HIDROLISIS MINYAK KELAPA DENGAN LIPASE TERIMOBILISASI ZEOLIT   PADA PEMBUATAN PERISA ALAMI

Free Fatty acid resulting from hydrolisis of various types of oil enzymatically has been great interest recently to save energy, in other hand that the product are environmentally friendly. Lipases as biocatalysts for synthesis reactions will be dissolved with the product, making difficult their reuse. Efficiency can be done with the use of enzyme immobilization, which can be used for repeated reaction. The products of free fatty acids from coconut oil by hydrolysis of lipase can be used as a natural substrate for making flavor that can be consumed and safe for health. The effect of free lipase and immobilization of lipase on hydrolisis were studied. Reaction time of hydrolisis was varied as 30, 60, 90, 120 and 150 minutes. The variation of concentration of lipase addition was 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8 % . The types of treatment were used in this research free lipase and the immobilized lipase. The results shows that the highest conversion on hydrolisis of coconut oil by using free lipase treatment was performed by 6 % of lipase addition with reaction time 60 minutes that are 52,31%. While, the highest conversion on hydrolisis of coconut oil by using the immobilized lipase was shown by 8% of lipase addition with reaction time 120 minutes that is 56,01%. The results of the hydrolysis process in the form of fatty acid was used as the base material esterification process resulting ester product (natural flavor). Ester yield was produced by free lipase esterification was 28,21 and 32,14 % in immobilized lipase esterification.

Download Full-text

A Performance Study of Home-Made Co-Immobilized Lipase from Mucor miehei in Polyurethane Foam on The Hydrolysis of Coconut Oil to Fatty Acid

BULLETIN OF CHEMICAL REACTION ENGINEERING AND CATALYSIS ◽

10.9767/bcrec.14.2.3848.391-403 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 14 (2) ◽

pp. 391

Author(s):

Dwina Moentamaria ◽

Maktum Muharja ◽

Tri Widjaja ◽

Arief Widjaja

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acid ◽

Polyurethane Foam ◽

Storage Stability ◽

Immobilized Lipase ◽

Coconut Oil ◽

Optimum Conditions ◽

Mucor Miehei ◽

Oil Storage ◽

Natural Oils ◽

Hydrolysis Of

Bio‐based fatty acids (FAs) produced through hydrolysis of natural oils and fats are promising chemical feedstocks for increasing the economic value of renewable raw materials. In this work, lecithin, gelatin, PEG, and MgCl2 were employed as the co-immobilized material of crude lipase Mucor miehei immobilization on the polyurethane foam (PUF) matrix for hydrolysis of coconut oil to Free Fatty Acid (FFA). The unconventional immobilized technique was used through cross-linking and covalent bond. Single factor analysis and response surface method were utilized to determine the optimum conditions of the hydrolysis reaction. After optimization, co-immobilized lipase was examined for storage stability at a temperature of 4°C and reusability performance. The optimum conditions for coconut oil hydrolysis were obtained on the co-immobilized-PUF ratio, water-oil ratio, and reaction time of 20.17 w/w, 4.45 w/w, and 20 h, respectively. Under these conditions, the acid value as lauric acid enhanced 573% to 3.21 mg KOH/g oil. Storage stability attained through remaining activity on free lipase, PUF-lipase, PUF-co-immobilized-lipase were 9.89%, 42.3%, and 91.88%, respectively. In this study, the application of PUF-co-immobilized lipase in hydrolysis reactions can be reused up to 5 times. Characteristics of the addition of co-immobilized lipase have been analyzed using Fourier Transform Infra Red (FTIR) and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), showing the presence of functional groups binding and the changes in the surface matrix structure. Copyright © 2019 BCREC Group. All rights reserved

Download Full-text

THE IMMOBILIZATION OF LIPASE FROM MUCOR MIEHEI ON ZEOLITE MATRIX IN HYDROLYSIS OF PALM OIL PRODUCING FREE FATTY ACIDS WITH SOLVENT FREE SYSTEM

Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan ◽

10.15294/jbat.v7i1.11399 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 7 (2) ◽

pp. 108-114

Author(s):

Dwina Moentamaria ◽

Achmad Chumaidi ◽

Nanik Hendrawati ◽

Girlian Girlian ◽

Meilita Againa Mustika

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Fatty Acid ◽

Free Fatty Acid ◽

Free Fatty Acids ◽

Palm Oil ◽

Immobilized Lipase ◽

Mucor Miehei ◽

Oil Hydrolysis ◽

Hydrolysis Of ◽

Free Lipase

The enzymatic hydrolysis of palm oil can be conducted by using lipase produced from Mucor miehei to produce free fatty acid. This study aimed to compare the usage of lipase as free enzyme and as immobilized enzyme on zeolite matrix in the hydrolysis of palm oil as triglyceride producing free fatty acids which highly needed in various industrial sectors. Immobilization is an alternative hydrolysis reaction due to its usage on repetitive reaction, makes lipase reuseable, hence the whole process becomes efficient, and with moderate operational conditions. Solvent free reaction is applied, because the produced free fatty acids can be used directly in food, health, and natural flavorings industry. The palm oil used in the hydrolysis contains 0.815% initial free fatty acids as palmitate, in which water then added to it in weight ratio 1:3. Each effect of free lipase and immobilized lipase addition is 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, and time reaction is 30, 60, 90, 120, 150 minutes are used as index to determine the amount of free fatty acids produced. The results showed that Immobilized lipase has better ability than the free one in hydrolysis of triglyceride in palm oil producing free fatty acid with 8% lipase addition and time reaction of 120 minutes. Palm oil hydrolysis using free lipase produced the highest FFA of 1.9747% after the addition of 5% lipase concentrate, with time reaction of 60 minutes. Meanwhile, palm oil hydrolysis using immobilized lipase produced the highest FFA of 1.9747% after the addition of 8% lipase concentrate, with time reaction of 120 minutes.

Download Full-text

Hydrolysis Activity of Virgin Coconut Oil Using Lipase from Different Sources

Scientifica ◽

10.1155/2018/9120942 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 2018 ◽

pp. 1-6 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

T. A. V. Nguyen ◽

Truong D. Le ◽

Hoa N. Phan ◽

Lam B. Tran

Keyword(s):

Time Course ◽

Candida Rugosa ◽

Coconut Oil ◽

Virgin Coconut Oil ◽

Porcine Pancreas ◽

Hydrolysis Degree ◽

Porcine Pancreas Lipase ◽

Hydrolysis Process ◽

Hydrolysis Of ◽

Different Sources

Two types of lipase, Candida rugosa lipase (CRL) and porcine pancreas lipase (PPL), were used to hydrolyze virgin coconut oil (VCO). The hydrolysis process was carried out under four parameters, VCO to buffer ratio, lipase concentration, pH, and temperature, which have a significant effect on hydrolysis of lipase. CRL obtained the best hydrolysis condition at 1 : 5 of VCO to buffer ratio, 1.5% of CRL concentration, pH 7, and temperature of 40°C. Meanwhile, PPL gave different results at 1 : 4 of VCO to buffer ratio, 2% of lipase concentration, pH 7.5, and 40°C. The highest hydrolysis degree of CRL and PPL was obtained after 16 hours and 26 hours, reaching 79.64% and 27.94%, respectively. Besides, the hydrolysis process was controlled at different time course (every half an hour) at the first 4 hours of reaction to compare the initial hydrolysis degree of these two lipase types. FFAs from hydrolyzed products were isolated and determined the percentage of each fatty acid which contributes to the FFAs mixture. As a result, medium chain fatty acids (MCFAs) made up the main contribution in composition of FFAs and lauric acid (C12) was the largest segment (47.23% for CRL and 44.23% for PPL).

