scholarly journals Morphometric parameters of mammary glands in women of different body types in the normal condition and in case of tubular breast deformity

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Regina A. Pakhomova ◽  
Georgy E. Karapetyan ◽  
Lyudmila V. Kochetova ◽  
Lyudmila V. Sindeeva ◽  
Natalya A. Karelina ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Normal Condition ◽  
Mammary Glands ◽  
Morphometric Parameters ◽  
The Body ◽  
Objective Criterion ◽  
Breast Deformity ◽  
Tubular Breast ◽  
Aesthetic Breast ◽  
Logic System

Objective — to reveal the incidence of tubular breast deformity and to compare macromorphometric breast data with the constitution of women who need aesthetic breast correction. Material and Methods — There was conducted macromorphometry of the mammary glands in 101 women using the Body Logic system, as well as anthropometry and somatotyping with indication of sthenic, ectomorph and endomorph body types. Results — Among women with aesthetic problems of mammary glands, tubular breast deformity was revealed in 17.6% of sthenics, 23.5% of ectomorphs, and 58.8% of endomorphs. The Norwood Index, as an objective criterion of tubularity, had the largest value in endomorph women. Conclusion — Endomorph women were more susceptible to the development of tubular breast deformity in comparison with women of other body types.

Melatonin Modulates Lactation by Regulating Prolactin Secretion Via Tuberoinfundibular Dopaminergic Neurons in the Hypothalamus- Pituitary System

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (8) ◽  
pp. 744-750 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hongyang Li ◽  
JingyaWei ◽  
Fengtao Ma ◽  
Qiang Shan ◽  
Duo Gao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pineal Gland ◽  
Pituitary Gland ◽  
Antioxidant Capacity ◽  
Dopaminergic Neurons ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Endocrine System ◽  
Mammary Glands ◽  
Prolactin Secretion ◽  
The Body ◽  
Stimulation Of

In-depth studies have identified many hormones important for controlling mammary growth and maintaining lactation. One of these is melatonin, which is synthesized and secreted by the pineal gland to regulate circadian rhythms, improve antioxidant capacity, and enhance immunity. Prolactin is secreted by the pituitary gland and is associated with the growth and development of mammary glands as well as initiation and maintenance of lactation. The hypothalamus-pituitary system, the most important endocrine system in the body, regulates prolactin secretion mainly through dopamine released from tuberoinfundibular dopaminergic neurons. This review provides a reference for further study and describes the regulation of lactation and prolactin secretion by melatonin, primarily via the protection and stimulation of tuberoinfundibular dopaminergic neurons.

scholarly journals THE COMPARATIVE CHARACTERISTICS OF AGE, SEXUAL AND TYPOLOGICAL MORPHOMETRIC PARAMETERS OF UNPAIRED BRANCHES OF THE ABDOMINAL AORTA OF ADULTS ACCORDING COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY

2019 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 13-18
Author(s):  
I. V. Gaiyvoronsky ◽  
P. M. Bykov ◽  
M. G. Gaivoronskaya ◽  
G. I. Sinenchenko
Keyword(s):  
Superior Mesenteric Artery ◽  
Abdominal Aorta ◽  
Mesenteric Artery ◽  
Celiac Trunk ◽  
Morphometric Parameters ◽  
The Body ◽  
Body Type ◽  
Elderly Age ◽  
Main Trunk ◽  
Men And Women

