scholarly journals Dummetova koncepcija kao teorija značenja za Hintikkin tip semantike teorije igre (III)

2018 ◽  
Vol 30 (7) ◽  
Author(s):  
Heda Festini
Keyword(s):  
General Theory ◽  
Information Seeking ◽  
Proof Theory ◽  
Winning Strategy ◽  
General Information ◽  
Language Games ◽  
Inductive Probability ◽  
Theory Of Meaning ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Key Terms

With the analysis of the key terms such as truth/use, proof - verification, falsification, inductive probability/semantic probability, winning/losing, winning strategy, it is shown that Dummett’s general theory of meaning does not include Hintikka’s game theory, that it, the conception of the winning strategy. The difference between them arises from the different understanding of Wittgenstein's idea about language games and from their attitudes toward theoretical proof theory. Hintikka’s semantic games about exploration of the world do not reject the bivalence principle but he gives it a different characteristic - one of the two players always has a winning strategy. Looking at Dummett’s philosophical theory of meaning and the most recent Hintikka’s suggestion about general information - seeking through questioning and answering, the author establishes that Dummett’s falsificational and dialogical games as well as Hintikka’s semantic games are subparts of Hintikka’s general information - seeking game Thus Dummett’s statement that Hintikka’s semantic games can be subsumed under Dummett’s conception is rejected and thus the answer is partly given to Saarinen’s suggestion that new affinity should be established. Apart from the comparison of these views with the outline of possible Wittgenstein’s general theory of meaning as rule - testing, together with his treatment (although not always adequate) of verification/falsification, inductive probability and čonfirmation/corroboration, the advantage of Wittgenstein’s view is affirmed.

scholarly journals Perspectives pour la linguistique : de la linguistique descriptive à la linguistique explicative

2021 ◽  
Vol 33 ◽  
pp. 1-29
Author(s):  
Wiesław Banyś
Keyword(s):  
General Theory ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Primitive Elements ◽  
Aim Of Science ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Main Components ◽  
General Linguistic ◽  
Object Of Study ◽  
Comprehensive Study

The text deals with one of the challenges of linguistics, which is to effectively combine description and explanation in linguistics.It is necessary that linguistic theories are not only capable of adequately describing their object of study within their framework, but they must also have a suitable explanatory power.Linguistics centred around the explanation of the why of the system is called here ‘explanatory’ or ‘non-autonomous’, in contrast to ‘descriptive’ or ‘autonomous’ linguistics, which is focused on the description of the system, the distinction being based on the difference in the objects of study, the goals and the descriptive and explanatory possibilities of the theories.From the point of view presented here, a comprehensive study of language has three main components: a general theory of what language is, a resulting theory and description, which is a function of this theory, of how language is organised, functions and has evolved in the human brain, and an explanation of the properties of language found.The explanatory value of a general linguistic theory is a function of various elements, among others, the quantity of the primitive elements of the theory adopted and the effectiveness of Ockham’s razor principle of simplicity. It is also a function of the quality of those elements which can be drawn not only from within the system, but also from outside the system becoming in this situation logically prior to the object under study.In science, in linguistics, one naturally needs two types of approach, two types of linguistics, descriptive/autonomous and explanatory/non-autonomous, one must first describe reality in order to explain it. But it is also certain that since the aim of science is to explain in order to reach that higher level of scientificity above pure description, it is necessary that this aim be realized in different linguistic theories within different research programs, uniting descriptivist and explanatory approaches.

scholarly journals Definition of actors of administrative and legal support of information security in the customs area

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 294-299
Author(s):  
Turhut Salayev
Keyword(s):  
Information Security ◽  
Local Governments ◽  
Legal Status ◽  
General Information ◽  
Legal Doctrine ◽  
Theoretical Understanding ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Broad Approach

