Introduction

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Salim Tamari
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Practices ◽  
Southern Region ◽  
Field Observations ◽  
Administrative Unit ◽  
Eighteenth And Nineteenth Centuries

This introductory chapter discusses the significance of the remaking of Palestine as an autonomous geographic entity within greater Syria and the Ottoman Arab provinces. During the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, Filistin was not a separate administrative unit within the Ottoman sultanate, but the term Filistin was designated for a region embedded in the provinces of Bilad al-Sham (Syria). It was frequently used to indicate the southern region of Syria, corresponding to the combined sanjaqs (districts) of Akka, Nablus, and Jerusalem. In this regard, the chapter states that the importance of Rafiq al-Tamimi's work is that it provided unique ethnographic distinctions to each of those districts, with detailed and sharp field observations about the customs, mores, and cultural practices of southern Syria as a whole.

scholarly journals Educação em oração: os processos educativos não escolares na Vila Real de Nossa Senhora da Conceição de Sabará - Século XVIII e XIX / Education in prayer: non-scholar educational processes in Vila Real de Nossa Senhora da Conceição de Sabará - XVIIIth AND XIXth Centuries

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (7) ◽  
pp. 108
Author(s):  
Leandro Gonçalves de Rezende
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Practices ◽  
Daily Life ◽  
The State ◽  
Colonial Period ◽  
Daily Life Activities ◽  
Professional Groups ◽  
The Third ◽  
Educational Processes ◽  
Eighteenth And Nineteenth Centuries ◽  
The Church

A historiografia brasileira sobre a educação e os processos educacionais nem sempre valorizou o período colonial, no qual há uma relação intrínseca entre Estado e Igreja, tanto em práticas educativas institucionais, quanto em processos educativos associados às tradições e às dimensões triviais inerentes ao cotidiano. Percebe-se que a carência de uma educação escolar, não significou a diminuição ou a ausência completa de práticas educativas.  Ao contrário, nas práticas sociais e culturais cotidianas, muitas ações pedagógicas de natureza não escolar, envolvendo o Estado, a Igreja e os grupos profissionais, contribuíram efetivamente para a (com)formação de diversos seguimentos socais. Logo, tais sujeitos, demarcando seus possíveis lugares, apropriavam-se das práticas culturais, usando-as e contextualizando-as no viver cotidiano da colônia. Nesse sentido, o presente estudo tem por objetivo demostrar como do decorrer do século XVIII e XIX, na Vila Real de Nossa Senhora da Conceição do Sabará, a terceira vila criada na Capitania das Minas, ações educativas de natureza não escolar foram explicita ou implicitamente elaboradas, nas diversas atividades correntes na vida cotidiana, sobretudo aquelas relacionadas à religiosidade e à Coroa, de modo a formar bons e fiéis cristãos, concomitante à formação de bons e leais súditos.  Metodologicamente, nosso estudo se norteará no cotejamento de pesquisa arquivística com o trabalho de campo, principalmente nos templos religiosos, analisando as relações entre os elementos artísticos, religiosos e educacionais, de modo a contribuir nesse eminente assunto.* * *Brazilian historiography regarding educational processes hasn't always valued the colonial period, in which we find an intrinsic relation between the State and Church, be it institutionalizes practices or educational processes associated with traditions as its trivial daily dimensions. The lack of a scholar education doesn't mean a complete absence of educational practices, on the contrary, in everyday social and cultural practices, many non-scholar pedagogical actions, involving the State, the Church and professional groups, have effectively contributed to the formation of various social segments. Therefore, these subjects, demarcating their possible spaces, appropriated cultural practices, using and contextualizing them in the daily life of the Colony. In this regard, the aim of this study is to demonstrate how, during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, in Vila Real of Nossa Senhora da Conceição do Sabará, the third village created in the Captaincy of Minas, educational activities of a non-scholar nature were explicitly or implicitly elaborated, in various daily life activities, especially those related to religiosity and the Crown, in order to form good and faithful Christians, as well as good and loyal subjects. Our study's methodology unites archival research with fieldwork, especially in religious temples, analyzing the relationships between the artistic, religious and educational elements, in order to contribute to this eminent subject.

scholarly journals Introduction

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-18
Author(s):  
Ozan Ozavci
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Great Powers ◽  
The Self ◽  
Great Power ◽  
Late Eighteenth ◽  
Eastern Question ◽  
Local Actors ◽  
Eighteenth And Nineteenth Centuries

The Introductory chapter discusses the overarching question of the book: how did it all begin? Since when did the self-defined Great Powers of the nineteenth century––Austria, Britain, France, Prussia, and Russia––come to assume responsibility for providing security in the Levant. Why? The Introduction traces the answer of these questions to the late eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, and maintains that Great Power interventions in the nineteenth-century Levant need to be considered not only in reference to their immediate causes, theatres, and implications. It is essential to take into account the continuity that European and Levantine actors saw in regional affairs from the late eighteenth century through until at least the mid-nineteenth. There is a need to foreground the persistent patterns or cultures of security within which violence was generated and sustained, and how the quest for security acted as an organizing principle of international relations. It also discusses the importance of considering these interventions in the fabric of the Eastern Question. It invites the readers to view the latter not only as a European question, as the existing literature has us believe, but also as an Ottoman question, whereby the agency of the Ottoman ministers and other local actors was more central than has been documented.

