scholarly journals Clay-illuvial soils in the Polish and international soil classifications

2015 ◽  
Vol 66 (4) ◽  
pp. 204-213 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cezary Kabała ◽  
Elżbieta Musztyfaga
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Soil Type ◽  
Soil Classification ◽  
The Other ◽  
Soil Types ◽  
Diagnostic Features ◽  
Hierarchical Order ◽  
History Of

AbstractSoil with a clay-illuvial subsurface horizon are the most widespread soil type in Poland and significantly differ in morphology and properties developed under variable environmental conditions. Despite the long history of investigations, the rules of classification and cartography of clay-illuvial soils have been permanently discussed and modified. The distinction of clay-illuvial soils into three soil types, introduced to the Polish soil classification in 2011, has been criticized as excessively extended, non-coherent with the other parts and rules of the classification, hard to introduce in soil cartography and poorly correlated with the international soil classifications. One type of clay-illuvial soils (“gleby płowe”) was justified and recommended to reintroduce in soil classification in Poland, as well as 10 soil subtypes listed in a hierarchical order. The subtypes may be combined if the soil has diagnostic features of more than one soil subtypes. Clear rules of soil name generalization (reduction of subtype number for one soil) were suggested for soil cartography on various scales. One of the most important among the distinguished soil sub-types are the “eroded” or “truncated” clay-illuvial soils.

Reliability of canola production in different rainfall zones of Western Australia

2007 ◽  
Vol 58 (4) ◽  
pp. 326 ◽  
Author(s):  
Imma Farré ◽  
Michael Robertson ◽  
Senthold Asseng
Keyword(s):  
Soil Water ◽  
Western Australia ◽  
Soil Type ◽  
Oil Content ◽  
Sowing Date ◽  
Soil Types ◽  
Minor Effect ◽  
High Rainfall ◽  
History Of

The area of canola in the wheat-based farming systems of the wheatbelt of Western Australia (WA) expanded rapidly during the 1990s and has subsequently decreased. Due to the short history of canola production in WA, there is little information on yield and oil content expectations in relation to rainfall, location, and soil type. In this paper we: (1) present the recent history of canola production in the context of the long-term climate record; (2) assess the effect of location, rainfall, soil type, and soil water at sowing on yield and oil content; and (3) determine cut-off sowing dates for profitable canola production. Simulations were run using the APSIM-Canola model with long-term climate records for 3 selected locations from the low-, medium-, and high-rainfall zones and different soil types. Analysis of recent trends in canola area showed that poor seasons and price volatility in the last few years have contributed to farmers’ perception of risk and hence the decline in area sown. Long-term simulations showed the importance of location, sowing date, soil type, and stored soil water at sowing on grain yield. Yield was negatively related to sowing date. Light-textured soils had lower yields and larger yield penalties with delayed sowing than heavy-textured soils. Soil water at sowing gave a yield advantage in most years in all locations studied, but especially in low- and medium-rainfall locations. Variation in oil content was most strongly affected by sowing date and location, while soil type and soil water at sowing had a minor effect. Long-term simulation analysis can be used as a tool to establish the latest possible sowing date to achieve profitable canola for different locations and soil types, given different canola prices and growing costs. Given the vulnerability of profitability to seasonal conditions, in the low- and medium-rainfall zone, the decision to grow canola should be tactical depending on stored soil water, sowing opportunities, seasonal climate outlook, prices, and costs. In contrast, in the high-rainfall zone, canola production is relatively low risk, and could become a reliable component of rotations.