The article deals with scientific and theoretical understanding and the provision of the definition of the category "actors of administrative and legal support of information security in the customs area". The author has disclosed and analyzed the provisions of the administrative and legal doctrine of the above questio, besides, the problematic issues of the definition of "subjects of administrative and legal support of information security in the customs sphere" are identified, andthe necessity of distinguishing this concept from other related concepts and categories is defined. Disclosing issues of actors of administrative and legal support of information security in the cus-toms sphere, it is necessary to avoid substitution of concepts and clearly understand the difference between the concepts of "institutional mechanism of administrative and legal support of information security in customs" and "state mechanism of administrative and legal support of information security in the customs sphere "from the concept of" subjects of administrative and legal support of information security in the customs sphere ". After all, the concept that is the subject of our study, of all the above, has the most comprehensive and broad scope and meaning. That is why, disclosing a set of subjects of administrative and legal support of information security in the customs sphere, it is advisable to apply a broad approach to understanding this category, given that among such subjects must be considered non-state subjects. objects - local governments, public organizations, etc. Because without their activities such a list will not be complete, and the mechanism of administrative and legal support of information security in the customs sphere will not be such that covers all possible spheres of public life and methods of information security. The current general information and administrative legislation, as well as special legislation gov-erning the procedure of customs, is considered in order to more clearly disclose the features and legal status of the actors of administrative and legal support of information security in the customs area. Each of these entities plays an appropriate role and occupies the necessary place in the system of national security of Ukraine, information security of Ukraine in general and information security in the customs area in particular. This role can be described as the implementation of general control over information security in the customs area, as well as taking measures to respond to violations of information legislation and the emergence of threats to information in the customs area within the powers defined by law. At the same time, the administrative and legal provision of information security is carried out directly by the customs authorities.

Language

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Colin McGinn
Keyword(s):  
Language Games ◽  
Private Language ◽  
Truth Conditions ◽  
Public Language ◽  
The Public ◽  
Sentence Meaning ◽  
Theory Of Meaning

This chapter examines philosophical issues in language. A very influential trend in philosophy is the notion that different kinds of sentence have different kinds of meaning—that sentence meaning is not a unitary affair. One might call this view “meaning pluralism.” In contrast, the rejected view can be called “meaning monism”—the doctrine that sentences are all of one type, that meanings are always uniformly the same, that there is something deeply common to all meaningful utterances. The chapter then looks at the concept of language-games, and studies meaning and communication, the private language, the public language, the verification and truth conditions theory of meaning, and arguments.

scholarly journals Electronic Resource Availability Studies: An Effective Way to Discover Access Errors

2015 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 30 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sanjeet Mann
Keyword(s):  
Resource Availability ◽  
Information Seeking ◽  
Research Method ◽  
Initial Study ◽  
Electronic Resource ◽  
Technical Problems ◽  
Systems Research ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Student Information

Abstract Objective – The availability study is a systems research method that has recently been used to test whether library users can access electronic resources. This study evaluates the availability study’s effectiveness as a troubleshooting tool by comparing the results of two availability studies conducted at the same library before and after fixing access problems identified by the initial study. Methods – The researcher developed a six-category conceptual model of the causes of electronic resource errors, modified Nisonger’s e-resource availability method to more closely approximate student information-seeking behaviour, and conducted an availability study at the University of Redlands Armacost Library to estimate how many resources suffered from errors. After conducting troubleshooting over a period of several months, he replicated the study and found increased overall availability and fewer incidences of most error categories. He used Z tests for the difference of two proportions to determine whether the changes were statistically significant. Results – The 62.5% availability rate in the first study increased after troubleshooting to 86.5% in the second study. Z tests showed that troubleshooting had produced statistically significant improvements in overall availability, in the number of items that could be downloaded from the library’s online collection or requested through interlibrary loan (ILL), and in three of six error categories (proxy, target database and ILL). Conclusion – Availability studies can contribute to successful troubleshooting initiatives by making librarians aware of technical problems that might otherwise go unreported. Problems uncovered by an availability study can be resolved through collaboration between librarians and systems vendors, though the present study did not demonstrate equally significant improvements across all types of errors. This study offers guidance to librarians seeking to focus troubleshooting efforts where they will have the greatest impact in improving access to full-text. It also advances the availability research method and is the first attempt to quantify its effectiveness as a troubleshooting tool.