Introduction: Slavery, Social Revolutions and Enduring Memories

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul J. Lane ◽  
Kevin C. Macdonald
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Approach ◽  
African Continent ◽  
Present Volume ◽  
Intangible Heritage ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Eighteenth And Nineteenth Centuries

Slavery played an important role in the economies of most historically documented African states of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. This introductory chapter considers the regionality and relative antiquity of various forms of enslavement on the African continent, as well as a range of emergent archaeological studies on the subject. Further, the lingering impacts of slave economies and the memories of enslavement are critically assessed, including consideration of recent efforts to document and ‘memorialise’ both the tangible and intangible heritage of slavery on the continent. The contributions to the present volume are situated within these issues with the aim of drawing out commonalities between chapters and emphasising the value of an inter-regional comparative approach.

Introduction

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sebastian Lecourt
Keyword(s):  
Free Play ◽  
Anthropology Of Religion ◽  
Recent Scholarship ◽  
Victorian Period ◽  
Eighteenth And Nineteenth Centuries

The introductory chapter sketches the emergence of the anthropology of religion over the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Reading this history through the lens of recent scholarship on secularization, it explores how different anthropological constructions of religion came to underpin competing understandings of modernity itself. It then traces how specifically liberal views of religion in Britain diverged during the 1860s around what one might call the split between political and aesthetic liberalisms: the liberalism of abstract individualism and the liberalism of intellectual free play and diverse experiences. The Victorian period saw these two liberalisms first part ways over the normative nature of religion and what kind of subjectivity it defined.

INDIGENOUS MULTIPLICATION AND PRODUCTION PRACTICES FOR THE TUBER CROP PLECTRANTHUS EDULIS IN CHENCHA AND WOLAITA, SOUTHERN ETHIOPIA

2007 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 381-400 ◽  
Author(s):  
MULUGETA TAYE ◽  
WILLEMIEN J. M. LOMMEN ◽  
PAUL C. STRUIK
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Practices ◽  
Southern Ethiopia ◽  
Field Observations ◽  
Group Discussions ◽  
Land Preparation ◽  
Tuber Crop ◽  
Production Practices ◽  
Number Of Stems ◽  
Orphan Crop

Plectranthus edulis (syn. Coleus edulis) is a tuber-bearing labiate species cultivated in parts of southern Ethiopia. To learn about traditional cultural practices and their rationale, a survey was conducted among farmers from Chencha and Wolaita experienced in growing this crop. A pre-tested questionnaire was used to interview 48 family heads categorized into three wealth groups per site. Information was checked through group discussions and field observations. In Wolaita, poorer farmers cropped a larger portion of their land to P. edulis than richer farmers. Land was usually prepared for planting between January and April. In Wolaita, the crop was mostly grown in a furrow. In Chencha growing in patches and on flat land also occurred. Farmers mostly used a digging hoe for land preparation. Tuber pieces were planted about 5 cm deep. According to farmers, using tuber pieces resulted in more stems, more progeny tubers and higher yields than using whole tubers. Tubers were broken into pieces 0–1 day before planting. Tuber pieces were planted with sprouts or after desprouting. Crops were usually fertilized with manure, but in Wolaita sometimes also with compost. Applying fertilizer was thought to give more and bigger tubers. Earthing up took place 1–3 times (usually twice), to increase yield. Tipping was also done 1–3 times (usually once), to increase the number of stems. Based on the survey, an overview of the practices and their rationale is compiled for use in further research into this orphan crop.

'It is not so!' Otto Finsch, Expectations and Encounters in the Pacific, 1865 - 85

2011 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 32 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hilary S. Howes
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Practices ◽  
New Guinea ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Field Observations ◽  
Human Interface ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
History Of ◽  
Human Difference ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
Torres Strait

This article focuses on the Pacific experiences of the German ornithologist and ethnologist Otto Finsch (1839?1917). Between 1879 and 1882, Finsch voyaged extensively in the Pacific, visiting Hawai?i, parts of Micronesia and island Melanesia, New Zealand, New Guinea and the Torres Strait Islands. In 1884, he returned to New Guinea and was instrumental in the acquisition of Kaiser-Wilhelmsland and the Bismarck Archipelago as German protectorates.While his numerous publications on the indigenous inhabitants of these areas naturally reflect the prevailing scientific and colonial discourses of the late nineteenth century, I argue that they were also significantly shaped by his personal encounters with Pacific peoples. Through close comparisons of texts produced before, during and after his Pacific voyages, I discuss the ways in which these encounters challenged Finsch's pre-voyage assumptions about ?race' and human difference: the breadth of individual variation within supposedly homogeneous races, the extent of overlap between such races, and the reliability of particular cultural practices as diagnostics of savagery or civilization. I also emphasize links between Finsch's story and broader issues in the history of science, including the influence of observers' trajectories of travel on the constitution of regional topographies of difference, the standardization and mobilization of travellers' observations for metropolitan audiences, the human interface between discovery and communication, and the policing of scientific knowledge and interpretation of field observations by metropolitan authorities.

