The classification of names

2019 ◽  
Vol 72 (4) ◽  
pp. 539-572
Author(s):  
Corinna Handschuh

Abstract Personal names can be specified as male or female in almost all languages of the world. Languages differ, however, whether the sex of the referent is lexical knowledge or overtly coded in the form of the name. Symmetrical systems – with overt marking on both male and female names – can be distinguished from asymmetrical ones, of which one subtype, overt coding of female names, is by far the most frequent. In addition, the morpho-syntactic system of encoding the sex of the referent can be either limited to personal names or use morphological material also employed on other types of nominals. This paper investigates the morpho-syntactic means used for the classification of personal names in the languages of the world as well as the integration of personal names into classificatory systems used for common nouns, namely gender and classifiers.

Author(s):  
Terence Hines ◽  
Adam Ranellone

There are millions of television cable channel cards in hotels, motels and homes around the world. Almost all of these lists are organized with TV channel numbers arranged in numerical order on the left and corresponding station call letters on the right. Office buildings have the building directories organized in a similar way. Such organization may be inefficient in terms of the time needed to find a specific channel. It may be more efficient to organize such lists with the station call letters arranged alphabetically at the left. To test this hypothesis participants were presented with lists of TV channels or personal names organized either in the traditional numerical order format or in an alphabetical format. The task was to find eight different TV channels or names on the two types of lists. Lists arranged alphabetically were searched significantly faster than those arranged in the traditional numerical sequence format.


OSEANA ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 43 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tri Handayani

KNOWING MACROALGAE Turbinaria AND THEIR USAGES. Turbinaria is a member of brown macroalgae that can be found in almost all Indonesian waters. Turbinaria is often regarded as Sargassum because they have a similar morphology and both belong to the Family Sargassaceae. There are 35 species of Turbinaria in the world and 11 of which can be found in Indonesia. Turbinaria conoides, T. decurrens and T. ornata are the most common ones in Indonesian waters. Turbinaria grows on rocky intertidal coastlines, tidepools and reef flats. The life cycle of Turbinaria occurs through alternations between sexual and asexual. Their biphasic life cycle contains gametophytes and sprorophytes. In their sexual reproduction, sporophytes resulted from the germination of zygotes formed by fusion (fertilization) of male and female gametes. Asexual spores develop from both sporophytes and gametophytes. Turbinaria was commonly used as a source of alginate, fucoidan and other bioactive polysaccharides (antioxidant, anticancer, antibacterial, anticoagulant, antiploriferative and antivirus activities).


Author(s):  
Marina V. RUMYANTSEVA

Modern linguistic studies of cultural manifestations of different ethnic groups that found their place in the language prove that language affects how a person perceives the world around him or her. The language creates a naive picture of the world, which is based on popular wisdom and knowledge of cultural ethnic or universal human norms and traditions. This picture has its own unique laws, different from the scientific picture of the world, dictates its own categories of space and time, as well as color and function. This article presents a linguoculturological analysis of metaphorical comparisons with a color standard to identify regular metaphorization models, the frequency of choice of a particular comparison agent, which indicates a subject of thought that does not have a conventional color meaning in the language. This study focuses on metaphoric coloratives in Russian fiction of the 20th century. The metaphorical comparisons-coloratives were selected by continuous sampling in the amount of 275 units, while the analysis covered lexemes-agents. The results show that the main colors of figurative comparisons-coloratives of the literary discourse were yellow, red, white, black, brown, gray, green, and blue. A classification of reference color agents is compiled, containing seven semantic groups, which can be correlated with both agents and references comparison, which allows using the formula of the semantic comparison structure. As a result, the quantitative indicators of formulas for different coloratives were obtained, with phytomorphs being the most frequent standards of red, yellow, brown, blue, and green. The second place belongs to reamorphs, which are rich, but not the only source of black standards. Naturmorphs are in the third place; these are the suppliers of agents of black, as well as yellow and gray. They are followed by gluttomorphs, which are the leading white standards. Zoomorphs are uniformly present in almost all colors except brown and blue. A small number of anthropomorphs agents are red standards, and hemo­morphs agents are green standards.