The cage method of sampling to assess herbage mass and herbage consumed on annual rangeland vegetation

1988 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 6
Author(s):  
BB Zahran ◽  
AM Holm ◽  
WR Stern ◽  
WA Loneragan
Keyword(s):  
Western Australia ◽  
Soil Type ◽  
The Other ◽  
Soil Types ◽  
Stocking Rate ◽  
Sheep Grazing ◽  
Annual Species ◽  
Short Supply ◽  
Seasonal Trends ◽  
Stocking Rates

The cage method of sampling vegetation was used to estimate herbage mass and herbage consumed by sheep, grazing a pasture dominated by annual species, near Camawon, Western Australia. Using paired quadrats (2m x lm), one caged and the other open, herbage mass and herbage consumed were measured at five stocking rates on two soil types, on eight occasions between December 1983 and January 1985. The data were highly variable; nevertheless, some effects of season, soil type and stocking rate could be observed. The results showed clear seasonal trends. Some soil type x stocking rate interactions were detected during the dry periods of the year when herbage mass was low. Generally, the cage method tended to over-estimate herbage consuped. Sheep consumed approximately 119 to 116 of the available herbage at low and high stocking rates respectively when feed was plentiful; when feed was in short supply the corresponding figures were approximately 113 and 1/2. The limitations of the method are discussed and some suggestions made concerning its applicability in rangeland studies.

Naked oat response to soil type and herbicides applied at two growing stages

2010 ◽  
Vol 90 (3) ◽  
pp. 247-255
Author(s):  
N Lanoïe ◽  
A Vanasse ◽  
J Collin ◽  
J Frégeau-Reid ◽  
D Pageau ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Avena Sativa ◽  
Soil Type ◽  
Kernel Weight ◽  
The Other ◽  
Test Weight ◽  
Soil Types ◽  
Naked Oat ◽  
Tribenuron Methyl

Naked oat (Avena sativa L.) harvested in the province of Quebec, Canada, develops on average 10% covered grains and sometimes more. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of soil type, herbicides and their application stages on the proportion of covered grains in naked oat genotypes. Three genotypes were evaluated over 2 yr at two experimental sites. At each site, trials were seeded on two different soil types and each entry was treated with one of three types of herbicides: bromoxynil/MCPA, dicamba/MCPA and thifensulfuron methyl/tribenuron methyl, and compared with a weed-free check. The herbicides were applied at Zadoks 12-13 and 22-23. Results showed that dicamba/MCPA herbicide, applied at Zadoks 12-13, increased covered grains compared with the weed-free check and more covered grains were produced with the application made at Zadoks 22-23. However, differences in genotype reactions were observed. Few differences were found among the other weed control treatments. The application of dicamba/MCPA at Zadoks 22-23 decreased yield and test weight, but increased kernel weight. The other weed control treatments had no effect on agronomic characteristics.Key words: Avena sativa, herbicide, dicamba/MCPA, soil type, covered grains

Sino-Japanese Controversy since the the 1972 Diplomatic Normalization

1990 ◽  
Vol 124 ◽  
pp. 639-661 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hidenori Ijiri
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Relations ◽  
Cultural Influence ◽  
The Other ◽  
Chinese Characters ◽  
Advanced Economy ◽  
Hierarchical Order ◽  
Modern Period ◽  
Japanese Military ◽  
Inferiority Complex ◽  
History Of

IntroductionSino-Japanese relations appear to have a dual structure which is built into the long history of exchanges and interaction between the two countries. Some phrases such as ichii taisui (“neighbours across the strip of water”) and dobun doshu (“same Chinese characters, same race”) have long been regarded as a symbol of the friendly relationship between the two countries. Such a symbol, however, implies dual and conflicting sentiments of the Japanese and the Chinese, namely the feelings of inferiority and superiority with each other in a hierarchical order of foreign relations in Asia.To be more specific, the Chinese have a superiority complex deriving from their cultural influence in pre-modern history and hatred stemming from Japanese military aggression against China in the modern period, while having an inferiority complex based upon Japan's co-operation in their modernization, and admiration for Japan's advanced economy. On the other hand, the Japanese have an inferiority complex due to their cultural debt to China and the sense of original sin stemming from their past aggression against China, while having a superiority complex based upon their assistance to China's modernization and contempt for China's backwardness.

