scholarly journals Prevalence of Chronic Bronchitis in the Northwest of Iran: Results of the Pilot Phase of the Azar Cohort Study

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 139-144
Author(s):  
Delara Laghousi ◽  
Mahasti Alizadeh ◽  
Nayyereh Aminisan ◽  
Javid Sadeghi ◽  
Mohammad Asghari Jafarabadi
Keyword(s):  
Cohort Study ◽  
Chronic Bronchitis ◽  
Smoking Status ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Pilot Phase ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
Northwest Of Iran ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
East Azerbaijan

Background and aims: Although chronic bronchitis is markedly under-diagnosed in the general population, it has a significant impact on the health status and the well-being of patients as well as healthcare resource consumption. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of chronic bronchitis and its correlates in the northwest of Iran. Methods: In 2014, all residents aged 35 and over in Khameneh city, East Azerbaijan, were invited to participate in the pilot phase of the Azar cohort study. The respiratory symptoms questionnaires were filled out by two trained general practitioners. Participants with a cough and phlegm on most days during at least three successive months in the previous two years were classified as chronic bronchitis group. Chi-square test was used to compare the chronic bronchitis and smoking status between males and females. Results: A total of 1036 participants were interviewed, 1006 of whom had completed a respiratory questionnaire, from them 544 (54.1%) were females, and 462 (45.9%) were males. The mean age was 52.5 ± 10.5 years. The prevalence of smoking was 16.2%. According to the chronic bronchitis definition, 24 (2.4%) subjects were classified with chronic bronchitis, and the prevalence was higher in the males (4.1%) than that in the females (0.9%). The prevalence was higher among the active smokers and ex-smokers compared to non- smokers (8.6% and 4.1% vs. 0.8%). The prevalence of cigarette smoking was 16.2% and it was higher in the males than that in the females (33.5% vs. 1.5%). Conclusion: the prevalence of chronic bronchitis in the population of the region under study was relatively low in comparison to the other parts of Iran and its prevalence was higher in the males than that in the females.

scholarly journals The relationship between study skills and depressive symptoms among medical residents

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Eiad AlFaris ◽  
Muhannad AlMughthim ◽  
Farhana Irfan ◽  
Nassr Al Maflehi ◽  
Gominda Ponnamperuma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Depressive Symptoms ◽  
Study Skills ◽  
Smoking Status ◽  
Pearson Correlation ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Depression Score ◽  
Categorical Variables ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract Background The cost of depression among residents is staggering as it extends into the quality and safety of patient care. Finding an explanation to resident depression by investigating the associated factors is therefore important. Study skills can be a possible factor, and a clear gap in the literature exists in this regard. We sought to investigate the relationship between depressive symptoms among residents and their study skills. Methods This was a correlational study and a non-probability sample of 240 residents completed the Beck Depression Inventory II (BDI-II) and the Study Skills Inventory (SSI). Chi-square test was used to compare different categorical variables, while student t-test and ANOVA for continuous data. Pearson’s correlation coefficient was performed to find the relationship between depressive symptoms and study skills and the association that these measures have with the demographic variables. Results Overall, 186 residents (76%) filled out the questionnaire. The SSI total score was found to have a significant negative association with the BDI-II depression score (Pearson correlation = − 0.447and p < 0.000). No significant association was found between the total SSI score and the residents’ sex, age, marital status, smoking status, training years or specialties. Conclusion Poor study skills were found to be correlated with higher depressive symptoms. Future studies are required to develop a deeper understanding of this relationship and reconfigure the approach to study skills for the well-being of the future physicians.

scholarly journals Gender Differences in Witnessing and the Prevalence of Intimate Partner Violence from the Perspective of Children in Finland

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (9) ◽  
pp. 4724
Author(s):  
Johanna Hietamäki ◽  
Marjukka Huttunen ◽  
Marita Husso
Keyword(s):  
Intimate Partner Violence ◽  
Partner Violence ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Intimate Partner ◽  
Clinical Samples ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Child Victim ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Gender Variations