The rapid development of transplantation, endovascular and minimally invasive surgery necessitates a detailed study of the structural features of the vessels of the abdominal cavity. The purpose of the study is the characteristics of the morphometric parameters of the abdominal aorta and its unpaired branches in men and women at different ages and depending on the body type. The analysis of 266 computer tomograms of the abdominal part of aorta and its unpaired branches was carried out in adult men women divided into three age groups (first and second periods of mature age and elderly age), as well as into three groups according to the Pinier index (asthenic, normosthenic and hypersthenic body types). It was established that individual morphometric parameters of the abdominal part of aorta and its unpaired branches in men and women significantly change with age. It is proved that the diameter of the aorta at various levels significantly increases with age from the first mature to the elderly age by an average of 5 mm. However, in men, the length of the abdominal aorta, celiac trunk and main trunk of the superior mesenteric artery does not change with age. In women, the length of the celiac trunk increases with age at 5.9 mm, the length of the main trunk of the superior mesenteric artery - at 17 mm. The angle of discharge of the celiac trunk in men changes unevenly with age - in the second period of mature age, there is a statistically significant decrease by an average to 12.3°, then in old age an increase to 15°. Moreover, in women, the values of this indicator vary more evenly. The angles of discharge of other vessels did not show a clear age dependence, since this parameter is largely due to the constitutional features. The aorto-mesenteric distance changes with age only in women. In elderly age, it is on average 4.4 mm larger than in the first period of mature age. It was also found that there are significant differences between constitutional types identified using the Pinier index in the overwhelming majority of the morphometric parameters studied. The obtained information has a significant clinical importance, since it will allow objectifying the diagnostic criteria of various vascular syndromes and minimizing the risk of endovascular interventions.

Bilaterally symmetric juvenile fibroadenomas and tubular breast deformity in a prepubescent girl

2007 ◽  
Vol 42 (6) ◽  
pp. 1133-1136 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachael L. Moore ◽  
Anil Mungara ◽  
Katayoon Shayan ◽  
Anne M. Wallace
Keyword(s):  
Breast Deformity ◽  
Tubular Breast

scholarly journals SEXUAL DIMORPHISM IN PSEUDOPUS APODUS (REPTILIA: SAURIA: ANGUIDAE) FROM THE STEPPE CRIMEA

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 ◽  
pp. 1-21
Author(s):  
Oleg V. Kukushkin ◽  
Igor V. Dovgal
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Dimorphism ◽  
Morphometric Parameters ◽  
The Body ◽  
Body Proportions ◽  
Reliable Determination ◽  
Kerch Peninsula ◽  
The Crimea ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Almost All

The current paper is focused on sexual dimorphism of a giant glass lizard, or sheltopusik, Pseudopus apodus apodus (Pallas, 1775) from its northernmost populations inhabiting the Crimea. In total, 72 P. apodus individuals (45 males and 27 females) were collected at the Kerch Peninsula during 2013–2017. To estimate the variability, 13 morphometric parameters and 18 indices characterizing the head and body proportions were used. It was found that males and females differed significantly by means of almost all parameters, except the body and tail sizes. Besides that, the differences by 10 ratios characterizing head proportions were revealed as well. However, a reliable determination of the lizard sex using linear sizes and/or ratios values seems to be impossible because of the strong overlap of the variability ranges in both sexes. At the same time, the use of the canonical discriminant analysis by the complex of morphometric parameters and by ratios has shown that the males and females in both datasets are classified correctly basing on the sex with an accuracy approximating 100%. The differences in the allometric growth of males and females partially define the sexual dimorphism of P. apodus on head size and shape. A sex-related differences in the development of at least one pair of parameters (head and snout lengths) were clearly evident, since isometry was established for males, while allometry ‒ for females. Moreover, the systems of correlation between the body and head parts differ in both sexes. Thus, male characterisitics correlate significanly, while the female ones were less toughly connected, and some pairs of parameters did not correlate at all.

scholarly journals Role of physiological monitoring in educational organizations

2019 ◽  
Vol 72 ◽  
pp. 03005
Author(s):  
Olga Shchkvirina ◽  
Dinamutdin Misirov ◽  
Marina Akopyan ◽  
Irina Loseva
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Heart Rate Variability ◽  
Functional State ◽  
Initial Period ◽  
Educational Environment ◽  
Convincing Evidence ◽  
Educational Process ◽  
The Body ◽  
Objective Criterion ◽  
Functional Capabilities