Author(s):  
V V Hovsepyan

Over the last few decades, non-governmental organizations intensively act as a relatively independent party in internal and external affairs of different countries and international relations in general. Almost all socio-political and international law issues are solved, in particular, under their direct or indirect influence of NGOs. Some NGOs have more influence in the world than a single state or a group of states. This situation requires more attention to NGOs, detailed study of their activities and position in globalized society.


Discourse ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (5) ◽  
pp. 87-96
Author(s):  
N. K. Genidze

Introduction. The article analyses the vowel-consonant ratio as one of the most important criteria of phonetic typology in the world languages. Scientific relevance of the research is based on quantitative and qualitative analysis and comparison of grammar and phonetics in typologically, genetically and historically different languages.Methodology and sources. Certain language is determined by vocalic ratio – a concept introduced to identify the vowels-consonant relation and measured  through  vk = V/C. Thus, all the languages can be either vocalic (vk > 1.3), consonantal (vk < 0.7) or mixed (0.7 > vk > 1.3). The article concerns the ideas by Ferdinand de Saussure (Indo-European root’s structure) and Aleksander V. Isachenko (phonetic typology).Results and discussion. The author conducts a comparative analysis of phonological systems and phonetic analysis of text fragments in several languages of different families and different historical periods: Gothic, old English, old Icelandic, English, Danish, French, and Finnish. The research reveals how the language’s structure matches its vowel-consonant ratio, i. e. disclose a link between its phonetic and morphology-syntactic classifications.Conclusion. The research has proved the fact that analytic trends in phonemes, on the one hand, depend on the vowel-consonant distribution in the language and speech, and on historically determined difference between the phonemes’ function – on the other. Inevitably, too, the language’s evolution from inflectional-synthetic to analytic or agglutinative (analytic-agglutinative) type affects all language levels, including the phonetic one. Consonants are stronger and almost resistible  to  changes;  they  function  to distinguish the sense, making relative words so similar. The development of vowel system triggers the development of analytic functions, which are bound to impact the language system. Increasing number of vowels, emerging diphthongs and triphthongs are the result of analytic abilities of the language.


2019 ◽  
Vol 31 (6) ◽  
pp. 1797-1802
Author(s):  
Kristina Planjanin-Simic ◽  
Mihaela Lazovic

Children's traditional creativity as an inexhaustible inspiration, but also an alternative form of musical education, represents the biological human need. It is also an "extraordinary means of stimulating intelligence and a way of connecting and bonding people of the world" (Habermeyer, 2001). Our region features a large number of songs for pre-school children, as well as a large number of rhythmic games, which also belong to the field of physical and musical education, as well as domains of learning traditional games. More and more research suggests that children "possess the least knowledge of rhythmic games in general" (Dopudja, 1977). Although there has always existed a tradition of nurturing traditional games / dances that have been transferred to younger generations, both within families and in institutions for pre-school children, it can also be transferred through a well-organized and planned regional tourist offer if its contents are adapted and presented in one of the world languages. Every country in which tourism is one of the most important branches of the economy, naturally turns to its own traditional values and potentials. Furthermore, folklore heritage has proven to be an inexhaustible source of inspiration for both artists and lay people. One should bear in mind the important fact that tourism can be defined as "a correlation of services and other benefits used by tourists created from the need for temporary displacement of people. Having in mind the distinctiveness of tourism from the aspect of its heterogeneity, where the tourist aggregate is constituted of important elements" (Cuervo S. 1967) which also include folklore art as well as various forms of entertainment and leisure time (Stavric, Baros, 2005). If we are familiar with the fact that children primarily learn by listening, watching, doing or their combination, then it is clear that children's folk art and movement rhythmic games, music and art combine these three ways of learning, and at the same time, enhance the development of intelligence in children. All the elements, as well as the inevitable factors that accompany children's folk art, influence the psychophysical, intellectual and emotional development of a child (Planjanin-Simic, 2016). Such potentially offered cultural and educational content certainly leads to better understanding among people from different countries and regions. On the other hand, today, the English language has indubitably become the language of world communication, a contemporary “lingua franca”. What is more, the English language entered almost all spheres of life: music, entertainment, mass media, traveling, tourism... To that note, with the intention of bringing people who speak different languages closer together, this paper will offer the English translation of famous children folk songs, games and dances from our region, especially Montenegrin traditional rhythmic games, with the aim to present regional culture to foreigners and transcendent the language barrier.