Background—Intimate partner violence (IPV) has both direct and longer-term effects on children’s well-being. Much of the research thus far has relied on caregiver reports of IPV and clinical samples of children. By contrast, minimal research has examined violence between parents from the perspective of children using nationwide samples. Objective—This study explored the frequency of IPV witnessed by children and gender variations regarding the victims, perpetrators, and witnesses. Methods—The data were derived from a sample of 11,364 children from the Finnish Child Victim Survey 2013. The children were between 11 and 17 years old and were enrolled in the Finnish school system. The main methods of analysis included crosstabulation and the chi-square test. Results—The results indicate that children witnessed more IPV against their mother (4.9%) than their father (3.5%). Girls reported having witnessed more violence against both their mother (7.0%) and father (5.1%) than boys did (mothers 2.7%, fathers 1.8%). Girls’ reports of IPV against both parents were twice or more than twice as common as boys’ reports. Conclusions—The above differences might result from gendered expectations and boys’ and girls’ different relationships to violence, as well as differences in the recognition and interpretation of violent incidents. Therefore, practitioners should adopt a gender-sensitive approach as a precondition and practice for working with children in social and health care.

scholarly journals A Pragmatic Study of Requests by Males and Females in Online Religious Forums

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. p70
Author(s):  
Othman Khalid Al Shboul
Keyword(s):  
Computer Mediated Communication ◽  
Mediated Communication ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Computer Mediated ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Request Strategies ◽  
Pragmatic Study

The current study investigates the request strategies used by males and females in online religious forums. It aims to explore request types realized by linguistic formulas used by males and females when they make requests in computer-mediated communication. The study offers pragmatic and sociolinguistic explanations for these differences. It also discusses the functions of these requestive forms such as asking for more clarifications or to request the addressee to answer a question directly. This study found that there are seven strategies used by the participants to make their requests. Most of which are shared by males and females. The study applied Chi-square test to show whether or not the differences in the use of each type of requests between the two groups (males and females) are statistically significant.

scholarly journals Age differences in clinical features and outcomes in patients with COVID-19, Jiangsu, China: a retrospective, multi-center cohort study

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Huanyuan Luo ◽  
Songqiao Liu ◽  
Yuancheng Wang ◽  
Penelope A. Phillips-Howard ◽  
Yi Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cohort Study ◽  
Intensive Care ◽  
Respiratory Failure ◽  
Hospital Stay ◽  
Older Patients ◽  
Adverse Outcomes ◽  
Trend Test ◽  
Chronic Obstructive ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Chi Square Test

Objectives To determine the age-specific clinical presentations and incidence of adverse outcomes among patients with COVID-19 in Jiangsu, China. Design and setting This is a retrospective, multi-center cohort study performed at twenty-four hospitals in Jiangsu, China. Participants From January 10 to March 15, 2020, 625 patients with COVID-19 were involved. Results Of the 625 patients (median age, 46 years; 329 [52.6%] males), 37 (5.9%) were children (18 years or less), 261 (40%) young adults (19-44 years), 248 (39.7%) middle-aged adults (45-64 years), and 79 (12.6%) elderly (65 years or more). The incidence of hypertension, coronary heart disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and diabetes comorbidities increased with age (trend test, P < .0001, P = 0.0003, P < .0001, and P < .0001 respectively). Fever, cough, and shortness of breath occurred more commonly among older patients, especially the elderly, compared to children (Chi-square test, P = 0.0008, 0.0146, and 0.0282, respectively). The quadrant score and pulmonary opacity score increased with age (trend test, both P < .0001). Older patients had significantly more abnormal values in many laboratory parameters than younger patients. Elderly patients contributed the highest proportion of severe or critically-ill cases (33.0%, Chi-square test P < 0.001), intensive care unit (ICU) (35.4%, Chi-square test P < 0.001), and respiratory failure (31.6%, Chi-square test P = 0.0266), and longest hospital stay (21 days, ANOVA-test P < 0.001). Conclusions Elderly (≥65) patients with COVID-19 had the highest risk of severe or critical illness, intensive care use, respiratory failure, and the longest hospital stay, which may be due partly to that they had higher incidence of comorbidities and poor immune responses to COVID-19.

scholarly journals A Sociological Analysis of Combined Jail Life of Juvenile and Adult Prisoners in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Ihsan Khan ◽  
Ashfaq Rehman ◽  
Niaz Muhammad
Keyword(s):  
Sample Size ◽  
Strong Association ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Microsoft Excel ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
Offending Behaviour ◽  
Joint Dwelling

