Surface Structure and Chemical Composition of Epicuticular Waxes during Leaf Development of Tilia tomentosa Moench

1991 ◽  
Vol 46 (9-10) ◽  
pp. 743-749 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul-Gerhard Gülz ◽  
R. B. N. Prasad ◽  
Edith Müller
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Coming Out ◽  
Leaf Development ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Epicuticular Waxes ◽  
De Novo Biosynthesis ◽  
Mature Leaves ◽  
Young Leaves ◽  
Tilia Tomentosa ◽  
First Time

Abstract The very young leaflets of silver lime trees (Tilia tomtentosa), just unfolding from buds, con ­ tained a continuous wax layer without any wax sculptures. The wax on young leaves is quite different in yield and composition than that of mature leaves. After unfolding of leaves a very dynamic biosynthesis of most wax lipids was started. Fifteen days after leaf unfolding the de novo biosynthesis of β-amyrenyl acetate and later on of aldehydes could be detected for the first time. The biosynthesis of wax components in silver lime leaves was finished at the end of June and the wax remained nearly constant in amount and composition during the remaining season. At the same time, when β-amyrenyl acetate was found for the first time, wax sculptures were observed in silver lime leaf waxes coming out of the continuous wax layer, exclusively on the upper leaf side. These wax sculptures increased in quantity in the next weeks and resulted in a crystalloid shape of most solitaire quadrangular rodlets. These crystals were remained all over the season and were formed from β-amyrenyl acetate, the dominating main wax compo­nent {ca. 49% wax).

scholarly journals The Effects of Development and Salinity Stress on Mannitol Biosynthesis in Celery Leaves

HortScience ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 491F-492
Author(s):  
J.D. Everard ◽  
W.H. Loescher
Keyword(s):  
Salt Stress ◽  
Leaf Development ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Northern Blotting ◽  
Apium Graveolens ◽  
Fixed Carbon ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Mature Leaves ◽  
Young Leaves ◽  
The Relationship

In celery (Apium graveolens L.), up to 50% of newly assimilated carbon may be partitioned into mannitol in mature leaves. Mannitol biosynthesis involves three unique enzymatic steps, and mannose 6-phosphate reductase (M6PR) is the critical regulatory step in the pathway. We measured M6PR enzyme activities, M6PR protein levels (using an immunological method) and M6PR transcript levels (by Northern blotting) to assess effects of leaf development on mannitol biosynthesis. M6PR was limited to green tissues and was under tight transcriptional regulation during leaf initiation, expansion, and maturation. M6PR expression was also closely correlated with the capacity of leaves to partition newly fixed carbon into mannitol (measured by 14C pulse/chase on intact leaves). Previous studies have also shown salt stress to lead to mannitol accumulation in celery. Using the methods outlined above we also investigated the combined effects of salt stress and leaf development on M6PR expression and the capacity of leaves to partition C to mannitol. Under salt stress M6PR expression and the capacity to synthesize mannitol occurred in younger leaves than in control plants. Thus, the increase in mannitol pool size in salt-stressed celery plants is due, in part, to enhanced de novo synthesis in young leaves. The data also confirmed the relationship between development of photosynthetic capacity, mannitol synthesis and M6PR activity. Supported by USDA-NRI grant # 940-1439.

scholarly journals n-Alkane Profile of Argemone mexicana Leaves

2010 ◽  
Vol 65 (9-10) ◽  
pp. 533-536 ◽  
Author(s):  
Indranil Bhattacharjee ◽  
Anupam Ghosh ◽  
Nandita Chowdhury ◽  
Soroj Kumar Chatterjee ◽  
Goutam Chandra ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Number ◽  
Epicuticular Waxes ◽  
Carbon Preference Index ◽  
Argemone Mexicana ◽  
Mature Leaves ◽  
Preference Index ◽  
Chain Lengths ◽  
First Time ◽  
Long Chain ◽  
Carbon Number Predominance

An n-hexane extract of fresh, mature leaves of Argemone mexicana (Papaveraceae), containing thin-layer epicuticular waxes, has been analysed for the first time by TLC, IR and GLC using standard hydrocarbons. Seventeen long-chain alkanes (n-C18 to n-C34) were identified and quantified. Nonacosane (n-C29) was established as the n-alkane with the highest amount, whilst octadecane (n-C18) was the least abundant component of the extracted wax fraction. The carbon preference index (CPI) calculated for the hydrocarbon sample with the chain lengths between C18 and C34 was 1.2469, showing an odd to even carbon number predominance.