An indicators analysis of the first-graders functional state and vegetative homeostasis obtained in the initial period of adaptation to the educational environment revealed gender differences in the rates of the adaptation process to new learning conditions. It has been established that girls’ adaptation mechanisms turn on earlier than boys’, with their similar orientation. The article provides an experimental justification of the indicators use legitimacy for heart rate variability to assess the functional state of the body in the acute period of adaptation to the educational environment. The importance of teacher physiological literacy for the optimization of the educational process is substantiated. The results of the study are convincing evidence of the knowledge importance for the physiological foundations of the occurrence and course of physiological and mental processes, stable individual psycho-physiological characteristics for the organization of the learning environment, corresponding to the functional capabilities of the body. This argument is also confirmed by many years of experience among master students key competencies development, which allow using such an objective criterion as the current functional state of the body to ensure, through the joint efforts of parents, teachers, psychologists, and doctors, the correction of the educational environment and psycho-physiological resistance of individual to it. The established differences in the dynamics of heart rate variability indicators for girls and boys can be used to form a health-saving program in school settings.

scholarly journals Dynamics of morphometric parameters of α-endocrinocytes of mammal pancreas

2020 ◽  
Vol 175 ◽  
pp. 03023
Author(s):  
Olga Dilekova ◽  
Cristina Pavlova ◽  
Valentina Shpygova ◽  
Nikolai Agarkov ◽  
Vladislav Porublyov
Keyword(s):  
Postnatal Development ◽  
Critical Period ◽  
Domestic Animals ◽  
Morphometric Parameters ◽  
The Body ◽  
Postnatal Ontogenesis ◽  
Dynamic Processes ◽  
Physiological Changes ◽  
Critical Periods ◽  
Age Related

In domestic animals in postnatal ontogenesis, statistically significant changes in the number of α-endocrinocytes and the values of their nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio in the endocrine islets of pancreas have been revealed, which reflects the species and age-related dynamic processes of its morphofunctional development in animals. In cattle and small cattle (sheep), pigs, dogs and cats, two critical periods of postnatal development of the pancreas have been identified. The first critical period is observed from the birth to the age of three months. It is associated with an alimentary factor: the transition from a dairy diet to roughage, which leads to a decrease in the values of morphometric indicators of the pancreas and the restructuring of the functional work of the organ as a whole. The second critical period is registered in animals during puberty, that is, at 6 months of age, which is associated with the release of hormonal inducers aimed primarily at the implementation of physiological changes in the body.

scholarly journals Wave Characteristics in Breaststroke Technique with and Without Snorkel Use

2013 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 185-194 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Conceição ◽  
António J. Silva ◽  
José Boaventura ◽  
Daniel A. Marinho ◽  
Hugo Louro
Keyword(s):  
Normal Condition ◽  
Mass Velocity ◽  
Second Harmonic ◽  
Harmonic Wave ◽  
The Body ◽  
Swimming Velocity ◽  
Stroke Index ◽  
Stroke Length ◽  
Wave Characteristics ◽  
Second Wave

Abstract The purpose of this paper was to examine the characteristics of waves generated when swimming with and without the use of Aquatrainer® snorkels. Eight male swimmers performed two maximal bouts of 25 m breaststroke, first without the use of a snorkel (normal condition) and then using a snorkel (snorkel condition). The body landmarks, centre of the mass velocity, stroke rate, stroke length, stroke index, and Strouhal number (St) were quantified. Fourier analysis was conducted to determine the frequency, amplitude, and phase characteristics of the vertical undulations. We also determined the undulation period, the first and second harmonic wave percentage, and the contribution of these components to the power of each of the wave signals. The first wave harmonics had a frequency of 0.76 Hz (normal condition) and 0.78 Hz (snorkel condition), and the second wave harmonics had a frequency of 1.52 Hz (normal condition) and 1.56 Hz (snorkel condition). Under the normal conditions, the wave amplitude was higher on the vertex (0.72 m) and cervical (0.32 m) than that produced under snorkel conditions (0.71 m and 0.28 m, respectively). The lowest values were found in the hip (0.03 m in normal conditions, and 0.02 m in snorkel conditions) and in the trunk (0.06 m in normal conditions, and 0.04 m in snorkel conditions). It can be concluded that snorkel use seems to lead to slight changes in the biomechanical pattern in swimming velocity, as well as several stroke mechanical variables.

scholarly journals FIBRINOGEN OF THE BLOOD AS INFLUENCED BY THE LIVER NECROSIS OF CHLOROFORM POISONING

1911 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 136-161 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. H. Whipple ◽  
S. H. Hurwitz
Keyword(s):  
Liver Injury ◽  
Normal Condition ◽  
Blood Clotting ◽  
The Body ◽  
Liver Necrosis ◽  
Liver Activity