scholarly journals Identification and predictability of soil quality factors and indicators from conventional soil and vegetation classifications

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Simfukwe ◽  
Paul W Hill ◽  
Davey L Jones ◽  
Bridget Emmett ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Quality ◽  
Soil Type ◽  
Soil Classification ◽  
Biological Indicators ◽  
Soil Types ◽  
Quality Factors ◽  
Soil Attributes ◽  
Wide Range

Generally, the physical, chemical and biological attributes of a soil combined with abiotic factors (e.g. climate and topography) drive pedogenesis. However, biological indicators of soil quality play no direct role in traditional soil classification and surveys. To support their inclusion in classification schemes, previous studies have shown that soil type is a key factor determining microbial community composition in arable soils. This suggests that soil type could be used as proxy for soil biological function and vice versa. In this study we assessed the relationship between soil biological indicators with either vegetation cover or soil type. A wide range of soil attributes were measured on soils from across the UK to investigate whether; (1) appropriate soil quality factors (SQFs) and indicators (SQIs) can be identified, (2) soil classification can predict SQIs; (3) which soil quality indicators were more effectively predicted by soil types, and (4) to what extent do soil types and/ or aggregate vegetation classes (AVCs) act as major regulators of SQIs. Factor analysis was used to group 20 soil attributes into six SQFs namely; Soil organic matter , Organic matter humification , Soluble nitrogen , Microbial biomass , Reduced nitrogen and Soil humification index . Of these, Soil organic matter was identified as the most important SQF in the discrimination of both soil types and AVCs. Among the measured soil attributes constituting the Soil organic matter factor were, microbial quotient and bulk density were the most important attributes for the discrimination of both individual soil types and AVCs. The Soil organic matter factor discriminated three soil type groupings and four aggregate vegetation class groupings. Only the Peat soil and Heath and bog AVC were distinctly discriminated from other groups. All other groups overlapped with one another, making it practically impossible to define reference values for each soil type or AVC. We conclude that conventionally classified soil types cannot predict the SQIs (or SQFs), but can be used in conjunction with the conventional soil classifications to characterise the soil types. The two-way ANOVA showed that the AVCs were a better regulator of the SQIs than the soil types and that they (AVCs) presented a significant effect on the soil type differences in the measured soil attributes.

Marine soil behaviour classification using piezocone penetration test (CPTu) and borehole records

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
K.S. Yin ◽  
L.M. Zhang ◽  
H.J. Wang ◽  
H.F. Zou ◽  
J.H. Li
Keyword(s):  
Soil Type ◽  
Mean Squared Error ◽  
Soil Classification ◽  
Classification Systems ◽  
Soil Types ◽  
Penetration Test ◽  
Borehole Data ◽  
Piezocone Penetration Test ◽  
Soil Behaviour ◽  
Marine Soil

Several piezocone penetration test (CPTu)-based soil behaviour classification systems (SBCs) have been developed for standard sites, where clays, silt, and sand dominate. However, problems can occur when applying the SBCs to offshore sites, where the marine soils may be decomposed from rocks or mixed with artificial fills. This study evaluates the accuracy of six CPTu-based SBCs for marine soils at a site offshore Hong Kong based on 16 CPTu soundings with 25 367 data points by comparing them with composition-based SBCs from borehole records in the vicinity of each sounding. The soil types are determined from six common CPTu-based SBCs. The interpretation of CPTu data is first performed to generate soil type variables comparable to borehole data, followed by a cross-validation study. The soil classification performance of each SBC is quantified by the weighted kappa coefficient and the Kendall correlation coefficient between the soil types generated by the CPTu-based and composition-based SBCs. The classification accuracy for each soil type is also evaluated via the root mean squared error and the mean absolute error. The classified soil types from the CPTu data are associated with a median degree of consistency, indicating the need for combining CPTu-based and composition-based SBCs for marine soil classification.

