scholarly journals A case study and proposal for publishing directed acyclic graphs: The effectiveness of the quadrivalent HPV vaccine in perinatally HIV exposed girls

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruby Barnard-Mayers ◽  
Hiba Kouser ◽  
Jamie A. Cohen ◽  
Katherine Tassiopoulos ◽  
Ellen C. Caniglia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hpv Vaccine ◽  
Directed Acyclic Graphs ◽  
Hiv Status ◽  
Causal Graph ◽  
Acyclic Graphs ◽  
Causal Graphs ◽  
Hiv Exposed ◽  
Living With Hiv ◽  
The Relationship

Background: Developing a causal graph is an important step in etiologic research planning and can be used to highlight data flaws and irreparable bias and confounding. Recent findings have suggested that the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine is less effective in protection against HPV associated disease in a population of girls living with HIV. Development: In order to understand the relationship between HIV status and HPV vaccine effectiveness, it is important to outline the key assumptions of the causal mechanisms before designing a study to investigate the effect of the HPV vaccine in girls living with HIV infection. Application: We present a causal graph to describe our assumptions and proposed approach to explore this relationship. We hope to obtain feedback on our assumptions prior to data analysis and exemplify the process for designing an etiologic study.Conclusion: The approach we lay out in this paper may be useful for other researchers who have an interest in using causal graphs to describe and assess assumptions in their own research prior to undergoing data collection and/or analysis.

scholarly journals [The Wife's Obligation to Fulfill Inner Maintenance to Husband Who is Infected With Hiv / Aids: According to Islamic Family Law and Case Study] Kewajipan Isteri Menunaikan Nafkah Batin Kepada Suami yang Dijangkiti Hiv/ Aids: Menurut Undang-Undang Keluarg

2015 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. 64-75
Author(s):  
Md. Zawawi Abu Bakar ◽  
Rajwani Md. Zain ◽  
Wan Ab Rahman Khudzri Wan Abdullah
Keyword(s):  
Family Law ◽  
Study Data ◽  
People Living With Hiv ◽  
Interview Methods ◽  
Islamic Family Law ◽  
Living With Hiv ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Husband And Wife ◽  
Hiv Aids

This paper aims to explain the dilemma that occurs in marital relationships. The issue of performing the external or internal maintenance obligation on the husband who has HIV / AIDS causes the wife to suffer. Thus, a qualitative study has been done to identify the dilemma that occurs in the relationship between husband and wife. Archival research methods such as the provisions of Islamic Family Law (UUKI), fiqh munakahat and case studies have been used. Interview methods were also performed to answer the objectives of the study. A total of 8 respondents, namely the wives of AIDS sufferers, were interviewed to obtain study data and the data was finally analyzed manually (QDA). The results show that there is discrimination against people living with HIV / AIDS (OHDHA) (wife) in the form of external and internal maintenance (husband and wife relationship). Even sadder, all respondents have been infected with HIV / AIDS as a result of intimate relationships with their husbands. The study finally concludes that OHDHA (wife) needs guidance and understanding of how to deal with the dilemma of performing duties as a wife and avoiding darar treatment from her partner (husband). Keywords: UUKI, Obligation, Wife, nafkah, HIV/AIDS. Makalah ini bertujuan menjelaskan dilema yang berlaku dalam hubungan suami isteri. Isu berkenaan melaksanakan kewajipan nafkah zahir atau batin terhadap suami yang menghidap HIV/AIDS menyebabkan isteri menderita. Justeru, satu kajian kualitatif telah dilakukan untuk mengenal pasti dilemma tersebut yang berlaku dalam hubungan suami isteri. Kaedah kajian arkib seperti peruntukan Undang-Undang Keluarga Islam (UUKI), fiqh munakahat dan kajian kes telah digunakan. Kaedah temubual juga telah dilakukan untuk menjawab objektif kajian. Responden seramai 8 orang iaitu isteri kepada penghidap AIDS telah ditemubual bagi mendapat data kajian dan data akhirnya dianalisis secara manual (QDA). Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahawa berlaku diskriminasi terhadap Orang Hidup Dengan HIV/AIDS (OHDHA) (isteri) iaitu dalam bentuk nafkah zahir dan batin (hubungan suami isteri). Lebih menyedihkan lagi semua responden telah dijangkiti HIV/AIDS hasil hubungan intim bersama suami. Kajian akhirnya menyimpulkan bahawa OHDHA (isteri) perlu kepada bimbingan dan pemahaman bagaimana menangani dilemma melaksanakan kewajipan sebagai isteri dan mengelakkan daripada perlakuan darar daripada pasangannya (suami).   Kata kunci: UUKI, kewajipan, isteri, nafkah, HIV/AIDS

