Studies on Lactams

1970 ◽  
Vol 25 (7) ◽  
pp. 665-674 ◽  
Author(s):  
Basanta G. Chatterjee ◽  
Noel L. Nyss
Keyword(s):  
Special Interest ◽  
Weak Base ◽  
Aryl Substituent ◽  
Intramolecular Alkylation ◽  
Electronegative Substituent ◽  
Type 3

The activating influence of a nitrophenyl substituent in the intramolecular alkylation of compounds of the type 3 and 5 has been studied. The investigation establishes that the activation afforded by a 4-nitrophenyl substituent is intermediate between that of a carbonyl and ester functions. The role of the N-aryl substituent in the alkylation of N-aryl, N-α haloacetamino esters and ketones has also been studied. A number of hitherto unreported lactams have been synthesized and characterized. Synthesis of the compound 4 c using a weak base is of special interest, since this lactam possesses only a single electronegative substituent at the 4-position.

Mozart, Symphony No. 34 in C, K. 338/ii (Andante di molto più tosto Allegretto)

2021 ◽  
pp. 40-50
Author(s):  
James Hepokoski
Keyword(s):  
Special Interest ◽  
Common Type ◽  
The Other ◽  
Slow Movement ◽  
Close Analysis ◽  
Type 3

Chapter 3 reinforces the analytical concepts presented in the preceding chapter by providing another close analysis of a movement by Mozart—the slow movement of his Symphony No. 34 in C, K. 338. The choice of a slow movement also introduces the concept of the role of such movements in multimovement works. Since slow movements are often in a key other than that of the whole work’s tonic (referred to here as a “global tonic”) the analyst needs to keep in mind the relation of that slow-movement key to that governing the larger piece. Of special interest are cases (as here) where the global tonic, primary in the other movements, is visited only as a secondary key here. The chapter also introduces the concept of the “Type 1 sonata,” that is, the sonata that, lacking a development, consists of only an exposition and a recapitulation (as opposed to the more common “Type 3 sonata,” which includes that development).

scholarly journals The role of quantitative deep capillary plexus in the pathogenesis of type 3 macular neovascularization: an optical coherence tomography angiography study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marina Concilio ◽  
Federica Fossataro ◽  
Daniela Montorio ◽  
Mariapaola Giordano ◽  
Gilda Cennamo
Keyword(s):  
Optical Coherence Tomography ◽  
Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Study Groups ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Main Role ◽  
Optical Coherence ◽  
Capillary Plexus ◽  
Type 3

Abstract Purpose To quantitatively investigate the role of deep capillary plexus (DCP) in patients affected by type 3 macular neovascularization (MNV), compared to patients with reticular pseudodrusen (RPD) eyes and healthy controls, using optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA). Methods In this prospective observational study, a total of seventy-eight eyes of 78 patients were included. Group 1 consisted of 40 eyes of 40 patients with stage 1 of type 3 MNV (22 males, 18 females, mean age 73.7, SD ± 6.60) and group 2 included 38 eyes of 38 patients with RPD (17 males, 21 females, mean age 73.2, SD ± 4.55). The control group included 40 eyes of 40 healthy subjects (20 males, 20 females, mean age 71.4, SD ± 6.36 years). We evaluated the retinal vessel density (VD) of superficial capillary plexus (SCP) and deep capillary plexus (DCP) using OCTA. Results Patients with diagnosis of type 3 MNV showed statistically lower values of VD in DCP with respect to controls and to RPD group (p < 0.001), while there were no statistical differences between RPD and control group in macular region. No significant differences in VD of SCP were detected among the three study groups. Conclusion OCTA provides a reproducible, non-invasive detailed quantitative analysis of retinal vascular features and changing in early-stage type 3 MNV patients, which allowed to shed the light on the main role of DCP ischemia in the development of type 3 MNV.

scholarly journals Polymorphism in BACH2 gene is a marker of polyglandular autoimmunity

Endocrine ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marta Fichna ◽  
Magdalena Żurawek ◽  
Bartosz Słomiński ◽  
Marta Sumińska ◽  
Agata Czarnywojtek ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Cell ◽  
Premature Menopause ◽  
Complex Disorders ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Organ Specific ◽  
Autoimmune Conditions ◽  
Cell Balance ◽  
Type 3 ◽  
Polyglandular Autoimmunity