This study examines the outcomes of frequent relations between juvenile and adult prisoners at the populous prisons of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan in districts Mansehra, Dera Ismail Khan, Peshawar, Swabi and Mardan. According to SPARC (2015), there were total of 199 juvenile prisoners out of them 132 were taken as a sample size through Sekaran (2010) sample size table. The primary data was collected through interview schedule, with major aim to see association of joint dwelling of adult prisoners and juvenile inmates in the selected prisons. For measuring the association between adult and juvenile inmates, a Chi-square test was applied by using Microsoft Excel. It was found that there exist a strong association of adult with juvenile inmates; which resulted in reinforcing the delinquent behaviour of juvenile by supporting them financially, providing them with various kinds of drugs and persuading them to join their networks after they were released. Such situation was directly contradictory to the well-being of juvenile inmates at jails, where they were supposed to rehabilitate their offending behaviour. The study recommends establishment of separate jails for juvenile inmates, being inclusive part of the JJSO-2000.

scholarly journals Emotional well-being and social support in social housing neighbourhoods in China

2018 ◽  
Vol 46 (8) ◽  
pp. 3209-3218
Author(s):  
Jinhua Liu ◽  
Hongsheng Chen ◽  
Yang Chen ◽  
Zhigang Li
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Social Housing ◽  
Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
The Social ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
Social Associations

Objective This study investigated the effect of the number of close friends (within and outside of social housing neighbourhoods) on the emotional well-being of men and women in social housing neighbourhoods in China. Methods Data (n = 535) were collected in 13 social housing neighbourhoods in Guangzhou from September to December 2013 using the random sample method. The t-test, chi-square test, and linear regression analysis were used to analyse the factors influencing residents’ emotional well-being. Results Having a greater number of close friends living within the social housing neighbourhood had a significantly positive association with the respondents’ emotional well-being (regression coefficient = 0.473). The number of close friends living in nearby neighbourhoods was only positively related to women’s emotional well-being (coefficient = 0.433). Conclusions These results highlight the importance of friendship for residents’ emotional well-being. Especially for women, friendship outside the social housing neighbourhood is essential for good mental health. This conclusion is based on analysis of cross-sectional data, and reflects the directionality of social associations. The mental health of the poor warrants greater attention in China.

Reasons for Career Termination in Danish Elite Athletes: Investigating Gender Differences and the Time-point as Potential Correlates

2012 ◽  
Vol 21 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 49-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karin Moesch
Keyword(s):  
Female Athletes ◽  
Elite Athletes ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Psychological Research ◽  
Peak Performance ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Being There ◽  
Career Termination ◽  
Time Point

Abstract Introduction: Career termination, an inevitable step in every athlete’s career, has received increased attention within sport psychological research. A career termination that results in psychological problems is of special concern for sport federations, organizations and clubs. Research has shown that it is crucial to consider an athlete’s the reason for career termination. There is evidence that the causes of an involuntary and unplanned career termination are disadvantageous for athletes’ well-being. There are many important aspects of career termination, such as cultural and social aspects, gender, and the time-point of the occurrence. The present study therefore aims at investigating the causes of career termination and possible correlates with gender and the time-point thereof among Danish elite athletes. Method: Data was gathered from 68 retired Danish elite athletes about their reasons for career termination and about its time-point. A qualitative analysis with the reasons mentioned by the athletes was performed. Moreover, t-tests and chi-square tests were conducted to analyze differences between males and females, and among athletes ending their career at different time-points in their career. Results: The results revealed 10 different reasons given for career termination with lack of motivation, injury or health problems and family related reasons being the top three. Female athletes mentioned that they ended their career due to family-related reasons more often than their male peers. More than a third of all athletes ended their career before their perceived achievement of peak performance. Financial reasons seemed to be of more importance for career termination for athletes ending their career before or at peaking, whereas family-related reasons were more often mentioned by athletes during or after their performance peak. Discussion and conclusion: The results of the study provide an overview of the career termination reasons of Danish elite athletes, which can provide practitioners and organizations with helpful insight when designing respective interventions. When planning such interventions it could be advantageous to deliver specific support for women to enable them to optimally combine family life with an elite sport career.

scholarly journals Incidence of Radix Entomolaris in Mandibular First Molars in Palestinian Population: A Clinical Investigation

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raed Mukhaimer ◽  
Zafer Azizi
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Investigation ◽  
Far East ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
American University ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
Molar Teeth ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
The Right ◽  
Palestinian Population ◽  
Mandibular First Molar