scholarly journals The Relationship Between Central Auditory Tests and Neurocognitive Domains in Adults Living With HIV

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher E. Niemczak ◽  
Jonathan D. Lichtenstein ◽  
Albert Magohe ◽  
Jennifer T. Amato ◽  
Abigail M. Fellows ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Cognitive Function ◽  
Auditory Processing ◽  
Hiv Status ◽  
Cognitive Measures ◽  
Cognitive Domains ◽  
Cognitive Measure ◽  
Hearing In Noise ◽  
Living With Hiv ◽  
The Relationship

Objective: Tests requiring central auditory processing, such as speech perception-in-noise, are simple, time efficient, and correlate with cognitive processing. These tests may be useful for tracking brain function. Doing this effectively requires information on which tests correlate with overall cognitive function and specific cognitive domains. This study evaluated the relationship between selected central auditory focused tests and cognitive domains in a cohort of normal hearing adults living with HIV and HIV– controls. The long-term aim is determining the relationships between auditory processing and neurocognitive domains and applying this to analyzing cognitive function in HIV and other neurocognitive disorders longitudinally.Method: Subjects were recruited from an ongoing study in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Central auditory measures included the Gap Detection Test (Gap), Hearing in Noise Test (HINT), and Triple Digit Test (TDT). Cognitive measures included variables from the Test of Variables of Attention (TOVA), Cogstate neurocognitive battery, and Kiswahili Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA). The measures represented three cognitive domains: processing speed, learning, and working memory. Bootstrap resampling was used to calculate the mean and standard deviation of the proportion of variance explained by the individual central auditory tests for each cognitive measure. The association of cognitive measures with central auditory variables taking HIV status and age into account was determined using regression models.Results: Hearing in Noise Tests and TDT were significantly associated with Cogstate learning and working memory tests. Gap was not significantly associated with any cognitive measure with age in the model. TDT explained the largest mean proportion of variance and had the strongest relationship to the MoCA and Cogstate tasks. With age in the model, HIV status did not affect the relationship between central auditory tests and cognitive measures. Age was strongly associated with multiple cognitive tests.Conclusion: Central auditory tests were associated with measures of learning and working memory. Compared to the other central auditory tests, TDT was most strongly related to cognitive function. These findings expand on the association between auditory processing and cognitive domains seen in other studies and support evaluating these tests for tracking brain health in HIV and other neurocognitive disorders.

scholarly journals Educational Expansion, Social Class, and Choosing Latin as a Strategy of Distinction

2021 ◽  
Vol 50 (5) ◽  
pp. 306-321
Author(s):  
Jürgen Gerhards ◽  
Ulrich Kohler ◽  
Tim Sawert
Keyword(s):  
Learning Environment ◽  
Educational Background ◽  
Directed Acyclic Graphs ◽  
Spatial Proximity ◽  
Educational Expansion ◽  
Residential Areas ◽  
Acyclic Graphs ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
New Strategies ◽  
Selection Of