Abstract Purpose Genetically predisposed individuals may develop several autoimmune diseases—autoimmune polyendocrine syndromes (APS). APS types 2–4, are complex disorders, which combine various organ-specific autoimmune conditions. Recent reports support the considerable role of the BACH2 gene in immune cell differentiation and shifting the T-cell balance towards regulatory T-cells. BACH2 polymorphisms are associated with autoimmune disorders, including Addison’s disease (AD), Graves’ disease (GD), and probably type 1 diabetes (T1D). Our study was aimed to investigate the BACH2 variant, rs3757247, in endocrine autoimmunity in the Polish population. Methods The analysis comprised 346 individuals with APS, 387 with T1D only, and 568 controls. Genotyping was performed using TaqMan chemistry. Results APS type 2 was found in 219 individuals, type 3 in 102, and type 4 in 25 subjects. Overall, AD was diagnosed in 244 subjects, Hashimoto’s thyroiditis—in 238, T1D—in 127, GD—in 58, vitiligo and chronic gastritis each in 40 patients, celiac disease—in 28, premature menopause in 18, and alopecia in 4 patients. Minor T allele at rs3757247 was found in 56.4% APS vs. 44.1% control alleles (OR 1.59; 95%CI: 1.30–1.95, p < 0.0001). The distribution of genotypes revealed excess TT homozygotes in the APS cohort (33.2 vs. 20.1% in controls, p < 0.0001). The frequencies of rs3757247 alleles and genotypes in T1D patients did not present significant differences vs. controls (p-values > 0.05). Conclusions These results provide evidence of the association between BACH2 polymorphism and polyglandular autoimmunity. Since carriers of rs3757247 display increased risk for additional autoimmune conditions, this variant could identify individuals prone to develop APS.

scholarly journals Recruitment and the Role of Nuclear Localization in Polyglutamine-mediated Aggregation

1998 ◽  
Vol 143 (6) ◽  
pp. 1457-1470 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew K. Perez ◽  
Henry L. Paulson ◽  
Sagun J. Pendse ◽  
Sarah J. Saionz ◽  
Nancy M. Bonini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nuclear Localization ◽  
Green Fluorescence Protein ◽  
Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type ◽  
Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 3 ◽  
Eyes Absent ◽  
Disease Protein ◽  
Glutamine Repeat ◽  
Type 3

The inherited neurodegenerative diseases caused by an expanded glutamine repeat share the pathologic feature of intranuclear aggregates or inclusions (NI). Here in cell-based studies of the spinocerebellar ataxia type-3 disease protein, ataxin-3, we address two issues central to aggregation: the role of polyglutamine in recruiting proteins into NI and the role of nuclear localization in promoting aggregation. We demonstrate that full-length ataxin-3 is readily recruited from the cytoplasm into NI seeded either by a pathologic ataxin-3 fragment or by a second unrelated glutamine-repeat disease protein, ataxin-1. Experiments with green fluorescence protein/polyglutamine fusion proteins show that a glutamine repeat is sufficient to recruit an otherwise irrelevant protein into NI, and studies of human disease tissue and a Drosophila transgenic model provide evidence that specific glutamine-repeat–containing proteins, including TATA-binding protein and Eyes Absent protein, are recruited into NI in vivo. Finally, we show that nuclear localization promotes aggregation: an ataxin-3 fragment containing a nonpathologic repeat of 27 glutamines forms inclusions only when targeted to the nucleus. Our findings establish the importance of the polyglutamine domain in mediating recruitment and suggest that pathogenesis may be linked in part to the sequestering of glutamine-containing cellular proteins. In addition, we demonstrate that the nuclear environment may be critical for seeding polyglutamine aggregates.

Role of Adenosine Receptors in Rare Neurodegenerative Diseases with Motor Symptoms

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vicent Beltran-Beltran ◽  
Noelia Benetó ◽  
Tamara Lapeña-Luzón ◽  
Laura R. Rodríguez ◽  
Federico V. Pallardó ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neurodegenerative Diseases ◽  
Adenosine Receptors ◽  
Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type ◽  
European Medicines Agency ◽  
Receptor Subtypes ◽  
Motor Symptoms ◽  
Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 3 ◽  
Adenosine 2A Receptor ◽  
Type 3

: The approval of istradefylline, an adenosine 2A receptor (A2AR) antagonist, as an add-on treatment in adult patients with Parkinson’s disease by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and European Medicines Agency (EMA), is the latest proof of the importance of the adenosinergic system in the nervous system. Adenosine is an endogenous purine nucleoside with a role as a modulator of both neurotransmission and the inflammatory response. As such, the expression pattern of the 4 adenosine receptors (A1R, A2AR, A2BR and A3R) and the extracellular adenosine levels have attracted great interest in the pathogenesis and possible treatment of rare neurodegenerative diseases with motor symptoms. These include Huntington’s disease (HD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), multiple sclerosis (MS), restless legs syndrome (RLS) and Machado-Joseph disease (MJD, also known as spinocerebellar ataxia type 3, SCA3). In this review, we shall focus on the role of the different adenosine receptor subtypes in the development and possible treatment of the aforementioned rare neurodegenerative diseases with motor symptoms using the currently available data. The last section discusses the possibility of a role for the adenosine receptors in the treatment of other rare diseases based on the available molecular pathology knowledge.