1. Chloroform anesthesia for two hours or more will cause more or less central liver necrosis in dogs, depending on the length of the anesthesia and the susceptibility of the animal. 2. If the fibrinogen of the blood of such an animal be estimated at intervals, it is found that this proteid shows a drop corresponding to the amount of liver necrosis. 3. By administering chloroform, the fibrinogen may be almost eliminated from the circulating blood, and the poisoned animal may bleed for hours from small skin pricks or cuts. 4. The liver can recover from a grave injury due to chloroform and return practically to a normal condition in about ten days. 5. The fibrinogen reappears in the blood as the liver effects its repair. It seems that the quantity of fibrinogen present is a good indicator of the liver efficiency and a fairly accurate index of the amount of liver injury. 6. Shortly after the recovery of the liver from an injury due to chloroform, one may find an excess of fibrinogen in the blood. 7. In severe cases of chloroform poisoning, the calcium of the blood was normal or slightly increased, and the thrombin was normal. 8. These experiments give no evidence that the formation of thrombin or prothrombin is dependent upon liver activity. 9. The hemorrhages of chloroform poisoning are due not to lack of blood clotting but to inefficient coagulation. The clot has not the body and toughness supplied by the fibrinogen, and is, therefore, unable to check even capillary hemorrhage. 10. Fibrinogen is either formed in the liver or is wholly dependent upon liver activity for its production.

DEFINITION OF AN OBJECTIVE CRITERION OF BODY PHOSPHORUS RESERVES IN CATTLE AND ITS EVALUATION IN VIVO

1984 ◽  
Vol 64 (5) ◽  
pp. 229-231 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. A. LITTLE
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Compact Bone ◽  
The Body ◽  
Phosphorus Concentration ◽  
Bone Area ◽  
Objective Criterion ◽  
Endosteal Surface ◽  
Osteoid Tissue ◽  
Definition Of

Phosphorus concentration in total fresh ribs is a sensitive criterion of the body phosphorus reserves. It may be estimated from: (a) measurement, on a biopsy sample of the 12th rib, of thicknesses of compact bone and osteoid tissue on the endosteal surface, or (b) the ratio of cortical bone area: total area, calculated from midshaft dimensions of the metacarpal or metatarsal. Key words: Cattle, phosphorus reserves, status, bone

scholarly journals Reversible physiological transdifferentiation in the adipose organ

2009 ◽  
Vol 68 (4) ◽  
pp. 340-349 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saverio Cinti
Keyword(s):  
Mammary Gland ◽  
Cell Biology ◽  
Mammary Glands ◽  
The Body ◽  
Lactation Period ◽  
Brown Adipocytes ◽  
White Adipocytes ◽  
Hormonal Stimulus ◽  
Adipose Organ ◽  
Adipose Cells

All mammals are provided with two distinct adipose cells, white and brown adipocytes. White adipocytes store lipids to provide fuel to the organism, allowing intervals between meals. Brown adipocytes use lipids to produce heat. Previous descriptions have implied their localization in distinct sites of the body; however, it has been demonstrated that they are present together in many depots, which has led to the new concept of the adipose organ. In order to explain their coexistence the hypothesis of reversible physiological transdifferentiation has been developed, i.e. they are contained together because they are able to convert, one into the other. In effect, if needed the brown component of the organ could increase at the expense of the white component and vice versa. This plasticity is important because the brown phenotype of the organ is associated with resistance to obesity and its related disorders. A new example of reversible physiological transdifferentiation of adipocytes is offered by the mammary gland during pregnancy, lactation and post-lactation stages. The gravidic hormonal stimulus seems to trigger a transdifferentiation of adipocytes into milk-producing and secreting epithelial glands. In the post-lactation period some of the epithelial cells of the mammary gland seem to transdifferentiate into adipocytes. Recent unpublished results suggest that explanted adipose tissue, as well as explanted isolated mature adipocytes, is able to transdifferentiate into glands with epithelial markers of milk-secreting mammary glands. These findings, if confirmed, seem to suggest new windows into the cell biology frontiers of adipocytes.

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