lymph flow in the human lymphatic system in the quasi-one-dimensional approach has been created and investigated under different conditions. The model includes an implementation of contractions and valve influence on lymph flow. We consider contractions of lymphatic vessels and their influence on resulting flow in the whole network of lymphatic vessels and lymph nodes. We have investigated flow with zero pressure gradient and have found parameters, which influence the efficiency of contractions most significantly.

2020 ◽  
Vol 31 ◽  
pp. 01003 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anastasiia Mozokhina ◽  
Gennadii Lobov

The model of lymph flow in the human lymphatic system in the quasi-one-dimensional approach is considered in the paper. Calculations with natural gravity force influence are presented. Calculations show that in some sets of parameters of lymphatic vessels the physiological flow can be reached in the model with zero global pressure gradient influence only by the “muscle” pump.


2018 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 84-91 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. V. Papayan ◽  
A. L. Akopov ◽  
P. A. Antonyan ◽  
A. A. Ilin ◽  
N. N. Petrishchev

Introduction. Near infrared (NIR) fluorescent diagnostics is promising due to a deeper penetration into biological tissues. Material and methods. In experiments on rabbits and in clinical studies evaluation the lymphatic system with the use of the instrument complex FLUM-808 was analysed. Results. For visualization of the lymphatic vessels of the skin, the intradermal administration of ICG, dissolved in 20 % albumin in the order of 0.02 mg/ml, is optimal. Peritumoral injection of ICG allows visualizing sentinel lymph nodes in patients with lung cancer. Conclusions. The developed NIR fluorescence diagnostic system FLUM-808 allows to real time visualization of lymphatic vessels and lymph nodes.


2007 ◽  
Vol 98 (08) ◽  
pp. 304-310 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruediger Liersch ◽  
Michael Detmar

SummaryThe lymphatic vascular system plays an important role in the maintenance of fluid homeostasis, in the afferent immune response, in the intestinal lipid uptake and in the metastatic spread of malignant cells. The recent discovery of specific markers and growth factors for lymphatic endothelium and the establishment of genetic mouse models with impairment of lymphatic function have provided novel insights into the molecular control of the lymphatic system in physiology and in embryonic development. They have also identified molecular pathways whose mutational inactivation leads to human diseases associated with lymphedema. Moreover, the lymphatic system plays a major role in chronic inflammatory diseases and in transplant rejection. Importantly, malignant tumors can directly promote lymphangiogenesis within the primary tumor and in draining lymph nodes, leading to enhanced cancer metastasis to lymph nodes and beyond. Based upon these findings, novel therapeutic strategies are currently being developed that aim at inhibiting or promoting the formation and function of lymphatic vessels in disease.


Mathematics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (9) ◽  
pp. 1467
Author(s):  
Anastasia Mozokhina ◽  
Rostislav Savinkov

This paper presents current knowledge about the structure and function of the lymphatic system. Mathematical models of lymph flow in the single lymphangion, the series of lymphangions, the lymph nodes, and the whole lymphatic system are considered. The main results and further perspectives are discussed.


Author(s):  
John T. Wilson ◽  
Rebecca L. Dahlin ◽  
Olga Gasheva ◽  
David C. Zawieja ◽  
James E. Moore

The lymphatic system plays a vital role in maintaining proper physiological function in the body. Its removal of proteins and other particulate matter from the tissue spaces is particularly important for the body’s prevention of extracellular edema [1]. After fluid is absorbed by the initial lymphatics, it is transported to lymph nodes where filtration occurs. In addition, the lymphatic system serves as a common pathway of initial metastases to regional lymph nodes for certain types of cancers [2]. Thus, the characterization of mass transport in the lymphatic system could lead to unprecedented insight into the treatment of such pathologies.