scholarly journals Comparison Study between the Field Performance of a Movable Boards and Conventional Ditch Openers in Cultivated and Uncultivated Soils, Part 3: The Specific Resistance

2019 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-24
Author(s):  
Shaker H. Aday ◽  
Yarub Al-muthafar
Keyword(s):  
Soil Type ◽  
Specific Resistance ◽  
Field Performance ◽  
The Other ◽  
Soil Types ◽  
Comparison Study ◽  
Optimum Performance ◽  
Cultivated Soil ◽  
Uncultivated Soil ◽  
Soil Cd

The field performance of movable boards ditch opener (MB) and conventional ditch opener (CD) was contrasted by using a specific resistance to determine  the  optimum  performance  of  either   one   of   them.   The   comparison was conducted using three operating  depths  (30,  40  and  50cm),  three  angles  between  the  boards  of  MB  (45,  60  and  750),  one  angle  for  CD  (650)  because  its boards were fixed, three wings width  of  the  foot  of  MB  whereas,  for  CD,  one  share width  (35cm)  and  two  soil  types  (cultivated  and  uncultivated).  CD  could  not penetrate the  uncultivated  soil  more  than  25cm  so  that  there  was  one  operating  depth.  The  results  of  the  experiments  showed  that  SR  for  MB  decreased as the operating depth,  the  angle  between  the  boards  and  the  width  of the wings of the foot  in  both  soil  types  were  increased.  Specific  resistance  (SR)  for  CD  also  decreased  as  the  operating  depth  increased  in  the  cultivated  soil,    but  in  the  uncultivated  soil,  CD  could  not  penetrate  the  soil  more  than  25cm.  SR for MB was  lower  than  that  for  CD  for  all  operating  depths,  the  angle  between the boards,  the width of the wings of the foot in both soil types. SR for         MB and CD  in  the  cultivated  soil  was  low  compared  to  uncultivated  soil.  The  soil  type  decreased  SR  for  MB  more  than  the  operating  depth,  the  angle   between its boards and the width of  its  wings.  On  the  other  hand,  the  angle  between its boards reduced  SR  more  than  the  width  of  the  wings  and  the  operating depth. MB surpassed CD in giving lower SR and that means the field performance of MB was higher than that for CD.

scholarly journals Morphological variability of the Bulgarian endemic Betonica bulgarica Degen et Neič. (Lamiaceae) from Sinite Kamani Natural Park, Eastern Balkan Range

2016 ◽  
Vol 75 (1) ◽  
pp. 81-88
Author(s):  
Neli H. Grozeva ◽  
Mariya A. Gerdzhikova ◽  
Dimitar H. Pavlov ◽  
Galia D. Panayotova ◽  
Mima H. Todorova
Keyword(s):  
Soil Properties ◽  
Age Structure ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Soil Type ◽  
Morphological Variability ◽  
The Other ◽  
Taxonomic Significance ◽  
Natural Park ◽  
Interpopulation Variability ◽  
Generative Organs

AbstractFour populations of Betonica bulgarica Degen et Neič. at Sinite Kamani Natural Park were morphologically tested. Intrapopulation and interpopulation variabilities were established. The rеlationship between morphological variability, number, area and ecological appurtenance of the studied populations were explored. The results demonstrated that the main source of phenotype variation is intrapopulation variability, mainly due to the age structure of populations. The most variable traits are height of stem and dimensions of leaves. The registered interpopulation variability was affected by the differences in altitude, soil type and differences in environmental conditions and soil properties. Indumentum and morphology of generative organs had taxonomic significance for distinguishing B. bulgarica from the other species in the genus, including the species that were morphologically most similar to it - Betonica officinalis L.

scholarly journals FARMING ON THE FOOTHILL PROPERTY OF MR F. J. MEYER

1952 ◽  
pp. 161-163
Author(s):  
A.C. Meyer
Keyword(s):  
Soil Type ◽  
Single Unit ◽  
The Other ◽  
Silt Loam ◽  
The Road ◽  
Silt Loam Soil ◽  
History Of ◽  
Loam Soil

