A Triangle in the Law-court: Speakers-Opponents-Audiences and the Use of the Imperative

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 388-417
Author(s):  
Andreas Serafim
Keyword(s):  
Main Argument ◽  
The Law ◽  
Forensic Speeches

Abstract This paper, focusing on and discussing salient passages from the whole corpus of Attic forensic speeches, examines the use and purposes of imperatives for persuasion. The main argument it puts forward is that imperatives should not be seen as an improper, impolite or abrasive means of communication in the law-court, but rather as a decisive and confident way of sustaining a triangular relation between the speaker, his opponent and the audience. The speaker, through the use of imperatives, talks about, and intermittently to, his opponent and conveys messages to the audience about him. These messages, combined with references to religion, patriotism, ancestral glory and the very existence of the polis, give the potential to orations to influence the verdict of the judges and determine the outcome of trials.

Is Law Determined by Morality?

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrei Marmor
Keyword(s):  
Legal System ◽  
Main Argument ◽  
The Law ◽  
Normative Considerations ◽  
Influential Theory

This chapter considers the contemporary versions of the substantive nondetachment view about the nature of law. This view takes two main forms. According to Dworkin's influential theory, law's content can never be detached from normative considerations. What the law is—always, and necessarily—depends on certain evaluative considerations about what it ought to be. A more moderate version of this nondetachment view holds that whether the content of law can or cannot be detached from normative considerations is a contingent matter, depending on the norms that happen to prevail in a given legal system, and thus the nondetachment view is at least sometimes true. The main argument of this chapter is that both of these views are mistaken.

scholarly journals Al-Aslu Fi Al-Asyya’ Baina Al-Ibahah Aw Al-Hazr: Pemakaiannya dalam Keputusan Muzakarah Jawatankuasa Fatwa Majlis Kebangsaan Bagi Hal Ehwal Ugama Islam Malaysia

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
Mushaddad Hasbullah ◽  
Zulfaqar Mamat ◽  
Mohamad Zaharuddin Zakaria
Keyword(s):  
Main Argument ◽  
Legal Decisions ◽  
The Public ◽  
Food And Beverage ◽  
The Law

This study attempts to expose the problem of the origin of a matter which has no clear and detailed argument whether it is illegal or necessary, as the jurists have disputed about this, where some of them have made al aslu fi al-asyya al-ibahah as a legal maxim used in their school, and some others use the al-asl fi al-asyya al-hazr as a maxim. The author tries to clarify the disputes among the scholars on the matter with the arguments and the opinion of the rulers. The writer also considers the application of this maxim in MJFK, which shows that its application is more focused in the law of food and beverage. The study also found that this method was not used as the main argument but simply as an argument supporting the main argument. It is hoped that this study will provide a new exposures to the public on the use of al aslu fi al-asyya al-ibahah in making legal decisions. Keywords: Legal maxim, MJFK decision. ABSTRAK: Kajian ini cuba mendedahkan permasalahan mengenai asal sesuatu perkara yang tidak mempunyai dalil yang jelas dan terperinci samada ianya haram ataupun harus, ini kerana para fuqaha’ telah berselisih pendapat mengenai perkara ini, di mana sebahagian daripada mereka telah menjadikan al aslu fi al asyya’ al ibahah sebagai satu kaedah fiqhiah yang digunapakai dalam mazhab, dan sebahagian yang lain menggunakan kaedah al aslu fi al asyya’ al hazr. Penulis cuba menjelaskan perselisihan ulama mengenai perkara tersebut beserta dengan dalil-dalil dan pendapat yang rajih. Seterusnya penulis menilai pemakaian kaedah ini dalam MJFK, dimana ia menunjukkan pengaplikasiannya lebih tertumpu dalam bab hukum berkaitan makanan dan minuman. Kajian juga mendapati kaedah ini bukan digunakan sebagai dalil utama sebaliknya hanya sebagai hujah yang menyokong dalil utama tersebut.   Adalah diharap agar kajian ini akan dapat memberi satu pendedahan baru kepada masyarakat tentang penggunaan kaedah al aslu fi al asyya’ al ibahah dalam pembuatan sesuatu keputusan hukum. Kata kunci: Kaedah fiqhiah, Keputusan MJFK