Introduction

2001 ◽  
pp. 3-19
Author(s):  
Antony Polonsky
Keyword(s):  
Jewish Life ◽  
Second World War ◽  
Political Elite ◽  
World War ◽  
History Of ◽  
Eighteenth And Nineteenth Centuries ◽  
Grand Duchy Of Lithuania ◽  
Second World ◽  
Grand Duchy

This introductory chapter briefly explores Jewish life and Polish nationhood within the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth up until the Second World War. The Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth was a dual state, created in 1569 by the union of the kingdom of Poland with the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. It was extremely heterogeneous in character. The history of Poland–Lithuania throughout the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries raised the questions of who was a Pole and what should be the boundaries of the future Polish state. For the Polish political élite, there was no question that the goal was the reconstitution of the country within its 1772 frontiers. This created a new interest in documenting the ‘Polishness’ of the borderlands (kresy) of the former Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.

Introduction

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-16
Author(s):  
Ruth Streicher
Keyword(s):  
State Formation ◽  
Political Conflict ◽  
Southern Region ◽  
Modern State ◽  
Southern Population ◽  
Military Operations ◽  
The South ◽  
Muslim Population ◽  
Official Discourse

This introductory chapter provides an overview of how counterinsurgency practices contribute to producing Thailand as an imperial formation: a modern state formation with roots in the premodern Buddhist empire of Siam that secures its survival by constructing the southern Muslim population as essentially and hierarchically different. Reinforcing notions of the racialized, religious, and gendered Otherness of Patani, counterinsurgency thus fuels the very conflict it has been designed to resolve. From this perspective, it is possible to understand the marginalization of the southern conflict in official discourse, the denials of obvious connections between the insurgency and the August 2016 bombings, and the culturalization of a deeply political conflict as integral parts of imperial policing practices. The counterinsurgency motto “Understanding, Reaching Out, Development” has guided military operations in the southern region under various governments and juntas, and it encapsulates how counterinsurgency discourse is predicated on and produces the essentialized differences of the southern population. Most conspicuously, the motto positions Thai military as the paternal caretaker of the South and relocates the causes of insurgent violence in the differences of the southern population.

Contemporary Concepts and Practices of Choral Singing

2015 ◽  
pp. 774-790
Author(s):  
Ursula Geisler ◽  
Karin Johansson
Keyword(s):  
Choral Music ◽  
Cultural Practices ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Complex Field ◽  
Research Topics ◽  
Choral Singing ◽  
Music Making ◽  
Cultural Boundaries ◽  
Methodological Approaches

Choir singing is becoming increasingly important as a meeting point for cultural practices and for transcending national and cultural boundaries. This introductory chapter discusses the collective choral voice as both a musical and a societal phenomenon. As such, it is a complex field of research that motivates a multitude of theoretical and methodological approaches in different disciplines. Studies of choral music-making may be divided into perspectives that focus upon, respectively, the context, the process, and the artistic products of choral music-making. The network Choir in Focus aims at being a platform for such interdisciplinary investigations and interactions between practice-based, pedagogical, and historical approaches. Contemporary trends are presented and suggestions for future research topics are given. In conclusion, choral research is seen as a field of possibilities for creating new knowledge and new opportunities for interaction between researchers and practitioners.

Introduction: Everyday Life in (Post-)Neoliberal Latin America

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-20
Author(s):  
Daniel Nehring ◽  
Gerardo Gómez Michel ◽  
Magdalena López
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Everyday Life ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Common Sense ◽  
Cultural Practices ◽  
Discursive Construction ◽  
Cultural Dynamics ◽  
Societal Consensus ◽  
The Subject

The introduction explores the cultural dynamics of neoliberalism and anti-neoliberal resistance in Latin America. While Latin American neoliberalisms and the regions transition – perhaps temporary – to post-neoliberalism have been extensively debated (Dávila 2012, Flores-Macias 2012, Goodale and Postero 2013), extant research has largely focused on relevant political and socio-economic processes. The cultural dynamics of neoliberalism, anti-neoliberalism and post-neoliberalism, in terms of the discursive construction of neoliberal common sense and the organisation of everyday beliefs, norms, values and systems of meaning, have received far less attention. The introductory chapter then sketches the subject matter of the following case studies. Together, the studies in this volume seek to address this gap. They pursue three objectives. First, they seek to explore how neoliberal narratives of self and social relationships have transformed everyday life in contemporary Latin America. Second, they examine how these narratives are being contested and supplanted by a diversity of alternative modes of experience and practices in a diversity of settings, in the context of anti-neoliberal and post-neoliberal socio-political programmes. In this context, the studies in this book address the questions to what extent contemporary Latin America might in fact be described as post-neoliberal, given the crisis of political challenges to neoliberalism in societies such as Venezuela, Argentina or Bolivia. Third, the following chapters interrogate the discourses and cultural practices through which a societal consensus for the pursuit of neoliberal politics may be established, defended and contested.

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