Abstract In times of educational expansion, privileged families are looking for new strategies of distinction. Referring to Pierre Bourdieu’s theory of distinction, we argue that choosing Latin at school – a language that is no longer spoken and therefore has no direct value – is one of the strategies of privileged families to set themselves apart from less privileged families. Based on two surveys we conducted at German schools, the paper analyzes the relationship between parents’ educational background and the probability that their child will learn Latin. Results indicate that historically academic families have the strongest tendency towards learning Latin, followed by new academic families, and leaving behind the non-academic families. We distinguish between four causal mechanisms that might help to explain these associations: cultural distinction, selecting a socially exclusive learning environment, beliefs in a secondary instrumental function of learning Latin, and spatial proximity between the location of humanist Gymnasiums and the residential areas of privileged families. The hypotheses are formalized by means of Directed Acyclic Graphs (DAG). Findings show that the decision to learn Latin is predominately an unintended consequence of the selection of a socially exclusive learning environment. In addition, there is evidence that especially children from historically academic families learn Latin as a strategy of cultural distinction.

scholarly journals Do the Flexible Employment Arrangements Increase Job Satisfaction and Employee Loyalty? Evidence from Bayesian Networks and Instrumental Variables

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eleftherios Giovanis
Keyword(s):  
Job Satisfaction ◽  
Bayesian Networks ◽  
Instrumental Variables ◽  
Causal Effect ◽  
Directed Acyclic Graphs ◽  
Employee Relations ◽  
Employee Loyalty ◽  
Flexible Employment ◽  
Acyclic Graphs ◽  
The Relationship

This study explores the relationship between job satisfaction, employee loyalty and two types of flexible employment arrangements; teleworking and flexi-time. The analysis relies on data derived by the Workplace Employee Relations Survey (WERS) in 2004 and 2011. A propensity score matching and least squares regressions are applied. Furthermore, Bayesian Networks (BN) and Directed Acyclic Graphs (DAGs) are employed in order to confirm the causality between employment types explored and the outcomes of interest. Finally, an instrumental variables (IV) approach based on the BN framework is proposed and applied in this study. The results support that there is a positive causal effect from these employment arrangements on job satisfaction and employee loyalty.

scholarly journals Exploring pathways from violence and HIV disclosure without consent to depression, social support, and HIV medication self-efficacy among women living with HIV in Metro Vancouver, Canada

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 205510291989738
Author(s):  
Kathleen N Deering ◽  
Melissa Braschel ◽  
Carmen Logie ◽  
Flo Ranville ◽  
Andrea Krüsi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Self Efficacy ◽  
Internalized Stigma ◽  
Hiv Status ◽  
Women Living With Hiv ◽  
Enacted Stigma ◽  
Verbal Violence ◽  
Hiv Status Disclosure ◽  
Living With Hiv ◽  
Status Disclosure ◽  
The Relationship

We used path analysis to investigate complex pathways from HIV status disclosure without consent, physical/verbal violence and depression, social support, and HIV medication self-efficacy through mediators of HIV stigma among women living with HIV in Canada. In the final model, internalized stigma fully mediated the relationship between physical/verbal violence and reduced medication self-efficacy. Enacted stigma fully mediated the relationship between HIV status disclosure without consent and depression. Internalized stigma (β = 0.252; p < 0.001) had a significant negative direct effect on medication self-efficacy. Enacted stigma had a significant direct effect on depression (β = 0.162; p = 0.037). Findings will help improve services and interventions to promote quality of life and well-being of women living with HIV.

scholarly journals Structure and Complexity in Planning with Unary Operators

2003 ◽  
Vol 18 ◽  
pp. 315-349 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. I. Brafman ◽  
C. Domshlak
Keyword(s):  
Planning Problem ◽  
Natural Structure ◽  
Causal Graph ◽  
Plan Generation ◽  
Positive Side ◽  
Unary Operator ◽  
Causal Graphs ◽  
Single Effect ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Comprehensive Study