Download Full-text

Optimization of Esterification and Transesterification Reactions for Biodiesel Production from Crude Coconut Oil Using RSM Techniques

Key Engineering Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.723.610 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 723 ◽

pp. 610-615 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Natta Pimngern ◽

Vittaya Punsuvon

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acid ◽

Reaction Time ◽

Acid Methyl Ester ◽

Coconut Oil ◽

Raw Material ◽

Biodiesel Production ◽

Quadratic Model ◽

Molar Ratio ◽

Optimum Conditions ◽

Model Equations

Crude coconut oil with high free fatty acid (FFA) content was used as a raw material to produce biodiesel. In this work, the esterification followed by transesterification of crude coconut oil with methanol is studied. The response surface methodology (RSM) with 5-level-3-factor central composite design (CCD) was applied to study the effect of different factors on the FFA content of esterification and the percentage of fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) conversion of transesterification. The FAME conversion was detected by proton magnetic resonance (1H-NMR) spectrometer. As a result, the optimum conditions for esterification were 6:1 of methanol-to-oil molar ratio, 0.75wt% of sulfuric acid (H2SO4) concentration and 90 min of reaction time. The optimum conditions for transesterification were 8.23:1 of methanol-to-oil molar ratio, 0.75wt% of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) concentration and 80 min of reaction time. Quadratic model equations were obtained describing the relationships between dependents and independent variables to minimize the FFA content and maximize the FAME conversion. Fuel properties of the crude coconut oil biodiesel were also examined followed ASTM and EN standards. The results showed that all properties met well with both standards.

Download Full-text

OPTIMASI PROSES PEMBUATAN BIODIESEL DARI ASAM LEMAK SAWIT DISTILAT (ALSD) DAN DIMETHYL CARBONATE (DMC) MENGGUNAKAN KATALIS NOVOZYM®435

Jurnal Teknik Kimia USU ◽

10.32734/jtk.v5i1.1519 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 5 (1) ◽

pp. 13-19

Author(s):

William ◽

Johan Senjaya ◽

Taslim ◽

Tjahjono Herawan ◽

Meta Rivani

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acid ◽

Reaction Time ◽

Energy Content ◽

Immobilized Lipase ◽

Chemical Properties ◽

Intermediate Compound ◽

Biodiesel Production ◽

Molar Ratio ◽

Enzymatic Esterification ◽

Dialkyl Carbonate

Biodiesel production has rapidly grown over the last decades, and it has attracted much attention in the market as fuel that promising substitute for petroleum diesel, because its physical and chemical properties and energy content are similar to those of petroleum diesel. The main problem in producing biodiesel is its high cost which could be reduced by use of less expensive feedstock. Therefore, in this work biodiesel is synthesized by enzymatic esterification from low quality feedstock which is unrefined and much cheaper than the refined oil, such as palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD) with dialkyl carbonate using immobilized lipase (Novozym®435). Enzymatic process has certain advantages over the chemical process, as it is less energy intensive, allowing the esterification of glycerides with high free fatty acid contents (PFAD, 85-95% FFA) and no enzymatic activity loss. Methanol replaced by dialkyl carbonate, especially DMC due to esterification (methanolysis) is close to equilibrium reaction whereas using DMC the intermediate compound immediately decomposes to carbon dioxide and an alcohol, which have been investigated. Moreover, DMC are cheap, eco-friendly chemical, non-toxic properties and widely available. Factors affecting the reaction such as DMC to PFAD molar ratio, reaction temperature, reaction time and catalyst concentration were systematically analyzed by response surface methodology (RSM) with central composite design (CCD). The optimal condition is using 6:1 molar ratio of DMC to PFAD at 60 oC, for a reaction time 3h in the presence 10wt% of catalyst (based on oil weight). The results showed that synthesis of biodiesel through enzymatic esterification using PFAD suitable for biodiesel production.