What Makes a Kind an Art-kind?

2020 ◽  
Vol 60 (4) ◽  
pp. 471-488
Author(s):  
Michel-Antoine Xhignesse
Keyword(s):  
General Theory ◽  
Main Difficulty ◽  
The Road ◽  
The Arts ◽  
Physical Medium ◽  
The Difference

Abstract The premise that every work belongs to an art-kind has recently inspired a kind-centred approach to theories of art. Kind-centred analyses posit that we should abandon the project of giving a general theory of art and focus instead on giving theories of the arts. The main difficulty, however, is to explain what makes a given kind an art-kind in the first place. Kind-centred theorists have passed this buck on to appreciative practices, but this move proves unsatisfactory. I argue that the root of this dissatisfaction stems not from the act of kicking the can down the road, but from not kicking it far enough. The missing ingredient, I argue, is a notion of convention which does the work of marking the difference between art and non-art for a given physical medium.

Towards a Formal Pragmatics of Discourse

2013 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 34-69 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Vanderveken
Keyword(s):  
General Theory ◽  
Speech Act ◽  
Speech Act Theory ◽  
Language Games ◽  
Collective Intentionality ◽  
Philosophical Logic ◽  
The Real ◽  
Structure And Dynamics ◽  
Direction Of Fit ◽  
Sentence Meaning

Could we enrich speech-act theory to deal with discourse? Wittgenstein and Searle pointed out difficulties. Most conversations lack a conversational purpose, they require collective intentionality, their background is indefinitely open, irrelevant and infelicitous utterances do not prevent conversations to continue, etc. Like Wittgenstein and Searle I am sceptic about the possibility of a general theory of all kinds of language-games. In my view, the single primary purpose of discourse pragmatics is to analyse the structure and dynamics of language-games whose type is provided with an internal conversational goal. Such games are indispensable to any kind of discourse. They have a descriptive, deliberative, declaratory or expressive conversational goal corresponding to a possible direction of fit between words and things. Logic can analyse felicity-conditions of such language-games because they are conducted according to systems of constitutive rules. Speakers often speak non-literally or non-seriously. The real units of conversation are therefore attempted illocutions whether literal, serious or not. I will show how to construct speaker-meaning from sentence-meaning, conversational background and conversational maxims. I agree with Montague that we need the resources of formalisms (proof, model- and game-theories) and of mathematical and philosophical logic in pragmatics. I will explain how to further develop propositional and illocutionary logics, the logic of attitudes and of action in order to characterize our ability to converse. I will also compare my approach to others (Austin, Belnap, Grice, Montague, Searle, Sperber and Wilson, Kamp, Wittgenstein) as regards hypotheses, methodology and other issues.

Health Information Literacy Influences Access to Network Knowledge for Patients with Permanent Cystostomy

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 360-365
Author(s):  
Wenjuan Xu ◽  
Qingquan Bi ◽  
Qi Wei ◽  
Lili Wu ◽  
Zhuxin Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Knowledge Acquisition ◽  
Health Information ◽  
Information Literacy ◽  
Treatment Plan ◽  
General Information ◽  
Medical Decision ◽  
Online Information ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
The Difference