Scotland and the French Revolutionary War, 1792-1802

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Atle L. Wold
Keyword(s):  
Revolutionary War ◽  
Main Argument ◽  
British Government ◽  
War Effort ◽  
Armed Service ◽  
The Law ◽  
The Government ◽  
British State ◽  
The Military ◽  
Political Radicalism

This book is a study of Scotland’s role in the French Revolutionary War. It charts the Scottish contribution to the war effort, as well as to the British government’s struggles to defeat political radicalism at home – lasting from the first outbreak of political disturbances in Scotland in 1792 until the War came to an end in 1802. A main argument presented in the book is that Scottish support for the British government was marked by a consistent focus on the challenges presented by the ‘French Principles’ promoted by the revolutionaries in France. Whether this meant defeating the influence of French revolutionary ideas in Scotland, or defeating the military might of the French republic, the Scottish ‘loyalists’ were determined to stand firm in their support of the British state. Over the period 1792 to 1802, the Scots made their very distinctive mark in terms of recruitment for armed service, demonstrations of loyalty and prosecutions against political radicals in the law courts but, perhaps less so, in terms of their financial contributions. The government of Scotland was further integrated into the British state in a structural sense over the course of the decade, yet retained many distinctly Scottish features none the less and – on the whole – the 1790s come across as a time when the Scots found little difficulty in seeing themselves as both British and Scottish.

scholarly journals La representación parlamentaria en América latina. Las comisiones permanentes y los partidos en el congreso

2009 ◽  
Vol 47 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luisa Béjar
Keyword(s):  
Collective Action ◽  
Dominican Republic ◽  
The Other ◽  
Institutional Framework ◽  
Legislative Process ◽  
Main Argument ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The Law ◽  
America Latina ◽  
The Relationship

RESUMEN: El principal argumento de este escrito es que la heterogeneidad de los diseños institucionales que prima en el campo electoral en América Latina (Carroll y Shugart, 2005) también se reproduce en el parlamentario. El perfil morfológico del sistema de comisiones propio de cada Congreso y el lugar que la ley les asigna en el proceso legislativo son prueba evidente de ello. Mientras el marco normativo de algunas legislaturas no deja lugar a dudas en cuanto a la intención de delegar en los partidos las decisiones encomendadas a estos cuerpos; en otros casos, ello ocurre en menor medida. En los casos formalmente ceñidos a una lógica de partido, por otra parte, se alientan esquemas de delegación de corte muy diverso. En este escrito se revisa el acomodo institucional del sistema de comisiones de la Cámara Baja en: Argentina; Bolivia; Brasil; Colombia; Chile; México; Paraguay; República Dominicana y Uruguay. En este sentido, el estudio examina tanto la importancia concedida a su trabajo, como algunos aspectos de su morfología que afectan la estructura de incentivos que acota el desarrollo del proceso legislativo. Asimismo, se analizan los procedimientos utilizados en cada Congreso para enfrentar los problemas de acción colectiva. Por último, se presentan algunas ideas para la elaboración de una futura taxonomía sobre la relación que guardan en la región los partidos y las comisiones permanentes del Congreso.ABSTRACT: The main argument of this paper is that the heterogeneity of the institutional framework that prevails in Latin America’s electoral field (Carroll y Shugart, 2005), also reproduces itself in the parliamentary one. This is proved by the morphologic profile of each Congress’ commission system and the place that the law assigns to the system. While some legislative frameworks clearly intend to delegate to parties the decisions entrusted to this bodies; in other cases, this takes place in a less important way. In the cases formally related with a party logic, on the other hand, diverse delegation schemes are encouraged. In this article we analyze the institutional framework of the commission systems of the low chamber in: Argentina; Bolivia; Brazil; Colombia; Chile; Mexico; Paraguay; Dominican Republic and Uruguay. In this sense, this work examines the importance given to their job and some aspects of its morphology that affect the structure of incentives that narrows the development of the legislative process. We also analyze the procedures used by each Congress to solve its problems of collective action. Lastly, some ideas for the elaboration of a future taxonomy on the relationship between parties and permanent commissions in the region are presented.