Cells ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 33
Author(s):  
Matthew K. Siggins ◽  
Shiranee Sriskandan

Lymphatic vessels permeate tissues around the body, returning fluid from interstitial spaces back to the blood after passage through the lymph nodes, which are important sites for adaptive responses to all types of pathogens. Involvement of the lymphatics in the pathogenesis of bacterial infections is not well studied. Despite offering an obvious conduit for pathogen spread, the lymphatic system has long been regarded to bar the onward progression of most bacteria. There is little direct data on live virulent bacteria, instead understanding is largely inferred from studies investigating immune responses to viruses or antigens in lymph nodes. Recently, we have demonstrated that extracellular bacterial lymphatic metastasis of virulent strains of Streptococcus pyogenes drives systemic infection. Accordingly, it is timely to reconsider the role of lymph nodes as absolute barriers to bacterial dissemination in the lymphatics. Here, we summarise the routes and mechanisms by which an increasing variety of bacteria are acknowledged to transit through the lymphatic system, including those that do not necessarily require internalisation by host cells. We discuss the anatomy of the lymphatics and other factors that influence bacterial dissemination, as well as the consequences of underappreciated bacterial lymphatic metastasis on disease and immunity.


2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (5) ◽  
pp. 53-64
Author(s):  
Ramil R. Amerkhanov ◽  
Radislav R. Amerkhanov

Physical rehabilitation, by the foot method of body systemic mobilization, is a new medical technology. In connection with the current global unstable infectious situation, the need arose again to return to the question of finding and developing a systematic approach of simple and generally available physical methods. Aim. Analyze and evaluate the effect of the method of systemic mobilization of the body with the foot on the immune system of the human body, in order to prevent and rehabilitate post-infectious conditions. Material and methods. The research was carried out in various climatic zones. The procedures were based on the techniques of the first, second and third orders, in the second and third age groups. The first group consisted of patients of the second age group (13-60 years old). The second study group was represented by the third age group (60 years +). Materials of the first age group (up to 13 years old) were not submitted to the analysis. The method of exposure stipulated only the canonical motion direction in the selected sessions, the session lasted within 40-70 minutes, every day, for 10-30 days, taking into account weight, age and chronic diseases. 237 male and female patients’ material was reviewed and analyzed. Results and discussion. The method of systemic mobilization of the body exposed to the foot showed more significant positive results in the second age group - 92.8% and less in the third – 78.6% . To achieve positive results, it took more procedures 4 ± 1.0 in a humid climate compared to a dry one. It has been approved that accelerated blood flow in the main and collateral vessels triggers the activity of the lymphatic system. In the primary lymphoid organs, the hematopoietic function is restored and increased, optimizing lymphopoiesis and the state of lymphodynamics. Techniques of the first order (level) restore the flow of lymph through the superficial lymphatic vessels, collecting and producing outflow of lymph from the skin, subcutaneous tissue, superficial fascia and the surface layer of muscle fibers.Techniques of the second order (level) affect the lymph flow of deep lymphatic vessels, collecting lymph from muscles, joints and bones, producing outflow from deeply located tissues, lymphatic vessels lying along the arteries and veins of the same name, actively anastomosing with a network of superficial lymphatic vessels. Techniques of the III order (level) promote lymph flow through the lymphatic capillaries, from intra- and extra-organ lymphatic vessels, trunks and ducts. These techniques create conditions for accelerating drainage in the thoracic duct, producing an “emptying” effect by a direct physical coercion on the vertebral column, penetrating deeply. Conclusion. This method has statistically confirmed studies that indicate its ability to significantly increase the speed of blood flow in the main and adjacent vessels. The method can be considered as having a positive effect on lymphodynamics, in particular on lymphatic capillaries emanating from intra- and extra organ lymphatic vessels, trunks and ducts. By increasing the transport function of the lymphatic vessels, providing a full blood supply (nutrition) to the primary organs of the lymphatic system, exerting a stimulating effect on the spirally oriented lymphangion myocytes, in a soft and carefully worked out way, the foot method of systemic body mobilization creates optimal conditions for the correction of the immune system. Thus, it is able to protect the internal environment of the human body from foreign agents.


Author(s):  
Stanley P. Leong ◽  
Alexander Pissas ◽  
Muriel Scarato ◽  
Francoise Gallon ◽  
Marie Helene Pissas ◽  
...  

