Quality of Internalized Object Representations and Suicidality in Individuals With Anaclitic and Introjective Personality Styles

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katie C. Lewis ◽  
Kevin B. Meehan ◽  
Nicole M. Cain ◽  
Philip S. Wong ◽  
A. Jill Clemence ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Cognition ◽  
Residential Treatment ◽  
Object Relations ◽  
Psychiatric Disorders ◽  
Suicidal Behavior ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Object Representations ◽  
Personality Style ◽  
Personality Styles

Research has shown differences in the characteristics of suicidal behavior in individuals with dependent (anaclitic) versus self-critical (introjective) personality styles. Questions remain, however, as to what factors distinguish suicidal from nonsuicidal individuals within each personality style. The current study examined clinical and interpersonal correlates of suicidality in 124 patients attending residential treatment for complex psychiatric disorders, with the aim of clarifying how social cognition and quality of internalized object representations relate to suicidality in individuals with anaclitic versus introjective personality organizations. Higher anaclitic and lower introjective traits each predicted higher frequency of prior attempts. Furthermore, higher anaclitic and lower introjective traits interacted with the affective-interpersonal quality of object representations to predict prior attempts, such that each trait was associated with more frequent past attempts in the context of poorer quality of object relations. The treatment implications of these findings are discussed, and areas for future research are considered.

An Ego-Psychological Approach to the Rorschach

1995 ◽  
Vol 77 (3) ◽  
pp. 911-930
Author(s):  
George Frank
Keyword(s):  
Object Relations ◽  
Psychological Assessment ◽  
Comprehensive Assessment ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Object Representations ◽  
Psychological Approach ◽  
Contemporary View ◽  
Present Purpose ◽  
Ego Psychology

This presentation is an extension and amplification of the ego-psychological assessment of Rorschach data initiated in 1946 by Rapaport, Gill, and Schafer whose focus was on the quality of the perception of reality and the assessment of defence. A more contemporary view of ego psychology not only includes an expanded view of defence but also of the nature of self- and object representations and the nature of object relations. An assessment of the synthesizing function of the ego was also discussed. The present purpose was to present a comprehensive assessment of Rorschach data from the point of view of contemporary ego psychology.

Hearing loss and psychiatric disorders: a review

2018 ◽  
Vol 49 (6) ◽  
pp. 891-897 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dan G. Blazer ◽  
Debara L. Tucci
Keyword(s):  
Hearing Loss ◽  
Psychiatric Disorders ◽  
Cochlear Implants ◽  
Hearing Aids ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Global Burden ◽  
Biological Treatments ◽  
Association Data

AbstractHearing loss is one of the most common yet unrecognized impairments experienced by adults, especially as they age. Mental health investigators and practitioners require better understanding of hearing loss, its association with psychiatric disorders, and the treatment of these disorders in the presence of hearing loss as well as the treatment of hearing loss itself. In this review, the authors briefly explore the global burden of hearing loss. Next we provide an overview of the extant literature on hearing loss associated with cognitive impairment, depression, anxiety disorders, psychoses, and quality of life with attention focused on the strength of the association, possible mechanisms explaining the association, data on treatment options specific to these disorders, and future research opportunities for these disorders. Current approaches to the treatment of hearing loss are presented, including hearing aids, rehabilitation including psychotherapies, surgical procedures (specifically cochlear implants), and induction loops connected to telecoils. Finally, cutting edge research into the pathophysiology and potential biological treatments of hearing loss is described.

Attitudes of Occupational Therapy Personnel toward Therapists with Disabilities

1992 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 259-277 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deborah L. Elliott ◽  
Jodie Redditi Hanzlik ◽  
Jeffrey A. Gliner
Keyword(s):  
Occupational Therapy ◽  
Psychiatric Disorders ◽  
Social Distance ◽  
Occupational Therapists ◽  
Mental Disability ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Work Situation ◽  
Social Distance Scale ◽  
Disability Categories

Responses were analyzed for a social distance scale and questionnaire regarding the attitudes of 106 Registered Occupational Therapists (OTRs) and 98 Certified Occupational Therapy assistants toward Registered OTRs who were hypothetically diagnosed as disabled according to 20 physical or mental disability categories. Results indicated that occupational therapy personnel generally had favorable attitudes toward peers with disabilities in a work situation, with the exception of peers who were specifically diagnosed with drug dependency problems and psychiatric disorders. Neither the length of time a professional had been practicing occupational therapy, nor the quantity or quality of contact with people who have disabilities affected the attitudes expressed. Implications of the results and suggestions for future research are discussed.

scholarly journals Episodic Mindreading: Mentalizing Guided by Imagined and Remembered Scenes

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brendan Gaesser
Keyword(s):  
Social Cognition ◽  
Episodic Memory ◽  
Facial Expressions ◽  
Mental States ◽  
Memory System ◽  
Body Language ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Mind Reading ◽  
Open Questions

Attributing mental states to other people fundamentally shapes how we bond, coordinate, and predict the actions of others. Perceiving a person’s facial expressions and body language contribute to our ability to understand what they are thinking and feeling. Yet, people do not exist in a vacuum and individuals often think about people who are not directly in front of them. People inhabit remembered and imagined episodes, where the surrounding location and objects can guide attributions of their mental states. In this article, I propose the episodic mind reading hypothesis, arguing that the episodic representation in which a target person is embedded will affect whether and how the target’s mind is read. The content and phenomenological quality of imagined and remembered episodes can alter what mental states are attributed to a target and the accessibility of those mental states. This hypothesis encourages researchers to think about mentalizing as neither dependent on nor completely exclusive from the episodic memory system. Instead, the episodic memory system can modulate and inform mind reading, and likely vice versa. The article reviews extant knowledge and highlights open questions for future research to explore with implications for healthy and impaired social cognition.