1969 ◽  
Vol 101 (S62) ◽  
pp. 5-176 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. R. Vockeroth

AbstractA revised generic classification of world Syrphini is proposed. It is based on a study of characters of the adults of 318 described species plus approximately 85 more species as yet either undescribed or unidentified. Thirty-seven genera are recognized; keys to these genera, and to the smaller number of genera known from each of the major zoogeographic regions (except the eastern Palaearctic and Oriental) are presented. Eight new genera, Notosyrphus (South America), Exallandra (Ethiopian Region), Citrogramma (Oriental Region and Australia), Dideomima (Mexico), Hermesomyia (Ecuador), Pseudoscaeva (North and South America), Antillus (Haiti), and Giluwea (New Guinea), and two new subgenera, Melangyna (Austrosyrphus) (Australia and New Zealand) and M. (Melanosyrphus) (New Guinea), are described. Nine new species, in Melangyna (Melanosyrphus), Citrogramma, Hermesomyia, Antillus, and Giluwea, are described. The genus Orphnabaccha is transferred from the tribe Bacchini to the Syrphini, and the genus Toxomerus (including Mesograpta) is referred to the tribe Toxomerini. Maps showing the world distribution of each genus and subgenus, and figures of the male terminalia of the type-species of almost all genera and subgenera, are presented.The peculiar nature of the Neotropical fauna of Syrphini, with almost all species belonging to two large and very diverse genera, is compared with the situation in the rest of the world, where in most major regions the Syrphini consist mostly of a moderate number of medium-sized genera each of which shows much less diversity. Possible reasons for this difference, and for the great preponderance of more primitive Diptera among those with apparent transantarctic relationships, are suggested.


2003 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 238-251
Author(s):  
Victor F. Petrenko ◽  
Olga V. Mitina ◽  
Kirill A. Bertnikov

The aim of this research was the reconstruction of the system of categories through which Russians perceive the countries of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), Europe, and the world as a whole; to study the implicit model of the geopolitical space; to analyze the stereotypes in the perception of different countries and the superposition of mental geopolitical representations onto the geographic map. The techniques of psychosemantics by Petrenko, originating in the semantic differential of Osgood and Kelly's “repertory grids,” were used as working tools. Multidimensional semantic spaces act as operational models of the structures of consciousness, and the positions of countries in multidimensional space reflect the geopolitical stereotypes of respondents about these countries. Because of the transformation of geopolitical reality representations in mass consciousness, the commonly used classification of countries as socialist, capitalist, and developing is being replaced by other structures. Four invariant factors of the countries' descriptions were identified. They are connected with Economic and Political Well-being, Military Might, Friendliness toward Russia, and Spirituality and the Level of Culture. It seems that the structure has not been explained in adequate detail and is not clearly realized by the individuals. There is an interrelationship between the democratic political structure of a country and its prosperity in the political mentality of Russian respondents. Russian public consciousness painfully strives for a new geopolitical identity and place in the commonwealth of states. It also signifies the country's interest and orientation toward the East in the search for geopolitical partners. The construct system of geopolitical perception also depends on the region of perception.


2001 ◽  
pp. 13-17
Author(s):  
Serhii Viktorovych Svystunov

In the 21st century, the world became a sign of globalization: global conflicts, global disasters, global economy, global Internet, etc. The Polish researcher Casimir Zhigulsky defines globalization as a kind of process, that is, the target set of characteristic changes that develop over time and occur in the modern world. These changes in general are reduced to mutual rapprochement, reduction of distances, the rapid appearance of a large number of different connections, contacts, exchanges, and to increase the dependence of society in almost all spheres of his life from what is happening in other, often very remote regions of the world.


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