This property, which is farmed by my brother and myself, is on the Claremont silt loam soil type at an altitude. of' 450ft. and our rainfall averages 34 to 36in. annudly.8 The area of the farm is 1423,acres, all of which is ploughable, with the exception of steep back faces and gullies, with 716 acres one side and 707 acres' the other side of the road which bisects the property. The history of the farming of this property as a single unit dates from 1945, as before that we ran the place in conjunction with 250 acres of heavy land at Studholme.

scholarly journals TRATAMENTO DE SEMENTES DE MILHO PARA CONTROLAR Dichelops melacanthus EM DIFERENTES TIPOS DE SOLO

2017 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 13
Author(s):  
CARLOS BRUSTOLIN ◽  
PEDRO MANUEL OLIVEIRA JANEIRO NEVES ◽  
RODOLFO BIANCO ◽  
ORCIAL CEOLIN BORTOLOTTO
Keyword(s):  
Soil Type ◽  
Seed Treatment ◽  
Main Tool ◽  
The Other ◽  
Soil Types ◽  
Lower Yield ◽  
Pest Damage ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Red Latosol ◽  
Careful Management

RESUMO – O tratamento de sementes (TS) é a principal técnica empregada para o controle de Dichelops melacanthus (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) em milho. Entretanto, acredita-se que a eficiência desta estratégia pode ser influenciada pelo tipo de solo no qual a lavoura é cultivada. Desse modo, este trabalho comparou a eficiência do TS dos inseticidas [tiametoxam e imidacloprido + tiodicarbe] em relação a duas testemunhas (com infestação e sem infestação) em quatro tipos de solo: Latossolo Vermelho distroférrico (LVdf); Latossolo Vermelho Amarelo arenoso (LVA arenoso); Latossolo Vermelho Amarelo argiloso (LVA argiloso) e Latossolo Vermelho distrófico (LVd). De forma geral, ambos os TS reduziram os danos da praga em todos os tipos de solo, quando comparados às plantas infestadas com D. melacanthus e sem TS. Por outro lado, o pior desempenho de ambos os TS foi observado no LVA arenoso, em que as plantas apresentaram menor comprimento de espiga e menor produtividade. Este estudo demonstrou que a eficiência do TS com tiametoxam, assim como imidacloprido + tiodicarbe, é afetada pelo tipo de solo. Desse modo, maiores cuidados devem ser tomados no cultivo de lavouras de milho em regiões com solos arenosos, e a adoção de estratégia complementar pode ser necessária.Palavras-chave: percevejo-barriga-verde, pragas do milho, pragas iniciais, neonicotinoides, adsorção de inseticidas.SEED CORN TREATMENT FOR Dichelops melacanthus CONTROL IN DIFFERENT SOIL TYPESABSTRACT - The seed treatment (ST) is the main tool used to control Dichelops melacanthus (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) in maize fields. However, the soil type in which the plants are developed probably influences the efficiency of this strategy. In this sense, this study aimed to evaluate the performance of two insecticides (ST) [thiamethoxam (52.5 g.i.a); imidacloprid + thiodicarb (45 + 135) g.i.a] in relation to control (infested and non-infested plants) for D. melacanthus control in four types of soil: Dystroferric Red Latosol (DRL), sandy Red-Yellow Latosol (sandy RYL); clay Red-Yellow Latosol (clay RYL); and dystrophic Red Latosol (dystrophic RL). In general, ST reduced the pest damage in all soil types. In the other hand, the development plants in sandy RYL were hampered, showing a shorter length of ear and lower yield in both ST. This study showed that the ST performance with thiamethoxam and imidacloprid + thiodicarb is affected by the soil type. In this sense, maize fields cultivated in sand soils requires a careful management, and complementary strategies can be necessary.Keywords: green-belly stinkbug, maize pests, initial pests, neonicotinoides, insecticide adorsoption.

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