Download Full-text

Hydrolysis of Virgin Coconut Oil Using Immobilized Lipase in a Batch Reactor

Enzyme Research ◽

10.1155/2012/542589 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 2012 ◽

pp. 1-5 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Lee Suan Chua ◽

Meisam Alitabarimansor ◽

Chew Tin Lee ◽

Ramli Mat

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acid ◽

Free Fatty Acid ◽

Acid Production ◽

Batch Reactor ◽

Coconut Oil ◽

Initial Reaction ◽

Enzyme Loading ◽

Fatty Acid Production ◽

Free Fatty Acid Production ◽

Hydrolysis Of

Hydrolysis of virgin coconut oil (VCO) had been carried out by using an immobilised lipase from Mucor miehei (Lipozyme) in a water-jacketed batch reactor. The kinetic of the hydrolysis was investigated by varying the parameters such as VCO concentration, enzyme loading, water content, and reaction temperature. It was found that VCO exhibited substrate inhibition at the concentration more than 40% (v/v). Lipozyme also achieved the highest production of free fatty acids, 4.56 mM at 1% (w/v) of enzyme loading. The optimum water content for VCO hydrolysis was 7% (v/v). A relatively high content of water was required because water was one of the reactants in the hydrolysis. The progress curve and the temperature profile of the enzymatic hydrolysis also showed that Lipozyme could be used for free fatty acid production at the temperature up to 50°C. However, the highest initial reaction rate and the highest yield of free fatty acid production were at 45 and 40°C, respectively. A 100 hours of initial reaction time has to be compensated in order to obtain the highest yield of free fatty acid production at 40°C.

Download Full-text

Efektifitas Penggunaan Co immobilized - Lipase pada Reaksi Esterifikasi Asam Lemak Hasil Hidrolisis Minyak Kelapa

Jurnal Teknik Kimia dan Lingkungan ◽

10.33795/jtkl.v2i1.60 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 2 (1) ◽

pp. 23

Author(s):