Sorbitol Versus Sucrose as Photosynthesis and Translocation Products in Developing Apricot Leaves

1985 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 657 ◽  
Author(s):  
RL Bieleski ◽  
RJ Redgwell
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Development ◽  
Main Product ◽  
Mature Leaf ◽  
Young Leaf ◽  
Mature Leaves ◽  
Specific Transport ◽  
Young Leaves

Very young apricot leaves behave like the young leaves of most plants; that is, [14C]sucrose is formed as the main product of 14CO2 photosynthesis, and also when the leaves are supplied with [14C]glucose. [14C]sorbitol is not produced, and is poorly metabolized when fed to the leaf. Expanding leaves behave differently: [14C]sorbitol and [14C]sucrose are formed in similar amounts from both 14CO2 and [14C]glucose; and when [14C]sorbitol is supplied, it is readily metabolized and utilized for growth. Mature leaves are different again. They form [14C]sorbitol as the main product from 14CO2 and from [14C]glucose, and they do not metabolize [14C]sorbitol at all. Thus during development, apricot leaves gain but then lose the ability to utilize sorbitol. They also gain and keep the ability to synthesize sorbitol. This suggests that different biochemical paths exist for sorbitol formation and utilization, and that these paths are differently developed in the various stages of leaf development. Although the very young leaves did not synthesize sorbitol from CO2 or glucose, they contained it as their major sugar. Translocation behaviour was therefore studied. Neither the very young leaves nor the expanding leaves export any photosynthate, but the mature leaf rapidly translocates carbohydrate, mainly in the form of sorbitol, to the younger leaves as well as the rest of the plant. [14C]sorbitol supplied to the mature leaf can be recovered in that form from the very young leaf on the same shoot. This further establishes the role of sorbitol in apricot as a specific transport carbohydrate.

Evidence For De Novo Biosynthesis of Coelenterazine in the Bioluminescent Midwater Shrimp, Systellaspis Debilis C

1995 ◽  
Vol 75 (1) ◽  
pp. 165-171 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catherine M. Thomson ◽  
Peter J. Herring ◽  
Anthony K. Campbell
Keyword(s):  
Final Stage ◽  
Egg Size ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Nutrient Supply ◽  
Developmental Sequence ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
De Novo Biosynthesis ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
First Time ◽  
External Nutrient

Coelenterazine chemiluminescence is now established as the most common chemistry responsible for bioluminescence in the sea, being found in seven phyla. However, the organisms which synthesize coelenterazine have yet to be identified. In order to deter-mine whether the luminous midwater shrimp Systellaspis debilis (A. Milne Edwards) (Arthropoda: Decapoda) is capable of luciferin biosynthesis, a developmental series of eggs was assayed for its luciferin, coelenterazine. The advantages of this system are that S. debilis eggs are autonomous and therefore have no external nutrient supply, the embryos can be ranked for developmental stage and the large egg size allows clutch numbers to be determined accurately. Recombinant apo-aequorin, which requires coelenterazine for luminescence, was used to quantify coelenterazine during the developmental sequence. An increase of almost two orders of magnitude was detected in coelenterazine content per egg between the first and final stage of development (mean values of 1 pmol and 71 pmol). This demonstrates de novo biosynthesis of coelenterazine for the first time.

Surface Structures and Chemical Composition of Epicuticular Waxes during Leaf Development of Fagus sylvatica L.

1992 ◽  
Vol 47 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 190-196 ◽  
Author(s):  
P.-G. Gülz ◽  
R. B. N. Prasad ◽  
E. Müller
Keyword(s):  
Fagus Sylvatica ◽  
Coming Out ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Vegetation Period ◽  
Surface Structures ◽  
Chemical Compositions ◽  
Leaf Waxes ◽  
Fagus Sylvatica L ◽  
Chain Lengths ◽  
First Time