The Law Criminalizing Attempted Suicide in Ghana

Crisis ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 132-136 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heidi Hjelmeland ◽  
Joseph Osafo ◽  
Charity S. Akotia ◽  
Birthe L. Knizek
Keyword(s):  
Suicidal Behavior ◽  
Police Officers ◽  
Attempted Suicide ◽  
Health Workers ◽  
Qualitative Interviews ◽  
Deterrent Effect ◽  
Mental Health Issue ◽  
Main Argument ◽  
Emergency Ward ◽  
The Law

Background: Attempted suicide is still considered a crime in Ghana. Aims: The purpose of this study was to investigate the attitudes toward this law held by health workers and police officers in Ghana so as to provide culture-sensitive arguments to aid in abolishing the law. Method: Qualitative interviews were conducted with eight clinical psychologists, eight emergency ward nurses, and eight police officers. Results: The majority of informants did not agree with the law criminalizing attempted suicide in Ghana, although five of the emergency ward nurses and two police officers did. Arguments for agreeing with the law were that people have no right to take life and that the law has a deterrent effect and thus it will help reduce the suicide rate. The main argument for not agreeing with the law was that suicidal behavior is a mental health issue. Those who argued in favor of the law did not seem to reflect much on the reasons for suicidal behavior. Conclusion: Education on how to understand suicidal behavior and suicidal people may aid the work toward decriminalizing attempted suicide in Ghana.

Ferrier and the Foundations of Idealism

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Douglas McDermid
Keyword(s):  
Main Argument ◽  
Subject And Object ◽  
The Law

This chapter reconstructs and analyses Ferrier’s main argument for a form of idealism which is both neo-Berkeleyan and post-Kantian. The argument, which is advanced in his Institutes of Metaphysic (1854), has three main premises: (1) If Absolute Existence is that which we know, it must be the synthesis of subject and object. (2) If Absolute Existence is that of which we are ignorant, it must be the synthesis of subject and object. (3) Either Absolute Existence is that which we know, or Absolute Existence is that of which we are ignorant. The first and second premises rest on two key principles: the Law of All Knowledge (a subject cannot know objects without knowing itself along with them) and the Law of All Ignorance (we can be ignorant only of what some subject can know). The main aim here is to understand why Ferrier thinks these two propositions are true.

scholarly journals Wykładnia umowy jurysdykcyjnej zawartej na podstawie art. 25 Rozporządzenia Parlamentu Europejskiego i Rady (UE) Nr 1215/2012. Glosa do postanowienia Sądu Najwyższego z dnia 5 października 2018 r., I CSK 611/17

2019 ◽  
Vol 25 ◽  
pp. 123-137
Author(s):  
Andrzej Torbus
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Supreme Court ◽  
The Other ◽  
Main Argument ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Member States ◽  
Applicable Law ◽  
Court Of Justice ◽  
The Law ◽  
Formal Requirements

The choice of court agreement (forum selection clause) is effectively concluded if there is no doubt that the party has actually become acquainted with its content. The Court of Justice of the European Union focuses on those aspects of the conclusion of the contract that allow the assessment that the other party is not surprised by the establishment of a subjective link. The compliance with formal requirements implies that the parties agreed on the conclusion of the contract. There are no objections about so understood “real consent of the parties” as a consequence of fulfilling not only the requirements as to the form, but above all as the way of the conclusion of the contract. The acceptance of the thesis that since the party expressed the undoubted consent to conclude the contract, there is thus no problem of the interpretation of the declaration of intent, is impossible. There is no dispute that the interpretation of a declaration of intent is a legal matter,since the methods of interpretation are determined by the law. According to the Polish Supreme Court, on the basis of Regulation 1215/2012 there is no problem of seeking of the applicable law, because the rules for the interpretation of a jurisdictional agreement should be interpreted from the provision of art. 25 of this regulation. This position is based on the main argument that any deviation from the autonomous rules of interpretation creates the danger that the courts of the Member States will differently determine the law applicable. The Court of Justice of the European Union accepts that an objective (normative) method of interpreting party’s statements should be used. In some situations, it is necessary to apply legis causae to effectuate a supplementary interpretation of the declarations of will.

scholarly journals Segurança jurídica para a inovação pública: a nova Lei de Introdução às Normas do Direito Brasileiro (Lei no 13.655/2018)

2020 ◽  
Vol 279 (2) ◽  
pp. 209
Author(s):  
Juliana Bonacorsi de Palma
Keyword(s):  
Public Sphere ◽  
The State ◽  
Main Argument ◽  
Legal Certainty ◽  
Public Servants ◽  
Legislative History ◽  
Academic Production ◽  
The Law ◽  
Operational Dimension