AbstractThe lymphatic system is a complicated system consisting of the lymphatic vessels and lymph nodes draining the extracellular fluid containing cellular debris, excess water and toxins to the circulatory system. The lymph nodes serve as a filter, thus, when the lymph fluid returns to the heart, it is completely sterile. In addition, the lymphatic system includes the mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue, such as tonsils, adenoids, Peyers patches in the small bowel and even the appendix. Taking advantage of the drainage system of the lymphatics, cancer cells enter the lymphatic vessels and then the lymph nodes. In general, the lymph nodes may serve as a gateway in the majority of cases in early cancer. Occasionally, the cancer cells may enter the blood vessels. This review article emphasizes the structural integrity of the lymphatic system through which cancer cells may spread. Using melanoma and breast cancer sentinel lymph node model systems, the spread of early cancer through the lymphatic system is progressive in a majority of cases. The lymphatic systems of the internal organs are much more complicated and difficult to study. Knowledge from melanoma and breast cancer spread to the sentinel lymph node may establish the basic principles of cancer metastasis. The goal of this review article is to emphasize the complexity of the lymphatic system. To date, the molecular mechanisms of cancer spread from the cancer microenvironment to the sentinel lymph node and distant sites are still poorly understood and their elucidation should take major priority in cancer metastasis research.


2009 ◽  
Vol 296 (2) ◽  
pp. H303-H309 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arun M. Venugopal ◽  
Christopher M. Quick ◽  
Glen A. Laine ◽  
Randolph H. Stewart

The lymphatic system acts to return lower-pressured interstitial fluid to the higher-pressured veins by a complex network of vessels spanning more than three orders of magnitude in size. Lymphatic vessels consist of lymphangions, segments of vessels between two unidirectional valves, which contain smooth muscle that cyclically pumps lymph against a pressure gradient. Whereas the principles governing the optimal structure of arterial networks have been identified by variations of Murray's law, the principles governing the optimal structure of the lymphatic system have yet to be elucidated, although lymph flow can be identified as a critical parameter. The reason for this deficiency can be identified. Until recently, there has been no algebraic formula, such as Poiseuille's law, that relates lymphangion structure to its function. We therefore employed a recently developed mathematical model, based on the time-varying elastance model conventionally used to describe ventricular function, that was validated by data collected from postnodal bovine mesenteric lymphangions. From this lymphangion model, we developed a model to determine the structure of a lymphatic network that optimizes lymph flow. The model predicted that there is a lymphangion length that optimizes lymph flow and that symmetrical networks optimize lymph flow when the lymphangions downstream of a bifurcation are 1.26 times the length of the lymphangions immediately upstream. Measured lymphangion lengths (1.14 ± 0.5 cm, n = 74) were consistent with the range of predicted optimal lengths (0.1–2.1 cm). This modeling approach was possible, because it allowed a structural parameter, such as length, to be treated as a variable.


Author(s):  
Elaheh Rahbar ◽  
Tony Akl ◽  
David C. Zawieja ◽  
Gerard L. Cote ◽  
James E. Moore

The lymphatic system transports fluid from the interstitium into the vascular network of lymphatic vessels through a series of valves, nodes and post-nodal ducts that converge into the subclavian veins. The lymphatics are intimately involved in fluid circulation, macromolecular homeostasis, lipid absorption, and immune function. All of these functions rely on the generation and regulation of lymph flow along the collecting lymphatic vessels. An imbalance between the lymphatic load and the ability to transport lymph can lead to lymphedema. Lymphedema occurs with a pathological increased in load, impaired vasculature (either anatomically or functionally deranged), or in situations where there is a relative distortion of both factors [1]. Edema has become a growing concern amongst breast cancer patients; surveys have reported up to 90% of women develop lymphedema in their arms within 3 years of nodal dissection surgery [2]. Despite these statistics, our knowledge of edema remains very basic and thus there is a lack of effective treatment.


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