Psychiatric disorders and labour force activity

2015 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Annika Jonsdottir ◽  
Geoffrey Waghorn
Keyword(s):  
Vocational Rehabilitation ◽  
Psychiatric Disorders ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Diagnostic Category ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Psychiatric Illnesses ◽  
Diagnostic Categories

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to explore and review the range and quality of international epidemiological and observational studies reporting impacts of psychiatric disorders on labour force activity. This information is needed to explore the relative priority of different diagnostic groups for more intensive forms of vocational rehabilitation. Design/methodology/approach – The authors provide an overview of the current literature. A systematic review of papers measuring labour force variables and psychiatric disorders across a range of countries is conducted. These results are compared to OECD background unemployment rates during the same period. The results for each diagnostic category included are aggregated and compared to the other diagnostic categories. Findings – The proportions of people employed decreased with the more severe disorder categories, indicating that severe psychiatric illnesses are contributing to employment struggles for people with these illnesses, across countries. Research limitations/implications – This review is exploratory and shows that there is little consistency in reporting of labour force variables. Future research should endeavour to utilise internationally agreed definitions of labour force activity. Practical implications – This conclusion is relevant to matching community residents with psychiatric disorders to the more intensive and costly forms of vocational rehabilitation. Originality/value – To our knowledge, no previous review has examined diagnostic categories of psychiatric disorders by labour force activity internationally while taking into account background unemployment. This review found an employment gradient related to severity of diagnostic category that will be of interest to clinicians and policy makers.

Self-Compassion and Quality of Life in Adults Who Stutter

2020 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 2097-2108
Author(s):  
Robyn L. Croft ◽  
Courtney T. Byrd
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Social Connectedness ◽  
The Self ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Self Compassion ◽  
Adults Who Stutter ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Impact

Purpose The purpose of this study was to identify levels of self-compassion in adults who do and do not stutter and to determine whether self-compassion predicts the impact of stuttering on quality of life in adults who stutter. Method Participants included 140 adults who do and do not stutter matched for age and gender. All participants completed the Self-Compassion Scale. Adults who stutter also completed the Overall Assessment of the Speaker's Experience of Stuttering. Data were analyzed for self-compassion differences between and within adults who do and do not stutter and to predict self-compassion on quality of life in adults who stutter. Results Adults who do and do not stutter exhibited no significant differences in total self-compassion, regardless of participant gender. A simple linear regression of the total self-compassion score and total Overall Assessment of the Speaker's Experience of Stuttering score showed a significant, negative linear relationship of self-compassion predicting the impact of stuttering on quality of life. Conclusions Data suggest that higher levels of self-kindness, mindfulness, and social connectedness (i.e., self-compassion) are related to reduced negative reactions to stuttering, an increased participation in daily communication situations, and an improved overall quality of life. Future research should replicate current findings and identify moderators of the self-compassion–quality of life relationship.

The Relationship Between Interoception and Metacognition

2016 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 76-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
Judith Meessen ◽  
Verena Mainz ◽  
Siegfried Gauggel ◽  
Eftychia Volz-Sidiropoulou ◽  
Stefan Sütterlin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Memory Performance ◽  
Memory Task ◽  
Demographic Characteristics ◽  
Metacognitive Awareness ◽  
Interoceptive Awareness ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Heartbeat Perception ◽  
Interoceptive Accuracy ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract. Recently, Garfinkel and Critchley (2013) proposed to distinguish between three facets of interoception: interoceptive sensibility, interoceptive accuracy, and interoceptive awareness. This pilot study investigated how these facets interrelate to each other and whether interoceptive awareness is related to the metacognitive awareness of memory performance. A sample of 24 healthy students completed a heartbeat perception task (HPT) and a memory task. Judgments of confidence were requested for each task. Participants filled in questionnaires assessing interoceptive sensibility, depression, anxiety, and socio-demographic characteristics. The three facets of interoception were found to be uncorrelated and interoceptive awareness was not related to metacognitive awareness of memory performance. Whereas memory performance was significantly related to metamemory awareness, interoceptive accuracy (HPT) and interoceptive awareness were not correlated. Results suggest that future research on interoception should assess all facets of interoception in order to capture the multifaceted quality of the construct.

Assessments of User Comments With “Alternative Views” as a Function of Media Trust

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Marlene Kunst
Keyword(s):  
Online Discussions ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Political Issues ◽  
Argument Quality ◽  
The Public ◽  
Mainstream Media ◽  
User Comments ◽  
Media Trust ◽  
Heuristic Information Processing

Abstract. Comments sections under news articles have become popular spaces for audience members to oppose the mainstream media’s perspective on political issues by expressing alternative views. This kind of challenge to mainstream discourses is a necessary element of proper deliberation. However, due to heuristic information processing and the public concern about disinformation online, readers of comments sections may be inherently skeptical about user comments that counter the views of mainstream media. Consequently, commenters with alternative views may participate in discussions from a position of disadvantage because their contributions are scrutinized particularly critically. Nevertheless, this effect has hitherto not been empirically established. To address this gap, a multifactorial, between-subjects experimental study ( N = 166) was conducted that investigated how participants assess the credibility and argument quality of media-dissonant user comments relative to media-congruent user comments. The findings revealed that media-dissonant user comments are, indeed, disadvantaged in online discussions, as they are assessed as less credible and more poorly argued than media-congruent user comments. Moreover, the findings showed that the higher the participants’ level of media trust, the worse the assessment of media-dissonant user comments relative to media-congruent user comments. Normative implications and avenues for future research are discussed.

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