Abstract The surface structures of beech ( Fagus sylvatica) leaf waxes were studied by SEM and correlated with chemical compositions of the extracted wax lipids during one vegetation period. The very young leaflets just unfolding from buds contained already a wax layer without any wax sculptures or crystalloids. This wax layer is quite different in yield and composition to that of mature leaves. With the unfolding of beech leaves, a dynamic biosynthesis of several wax lipids was started, but the biosynthesis of wax esters was not continued further. Ten days after leaf unfolding the de novo biosynthesis of aldehydes could be detected for the first time. Aldehyde amount increased rapidly to about 13% of the wax. The predominant individual wax lipids synthesized were aldehydes, alcohols and fatty acids with C28 and hydrocarbons with C27 chain lengths, respectively. The biosynthesis of wax lipids in beech leaves was completed at the end of May and remained nearly constant in quantity and com position during the remaining season. At the same time when aldehydes were found for the first time, wax sculptures were observed on beech leaf waxes coming out of the continuous wax layer, exclusively on the upper leaf side. These wax sculptures increased in size and quantity in the following time and were present on the upper leaf side all over the season, only some wax sculptures show a trend to crystalline forms.

scholarly journals Olfactory Response of the Green Lacewing Chrysoperla Externa to Volatile Organic Compounds of Eucalyptus Urograndis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Jackson Vieira Borges ◽  
Rafael Aparecido Carvalho Souza ◽  
Alberto de Oliveira ◽  
Raquel Maria Ferreira de Sousa ◽  
Jean Carlos Santos
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Volatile Organic Compounds ◽  
Essential Oil ◽  
Organic Compounds ◽  
Green Lacewing ◽  
Mature Leaves ◽  
Volatile Organic ◽  
Young Leaves ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Eucalyptus Urograndis

Abstract The evaluation of the direct effects of the relationship between plants and predators without considering the participation of herbivores can provide vital information for the study of ecological interactions and integrated pest management. In this context, the present work studied the behavioral responses of Chrysoperla externa (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) larvae to the volatile organic compounds of young and mature, undamaged and damaged leaves of Eucalyptus urograndis (Myrtaceae), and investigate the chemical composition of leaf essential oils and their effects on the green lacewing. The responses of the C. externa larvae to the odors emitted by leaves were evaluated by an experimental behavior test using a Y-tube olfactometer. The essential oil was extracted by hydrodistillation of the young and mature leaves with and without damage. The larvae respond attractively to the volatiles emitted without the participation of herbivores, and it selected preferentially odors emitted by young leaves with simulated herbivory. The chemical composition was analyzed using gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. This research identified 32 compounds; some of them had not been identified in other studies. Young leaves had a higher content of essential oil compared to mature leaves. Among the compounds identified, eucalyptol, α-Terpineol, Aromadendrene, and α-Terpinyl acetate are the major compounds. An inversion in the content of eucalyptol (which decreases) and α-terpinyl acetate (which increases) is observed when young and mature leaves are damage. Thus, this work contributed with basic data on the potential use of eucalyptus forests as maintainers of natural chrysopids populations.

Delayed greening in phosphorus-efficient Hakea prostrata (Proteaceae) is a photoprotective and nutrient-saving strategy

2021 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 218
Author(s):  
Thirumurugen Kuppusamy ◽  
Dorothee Hahne ◽  
Kosala Ranathunge ◽  
Hans Lambers ◽  
Patrick M. Finnegan
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Leaf Development ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Structural Development ◽  
Mature Leaves ◽  
Young Leaves ◽  
Sequential Allocation ◽  
Delayed Greening ◽  
Photosynthetic Machinery

Hakea prostrata R.Br. (Proteaceae) shows a ‘delayed greening’ strategy of leaf development characterised by reddish young leaves that become green as they mature. This trait may contribute to efficient use of phosphorus (P) during leaf development by first investing P in the development of leaf structure followed by maturation of the photosynthetic machinery. In this study, we investigated the properties of delayed greening in a highly P-efficient species to enhance our understanding of the ecological significance of this trait as a nutrient-saving and photoprotective strategy. In glasshouse-grown plants, we assessed foliar pigments, fatty acids and nutrient composition across five leaf developmental stages. Young leaves had higher concentrations of anthocyanin, P, nitrogen (N), copper (Cu), xanthophyll-cycle pigments and saturated fatty acids than mature leaves. As leaves developed, the concentration of anthocyanins decreased, whereas that of chlorophyll and the double bond index of fatty acids increased. In mature leaves, ~60% of the fatty acids was α-linolenic acid (C18:3 n-3). Mature leaves also had higher concentrations of aluminium (Al), calcium (Ca) and manganese (Mn) than young leaves. We conclude that delayed greening in H. prostrata is a strategy that saves P as well as N and Cu through sequential allocation of these resources, first to cell production and structural development, and then to supplement chloroplast development. This strategy also protects young leaves against photodamage and oxidative stress during leaf expansion under high-light conditions.