Processual responsiveness in dialogic facilitation

2020 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 137-148
Author(s):  
Helle Alrø ◽  
Lise Billund
Keyword(s):  
Special Interest ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
Interpersonal Relations ◽  
Focused Attention ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Pragmatic Analysis ◽  
Audio Recordings ◽  
Dialogic Approach

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to elaborate on the role of a group facilitator when taking a dialogical stance. A special interest is facilitator’s processual responsiveness and its potential for supporting a dialogic approach to process facilitation. Design/methodology/approach Theoretically, the article is based on dialogue and dialectic relationship theory. Empirically, it is based on pragmatic analysis of excerpts from audio recordings of a two-day process facilitation with an organizational group called KUDIAS. Findings The analysis highlights the importance of processual responsiveness of the facilitator in terms of focused attention to the process as well as to the interpersonal relations between the participants in the process. Being processually responsive, the facilitator supports the process in becoming dialogic toward all participants’ perspectives and in creating a climate characterized by curiosity, wondering, exploration and recognition. However, facilitator’s processual responsiveness also requires the ability to balance the process between support and confrontation. Originality/value Processual responsiveness is developed and discussed theoretically as well as empirically.

Significance of analysis of the mechanism of fingermarks formation, sizes and location – casework examples

2018 ◽  
Vol 301 ◽  
pp. 44-52
Author(s):  
Tomasz Kowalski ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Significant Role ◽  
Special Interest ◽  
The Other ◽  
Fatal Accident ◽  
Preliminary Stage ◽  
Additional Information ◽  
Expert Opinions ◽  
First Case ◽  
Initial Stage

The aim of the article to present the role of analysing the manner of generating fingermarks in the investigative proceedings. These examinations are based on the analysis of the location of the marks on a given background and aim at providing the requesting party additional information about the circumstances of the investigated incident. The Author refers to two unusual cases, in which Voivodeship Police Command Forensic Laboratory issued expert opinions in the area of fingerprint identification. In the first case, at the initial stage of the proceedings the circumstances and recovered evidential fingermarks indicated a fatal accident or manslaughter by means of a firearm. In the other case at the preliminary stage recovered evidence did not allow identification of the perpetrator due to incorrectly selected exhibits. These cases would not be off special interest to us without the significant role of proper recovering of fingermarks and their analysis in a broader context than just identification.

PENGEMBANGAN KAMPUNG COKLAT SEBAGAI AGROWISATA DI BLITAR JAWA TIMUR

2016 ◽  
Vol 10 (02) ◽  
pp. 29-34
Author(s):  
Muhammad Syaifulloh ◽  
Wahyu Setiawan
Keyword(s):  
Human Resources ◽  
Product Quality ◽  
Special Interest ◽  
Active Role ◽  
Local Communities ◽  
Tourist Attraction ◽  
New Jobs

Kampung Coklat is a tourist attraction of special interest in Blitar, East Java, an ecotourism. Tourist components that have been held, the product quality is maintained, Human Resources who has been there, security from both outside and within the company and also cooperation with local communities necessary for the development, enhancement, training, coaching and maintenance. It is intended to support the development which will be done so as not to compete with other competitors. People who play an active role and cooperation that has existed well into the main capital to undertake development . The role of the community has been proven to work and establish new jobs in Kampung Coklat . Besides the community to fully support the development of Kampung Coklat. Keywords: ecotourism , tourism , products

scholarly journals Pneumococcal Surface Protein C Contributes to Sepsis Caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae in Mice

2004 ◽  
Vol 72 (5) ◽  
pp. 3077-3080 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesco Iannelli ◽  
Damiana Chiavolini ◽  
Susanna Ricci ◽  
Marco Rinaldo Oggioni ◽  
Gianni Pozzi
Keyword(s):  
Streptococcus Pneumoniae ◽  
Protein C ◽  
Lethal Dose ◽  
Surface Protein ◽  
Infection Model ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Mutant Strains ◽  
Type 3

ABSTRACT The role of pneumococcal surface protein C (PspC; also called SpsA, CbpA, and Hic) in sepsis by Streptococcus pneumoniae was investigated in a murine infection model. The pspC gene was deleted in strains D39 (type 2) and A66 (type 3), and the mutants were tested by being injected intravenously into mice. The animals infected with the mutant strains showed a significant increase in survival, with the 50% lethal dose up to 250-fold higher than that for the wild type. Our findings indicate that PspC affords a decisive contribution to sepsis development.

scholarly journals Correction to: The role of melatonin in the onset and progression of type 3 diabetes

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Juhyun Song ◽  
Daniel J. Whitcomb ◽  
Byeong C. Kim
Keyword(s):  
Type 3 Diabetes ◽  
Type 3
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