Objective: The patients with permanent cystostomy have demand of relevant health information from network. The level of health information literacy refers the ability of acquiring and using health information. The aim of this study was to investigate the level of health information literacy in patients with permanent cystostomy, and to explore its influence on network knowledge acquisition ability. Methods: A cross-sectional survey of 200 patients with permanent cystostomy was conducted, using the general information questionnaire, the health information literacy self-rating questionnaire, and the network knowledge acquisition questionnaire. Results: Patients with permanent cystostomy who had health information literacy accounted for 33.5%, of which the having rate of health information application was the lowest (6.7%). The having rate of health information literacy for patients living in cities, educational level in high school, and duration of disease more than 5 years was higher than other patients (both P < 0.05). The professional medical websites was the main search source for patients with health information literacy, and the health contents mainly included treatment plan, postoperative complications and drug use, of which 62.7% of the patients took the attitude of questioning the network information again. Patients without health information literacy mainly searched for profit-making commercial websites, and the main health contents included dietary guidance, exercise training, and medical hospitals, 30.1% of which took a doubt attitude toward online information. The difference in trust attitude toward network knowledge between the two groups was statistically significant (P < 0.01). Conclusion: The level of health information literacy of patients with permanent cystostomy is low. The individualized training and guidance should be carried out so as to improve the ability of acquiring knowledge on the internet and improve the execution of medical decision.

Berkeley’s Theory of Meaning

1975 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 191-206 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen K. Land
Keyword(s):  
General Theory ◽  
Philosophy Of Language ◽  
Fundamental Principle ◽  
Traditional View ◽  
Linguistic Meaning ◽  
General Terms ◽  
Theory Of Meaning ◽  
Human Understanding ◽  
The Mind ◽  
Contextual Meaning

Summary Recent scholars disagree over whether Berkeley’s theory of meaning constitutes a radical departure from Locke in the direction of current philosophy of language or offers no real alternative to the semantics of Locke’s Essay concerning Human Understanding. Berkeley agrees with Locke that linguistic meaning consists in the transmission of ideas from speaker to hearer by means of words, but he does not accept the Lockean account of this transmission. Specifically he departs from Locke at two fundamental points: he insists that ideas themselves have meanings and stand in need of interpretation, and he holds that the meanings of ideas may vary with the contexts in which they occur. To accommodate Berkeley’s principle of contextual meaning the account of communication must relate not individual ideas to individual words but strings of ideas to strings of words. Words and ideas, moreover, are not isomorphic as Locke implies they are: Berkeley indicates in particular the cases of general terms and names for spiritual substances, for neither of which Corresponding ideas can be discovered. To accommodate such cases within the general theory that meaning depends upon corresponding ideas an encoding process must be introduced into the account of the verbal transmission of ideas, a process whereby verbal structures including such terms as universals and names for spirits can be related to different ideational structures in which no such terms appear. The conclusion is that Berkeley accepts from Locke the fundamental principle that meaning depends upon corresponding ideas in the mind but that he holds this relation of correspondence to be much more complex than Locke allowed: in particular Berkeley introduces structural considerations by abandoning the traditional view that words and ideas correspond on a one-to-one basis, and he requires the mind to perform certain interpretative encoding procedures in translating between verbal and ideational structures.

Was ist das Spielerische am Sprachspiel?

2015 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hans Julius Schneider
Keyword(s):  
Natural Language ◽  
Language Games ◽  
Human Language ◽  
Language Faculty ◽  
Philosophical Investigations ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Human Language Faculty

AbstractDid Wittgenstein in coining the term ‘Sprachspiel’ mean to convey the connotation of an open playfulness, as the German terms ‘Spiel’ and ‘spielerisch’ suggest? The paper tries to show that although this was not his original motive for choosing the term, the characterization of natural language offered in the Philosophical Investigations includes and indeed highlights its open, not rule-governed (and in this sense playful) sides. In this respect language is unlike a calculus and unlike a game like chess.Wittgenstein compares language to both, but, so the paper argues, he does so in order to make visible what is special in language and is different from a calculus as well as a strictly regulated game like chess.When he applies the word ‘calculus’ in an affirmative sense for describing a feature of what he describes as language games, the context is the principle of compositionality, interpreted, however, in such a way that the difference between the workings of a calculus and the workings of language is preserved.The paper comes to the conclusion that, in using a natural language, speakers have some freedom to decide whether they cling to or depart from conventional usage. This freedom is a central ingredient of the human language faculty.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document