Purpose. The aim of this investigation was to evaluate clinically the percentage of permanent mandibular first molar teeth with three roots amongst Palestinian population. Patients and Methods. Three hundred twenty-two mandibular first molars from 185 females and 137 males scheduled for root canal treatment at the Dental Center of the Arab American University were examined over a 2-year period. The incidence of a third root revealed by periapical radiographs and the comparison of the occurrence between males and females and between the right and left sides of the mandible were recorded. Statistical Analysis. It was performed using the chi-square test with a significant level set at P<0.05%. Results. Of the 322 treated mandibular first molars, twelve teeth were found to have a third root with an overall incidence being 3.73%. More teeth with a third root were treated on the right side of the mandible compared to the left side. Conclusion. The incidence of a third root in Palestinian population was within the range of previous reports from the Middle East but considerably lower than the percentage from the Far East.

Association between Optimism, Psychosocial Well Being and Oral Health: A Cross-Sectional Study

2016 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 200-206 ◽  
Author(s):  
G Thiruvenkadam ◽  
Sharath Asokan ◽  
J Baby John ◽  
PR Geetha Priya
Keyword(s):  
Oral Health ◽  
Psychosocial Outcomes ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Oral Health Status ◽  
P Value ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Life Orientation Test ◽  
Chi Square Test

Objective: The aim of the study was to assess the association of optimism and psychosocial well being of school going children on their oral health status. Study design: The study included 12- to 15-year-old school going children (N = 2014) from Tamilnadu, India. Optimism was measured using the revised version of the Life Orientation Test (LOT-R). A questionnaire was sent to the parents regarding their child's psychosocial behavior which included shyness, feeling inferiority, unhappiness and friendliness. Clinical examination for each child was done to assess the DMFT score and OHI-S score. The data obtained were statistically analyzed using Pearson Chi-Square test, Mann-Whitney test and Kruskal-Wallis test with the aid of SPSS software (version 17). Odds Ratio (OR) was calculated with 95% Confidence Interval (CI). The p value ≤ 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Boys with high optimism had significantly lesser DMFT score than the boys with low optimism (p=0.001). Girls with high optimism had significantly higher DMFT score (p=0.001). In psychosocial outcomes, inferiority (p=0.002) and friendliness (p=0.001) showed significant association with DMFT score. Among the boys, children who felt less inferior (p=0.001), less unhappy (p=0.029) and more friendly (p=0.001) had lesser DMFT score. Conclusion: Among the psychosocial outcomes assessed, inferiority and friendliness had significant association with oral health of the children and hence, can be used as a proxy measures oral health.

scholarly journals POPULATION PARAMETERS OF ENDEAVOUR SHRIMP (Metapenaeus ensis de Haan) IN BINUANGEUN AND ADJACENT WATERS, WEST JAVA

2019 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 19
Author(s):  
Ali Suman ◽  
Prihatiningsih Prihatiningsih ◽  
Pratiwi Lestari ◽  
Andina Ramadhani Putri Pane
Keyword(s):  
Carapace Length ◽  
Total Mortality ◽  
Growth Parameter ◽  
Fishing Effort ◽  
Population Parameters ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Exploitation Rate ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
First Maturity

Study on the population dynamic of endeavour shrimp (Metapenaus ensis) was conducted in Binuangeun waters based on data collected during period of survey, January to November 2016. The purpose of the study was to identify population parameters of the endeavour shrimp. Result showed that the endeavor shrimp growth pattern in Binuangeun waters was negative allometric and sex ratio of males and females was 1.0 : 2.7. The chi square test indicated that comparison of male and female of the endeavour shrimp was significantly different. It mean that there was imbalance in number between males and females. The length at first capture (Lc) of endeavour shrimp was 28.9 mm (carapace length),smaller than the length at first maturity (Lm) at 37.7 mm (carapace length). The growth parameter of endeavour shrimp was 1.33/year with maximum carapace length (Loo) of 51.45 mm. Instantenous total mortality (Z) and natural mortality (M) were 7.74/year and 1.88/year, respectively. While fishing mortality (F) and exploitation rate (E) respectively were 5.86/year and 0.76/year. The exploitation rate of endeavour shrimp in Binuangeun and adjacent waters was high. It was, therefore, recommended that fishing effort of the endeavour shrimp in that waters should be reduced about 52 % in the next year.

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