scholarly journals Occurrence and De novo Biosynthesis of Caffeine and Theanine in Seedlings of Tea (Camellia sinensis)

2015 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 1934578X1501000 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wei-Wei Deng ◽  
Hiroshi Ashihara
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Camellia Sinensis ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Relative Concentration ◽  
Tea Leaves ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Biosynthetic Activity ◽  
De Novo Biosynthesis ◽  
Young Leaves ◽  
Different Parts

Caffeine (1,3,7-trimethyl xanthine) and theanine (γ-glutamyl-L-ethylamide) are the major nitrogen-containing secondary metabolites in tea leaves. The aim of the present study was to elucidate the relative concentration and amounts of these compounds and the de novo biosynthetic activity in different parts of tea seedlings grown for 27-, 106- and 205 days. The results indicated that caffeine and its biosynthetic activity occur only in leaves and stems, while theanine is distributed in all organs, including roots. The concentration of caffeine and theanine in leaves ranged from 0.3–1.1 mg N/g and 0.1–0.5 mg N/g fresh weight, respectively. A higher concentration of theanine was found in roots (0.5–1.1 mg N). The total amounts of theanine expressed as g N/seedling were 1.1–1.5 times higher than that of caffeine. The high biosynthetic activity of caffeine from NH4+ was found in young leaves during the first 106 days after germination. Theanine biosynthetic activity probably occurs in roots, since higher 15N atom% excess was observed in roots during the first 27 days. Theanine may be synthesized mainly in roots and translocated to leaves. The de novo biosynthesis of caffeine and theanine in tea seedlings and their accumulation and translocation are discussed.

Karakter Morfologi Daun Ubi Jalar Sebagai Bahan Pangan Suku Dani Distrik Kurulu Jayawijaya

Agrotek ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonius Suparno ◽  
Opalina Logo ◽  
Dwiana Wasgito Purnomo
Keyword(s):  
Sweet Potato ◽  
Leaf Morphology ◽  
Food Source ◽  
Staple Food ◽  
Sweet Potatoes ◽  
General Outline ◽  
Leaf Vein ◽  
Mature Leaves ◽  
Young Leaves ◽  
Tuber Roots

Sweet potato serves as a staple food for people in Jayawijaya. Many cultivars of sweet potatoes have been cultivated by Dani tribe in Kurulu as foot for their infant, child and adult as well as feeding especially for pigs. Base on the used of sweet potatoes as food source for infant and child, this study explored 10 different cultivars. As for the leaf morphology, it was indentified that the mature leaves have size around 15 � 18 cm. general outline of the leaf is reniform (40%), 60% have green colour leaf, 50% without leaf lobe, 60% of leaf lobes number is one, 70% of shape of central leaf lobe is toothed. Abazial leaf vein pigmentation have purple (40%), and petiole pigmentation is purple with green near leaf (60%), besides its tuber roots, sweet potatoes are also harvested for its shoots and green young leaves for vegetables.

scholarly journals Induction of Promoter DNA Methylation Upon High-Pressure Spraying of Double-Stranded RNA in Plants

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 789
Author(s):  
Athanasios Dalakouras ◽  
Ioannis Ganopoulos
Keyword(s):  
High Pressure ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Epigenetic Changes ◽  
Double Stranded Rna ◽  
Rna Molecules ◽  
Promoter Sequences ◽  
Promoter Dna Methylation ◽  
Promoter Dna ◽  
First Time ◽  
De Novo Methylation

Exogenous application of RNA molecules is a potent method to trigger RNA interference (RNAi) in plants in a transgene-free manner. So far, all exogenous RNAi (exo-RNAi) applications have aimed to trigger mRNA degradation of a given target. However, the issue of concomitant epigenetic changes was never addressed. Here, we report for the first time that high-pressure spraying of dsRNAs can trigger de novo methylation of promoter sequences in plants.

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