Sigit Hadiantoro ◽

Dwina Moentamaria ◽

Muchamad Syarwani

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acid ◽

Reaction Time ◽

Polyurethane Foam ◽

Immobilized Lipase ◽

Esterification Reaction ◽

Mass Ratio ◽

Peg 6000 ◽

The Matrix ◽

Oil Water ◽

Water Ratio

Kinerja enzim immobilisasi dapat ditingkatkan dengan penambahan co immobilizer, hal ini dilakukan agar ikatan kovalen antara enzim dan matriks lebih kuat dan mempermudah reaksi dari gugus fungsional yang ada pada matriks sehingga tidak diperlukan penambahan bahan kimia sebagai pembawa. Pada penelitian ini digunakan matriks polyurethane foam (PUF) dengan penambahan co immobilizer yang terdiri dari gelatin, lesitin, MgCl2, dan polyethyleh glycol (PEG) 6000. Penelitian ini difokuskan untuk melihat efektivitas co immobilized-lipase pada reaksi hidrolisis-esterifikasi. PUF direndam dalam larutan co immobilizer dengan perbandingan 1:15; 1:20 dan 1:25 (b/b) selama satu jam setelah itu dipanaskan dalam oven selama satu jam pada suhu 30°C. Selanjutnya, matriks PUF direndam dalam lipase selama 24 jam dan dikeringkan dalam oven pada suhu 30°C selama 24 jam sehingga terbentuk matriks lipase terko-immobilisasi pada PUF dengan yang digunakan untuk reaksi hidrolisis-esterifikasi sebagai biokatalis. Pada reaksi hidrolisis digunakan 10 gram minyak yang diemulsikan dalam air dengan variabel rasio minyak-air 1:0,6; 1:1; 1:3 dan 1:5 (b/b) dan waktu reaksi 5, 10, 15 dan 20 jam. Kadar FFA minyak kelapa awal sebesar 0,21%. Produk terbaik reaksi hidrolisis adalah asam lemak bebas dengan kenaikan kadar FFA menjadi 1,18% pada kondisi perbandingan minyak/air 1:5 (b/b). Reaksi esterfikasi dilakukan dengan cara mereaksikan asam lemak hasil terbaik hidrolisis dengan sitronelol dan co immobilized-lipase sebagai biokatalis. Reaksi ini dilakukan dengan variabel asam lemak: sitronelol 1:0,8 ; 1:1 dan 1:3 (b/b) serta waktu reaksi: 5, 10, 15 dan 20 jam. Produk yang dihasilkan adalah perisa alami sebagai ester. Analisis kadar sitronelol awal dan akhir reaksi esterifikasi dilakukan dengan menggunakan GC-FID. Hasil terbaik dari penelitian ini yaitu konversi sebesar 92,88% diperoleh pada ratio massa asam lemak/sitronelol 1:3.Immobilized enzyme performance can be enhanced by the addition of co-immobilizer, this is done so that the covalent bond between the enzyme and the matrix can become stronger and also to ease the reaction of the functional groups present in the matrix so that no addition of chemical as carrier is required. This study used Polyurethane Foam (PUF) as matrix with the addition of co-immobilizer which contain gelatin, lecithin, MgCl2, and PEG 6000. This study focused on looking at the effect of co-immobilized lipase on hydrolysis-esterification reactions. PUF is immersed in an co-immobilizer solution of 1:15; 1:20 and 1:25 ratio (w/w) for one hour and heated for another hour at 30°C. After that, PUF is immersed in the lipase for 24 hours, after which is heated at 30°C also for 24 hours. This research was conducted in 2 stages of reaction, which is hydrolysis then continued by esterification. In the hydrolysis reaction, we used variables such as oil-water ratio for 1:0.6; 1:1; 1:3 and 1:5 (w/w); the reaction time 5, 10, 15 and 20 hours; and also PUF:co-immobilized ratio in 1:15; 1:20 and 1:25 (w/w). The best fatty acid obtained from hydrolysis results in oil-water ratio of 1:5 (w/w), with FFA 1.18%. Next is esterification reaction which is done by reacting fatty acid from hydrolyzed coconut oil with citronellol, with the addition of immobilized lipase (as a biocatalyst). This reaction was carried out with variables like mass ratio of fatty acids-citronellol 1:0.8; 1:1 and 1:3 and reaction time: 5, 10, 15 and 20 hours. The resulting product is the flavor enhancer as ester. The analysis of the percentage of initial and final citronellol on the end of esterification reaction were performed using GC-FID. The best results of this study, conversion percentage respectively 92.88% obtained at mass ratio of fatty acid-citronellol 1:3.

Download Full-text

Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Used-Frying Oil Using Candida rugosa Lipase

Jurnal Teknologi ◽

10.11113/jt.v67.2772 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 67 (3) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Roslina Rashid ◽

Nor Athirah Zaharudin ◽

Ani Idris

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Immobilized Lipase ◽

Candida Rugosa ◽

Frying Oil ◽

Biodiesel Production ◽

Human Consumption ◽

Free System ◽

Used Frying Oil ◽

Hydrolysis Process ◽

Hydrolysis Of

Hydrolysis of used-frying oil had been carried out by using an immobilized lipase from Candida rugosa in solvent-free system. Used-frying oil was considered as the substrate in this study due to abundance amount of used-frying oil present in Malaysia as its disposal problem has become a very serious environmental issue. The high free fatty acids (FFA) content in used-frying oil has raised the interest for the utilization of this waste into valuable products. Even though used-frying oil is not suitable for human consumption and being extensively used for the biodiesel production, FFA from used-frying oil could be utilized to produce various types of non-edible products. Effects of enzyme loading, water content, reaction temperature, buffer pH and agitation speeds on the hydrolysis process were investigated. The experiments were conducted at constant reaction time of 3 hours. It was found that the effect of variables were very significant on the hydrolysis process. The hydrolysis process achieved the highest yield of fatty acids at enzyme concentration of 1.5% (w/v), buffer volume to oil volume ratio of 3:1, temperature of 40˚C, pH of 7, and agitation speed of 220 rpm. Under these described conditions, it was found that nearly 97.15±1.31% of hydrolysis degree was achieved with 2533.33±26.67 µmol/ml of fatty acids was produced.