Unary operator domains -- i.e., domains in which operators have a single effect -- arise naturally in many control problems. In its most general form, the problem of STRIPS planning in unary operator domains is known to be as hard as the general STRIPS planning problem -- both are PSPACE-complete. However, unary operator domains induce a natural structure, called the domain's causal graph. This graph relates between the preconditions and effect of each domain operator. Causal graphs were exploited by Williams and Nayak in order to analyze plan generation for one of the controllers in NASA's Deep-Space One spacecraft. There, they utilized the fact that when this graph is acyclic, a serialization ordering over any subgoal can be obtained quickly. In this paper we conduct a comprehensive study of the relationship between the structure of a domain's causal graph and the complexity of planning in this domain. On the positive side, we show that a non-trivial polynomial time plan generation algorithm exists for domains whose causal graph induces a polytree with a constant bound on its node indegree. On the negative side, we show that even plan existence is hard when the graph is a directed-path singly connected DAG. More generally, we show that the number of paths in the causal graph is closely related to the complexity of planning in the associated domain. Finally we relate our results to the question of complexity of planning with serializable subgoals.

scholarly journals Assessing Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices towards Causal Directed Acyclic Graphs among Epidemiologists and Medical Researchers: a qualitative research project

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruby Barnard-Mayers ◽  
Ellen Childs ◽  
Laura Corlin ◽  
Ellen Caniglia ◽  
Matthew P Fox ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Directed Acyclic Graphs ◽  
Epidemiologic Research ◽  
Attitudes And Practices ◽  
Acyclic Graphs ◽  
Effect Measure ◽  
Causal Assumptions ◽  
Medical Researchers ◽  
Causal Graphs ◽  
Effect Measure Modification ◽  
Knowledge Attitudes And Practices

AbstractBackgroundEstimating the strength of causal effects is an important component of epidemiologic research, and causal graphs provide a key tool for optimizing the validity of these effect estimates. Although a large literature exists on the mathematical theory underlying the use of causal graphs, including directed acyclic graphs, to assess and describe causal assumptions, and translate these assumptions into appropriate statistical analysis plans, less literature exists to aid applied researchers in understanding how best to develop and use causal graphs in their research projects.ObjectiveWe sought to understand this gap by surveying practicing epidemiologists and medical researchers on their knowledge, level of interest, attitudes, and practices towards the use of causal graphs in applied epidemiology and health research.MethodsWe conducted an anonymous survey of self-identified epidemiology and health researchers via Twitter and via the Society of Epidemiologic Research membership listserv. The survey was conducted using Qualtrics and asked a series of multiple choice and open-ended questions about causal graphs.ResultsIn total, 439 responses were collected. Overall, 62% reported being comfortable with using causal graphs, and 60% reported using them ‘sometimes’, ‘often’, or ‘always’ in their research. About 70% of respondents had received formal training on causal graphs (typically causal directed acyclic graphs). Having received any training appeared to improve comprehension of the underlying assumptions of causal graphs. Forty percent of respondents who did not use causal graphs reported lack of knowledge as a barrier. Of the participants who did not use DAGs, 39% expressed that trainings, either in-person or online, would be useful resources to help them use causal graphs more often in their research.ConclusionCausal graphs are of interest to epidemiologists and medical researchers, but there are several barriers to their uptake. Additional training and clearer guidance are needed. In addition, methodological developments regarding visualization of effect measure modification and interaction on causal graphs is needed.

The relationship between negative responses to HIV status disclosure and psychosocial outcomes among people living with HIV

2017 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 538-544 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elena Cama ◽  
Loren Brener ◽  
Sean Slavin ◽  
John de Wit
Keyword(s):  
People Living With Hiv ◽  
Health Providers ◽  
Hiv Status ◽  
Health Satisfaction ◽  
Related Stigma ◽  
Hiv Status Disclosure ◽  
Living With Hiv ◽  
Status Disclosure ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Shed Light

This report examines rates of HIV status disclosure and negative responses to disclosure among people living with HIV in Australia. Among 697 people living with HIV, most (>90%) had disclosed their status to friends, sexual partners and health providers. Almost a third had not disclosed to family, and half had not told any work colleagues. Negative responses to disclosure (e.g. blame, rejection) by all groups were associated with increased HIV-related stigma, psychological distress and diminished social support and health satisfaction. These results shed light on rates of disclosure among people living with HIV in Australia and the adverse health impacts of negative responses to disclosure.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document