<p>Legal certainty for public innovation: the new Brazilian Law’s Introduction Act (Law No. 13,655 OF 2018)</p><p> </p><p>RESUMO</p><p>Este artigo busca apresentar uma leitura instrumental da recém-editada Lei no 13.655/2018, que altera a Lei de Introdução às Normas do Direito Brasileiro (LINDB) e lhe confere uma nova dimensão operacional: no âmbito público, para reforço da segurança jurídica e melhoria da qualidade das decisões públicas. O artigo analisa a agenda de pesquisa e produção acadêmica que incitou o processo legislativo que resultou na Lei no 13.655/2018, e também as alterações que o projeto sofreu no Congresso Nacional para demonstrar que a lei decorre de uma agenda voltada a viabilizar a inovação na administração pública. A tese central do texto é a de que a Lei no 13.655/2018 consiste em uma lei de planos, públicos e privados, que viabiliza o desenho de soluções jurídicas com maior criatividade e conforto decisório. No âmbito público, fundamentalmente a previsão de ônus aos controladores e a tutela do gestor público honesto permitem a definição mais efetiva de políticas públicas, contratos, licenças e permissões, entre outras manifestações. Desse modo, pela segurança jurídica, a Nova LINDB viabiliza a inovação pública na medida em que pavimenta o experimentalismo na administração pública, como a assimilação de novas tecnologias em suas atividades prestacionais e o emprego de mecanismos jurídicos atípicos.</p><p> </p><p>ABSTRACT</p><p>This paper tackles the recently enacted Law No. 13,655 of 2018, which changes the Brazilian Law’s Introduction Act and gives it a new operational dimension: foster legal certainty and the quality of public decisions. The paper describes how academic production influenced the Law No. 13,655 of 2018’s draft and its legislative history. The main argument is that the Law No. 13,655 of 2018 is a plan rule, enabling private entities and the State to design solutions with greater creativity for a best problem-solving. In public sphere, the Law legally protects honest public servants aiming at proving them comfort to decide and explore experimental public policies, contracts, licenses, permissions, among other manifestations. Therefore, the Law No. 13,655 of 2018 works for innovation in the State, such as use of technologies and anew administrative solutions.</p><p> </p><p> </p>

scholarly journals Liability to Pay Retirement Benefits when Contributions were not Paid to the Retirement Fund: A Reply to Mr Nkosi

2017 ◽  
Vol 20 ◽  
pp. 1-39
Author(s):  
Motseotsile Clement Marumoagae
Keyword(s):  
Pension Funds ◽  
Defined Contribution ◽  
Main Argument ◽  
Retirement Benefits ◽  
Retirement Fund ◽  
The Law ◽  
Retirement Funds

This paper responds to the fascinating article written by Mr Thulani Nkosi relating to the devastating effects of employers failure to pay over their employees' retirement funds contributions to the relevant retirement funds.  In particular, I respond to Nkosi’s main argument that retirement funds should pay withdrawal benefits notwithstanding the fact that they did not receive members’ retirement fund contributions from contributing employers.  I argue that while such an approach is understandable, it is nonetheless, legally unsound and further demonstrates that it is not supported by the law as it stands today.  I further argue that Nkosi's reliance on the principle of equity as advocated by Professor John Murphy when he was the Pension Funds Adjudicator to a larger extent does not pay attention to how occupational defined contribution funds operates. The basis of my argument is that defined contribution funds rely on members' contribution and it would not be sustainable for these funds to pay retirement benefits to members whose contributions they did not receive.        

scholarly journals Which Governments May Control the Mass Media: Iran and Kurdistan as a Case Study?

2015 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 61
Author(s):  
Araz Ramazan Ahmad
Keyword(s):  
Mass Media ◽  
Comparative Study ◽  
Document Analysis ◽  
Main Argument ◽  
Kurdistan Region ◽  
Analysis Method ◽  
The Law ◽  
The Mass Media ◽  
The Comparative Study

 Abstract   This paper is the comparative study in order to discover the motives of using censorship on Media.  The main argument of this study is to determine the "Using of Censorship on Media in different government states” Consistently, the study depends on document analysis method and academic sources as well.Correspondingly, the study focuses on Media and democracy and then Mass Media in Iran and Kurdistan region of Iraq.  Finally, the law of press in Iran and Kurdistan will be analysis to know the key elements of censorship in both governments.

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