Download Full-text

Solubilization of spray-dried lactalbumin by Alcalase

Journal of Dairy Research ◽

10.1017/s002202990002625x ◽

1989 ◽

Vol 56 (1) ◽

pp. 87-95 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Craig G. Smith ◽

Peter A. Munro ◽

Donald E. Otter ◽

Ralph M. Brauer

Keyword(s):

Reaction Time ◽

Gradual Increase ◽

Enzyme Concentration ◽

Degree Of Hydrolysis ◽

Enzymic Hydrolysis ◽

Solids Concentration ◽

Hydrolysis Process ◽

Effects Of Ph ◽

Hydrolysis Of ◽

Temperature Time

SummaryEffects of the reaction variables pH, temperature, time, enzyme concentration and solids concentration on the hydrolysis and solubilization of lactalbumin slurries by Alcalase have been determined. Reaction progress curves, solubilization v. time, were very unusual with a maximum solubilization of 96% occurring at a short reaction time corresponding to a degree of hydrolysis of 11–12%. Further hydrolysis beyond this point produced a rapid decrease in solubilization to about 67%, followed by a further gradual increase in solubilization with prolonged hydrolysis. The unusual solubilization profile was also produced by increasing enzyme concentration at fixed reaction time. The effects of pH, temperature and solids concentration were similar to those found in the hydrolysis and solubilization of other insoluble proteins. The implications of the results for the design and operation of an enzymic hydrolysis process are discussed.

Download Full-text

Kinetika Reaksi Hidrolisis Virgin Coconut Oil dengan Katalis Asam Klorida / Reaction Kinetics of the Hydrolysis of Virgin Coconut Oil using Hydrochloride Acid as Catalyst

Buletin Palma ◽

10.21082/bp.v17n1.2016.51-57 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 17 (1) ◽

pp. 51

Author(s):

Linda Trivana ◽

Steivie Karouw

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acid ◽

Free Fatty Acid ◽

Reaction Kinetics ◽

Rate Constant ◽

Reaction Rate ◽

Fatty Acid Content ◽

Coconut Oil ◽

Reaction Rate Constant ◽

Virgin Coconut Oil ◽

Hydrolysis Of

An accurate kinetic data has been considered as main substance in hydrolysis reaction. This research was conducted at the laboratory of processing of Indonesian Palm Crops Research Institute (IPRI) during June-July 2015. The objective of the research was to obtain the optimum condition of hydrolysis of VCO and the data of reaction kinetics (the reaction rate constant (k), the activation energy (Ea), and the reaction kinetics equation). Virgin coconut oil hydrolysis was done in two stages, the first step was the determination of the ratio of VCO:water (1:3; 1:6; 1:9; 1:12), the second step was the evaluation of reaction temperatures (60°C, 70°C, and 80°C). The determination of the optimum condition was based on the result of free fatty acid content and the values of the reaction rate constant. The free fatty acid content was measured by acid-base titration, meanwhile the reaction rate constant was determined by the equation –ln(1-XA)=kt. The results showed that the hydrolysis of VCO using ratio of VCO:water 1:12 produced higher content of FFA (0.11%) compared than others. The ratio of VCO:water 1:12 was then used to obtain the optimum temperature of hydrolysis. The optimum temperature of hydrolysis was 80°C with 0.14% of FFA, the reaction conversion was 0.88, and the reaction rate constant was 0.27 hour-1. The water consentration and reaction temperature influenced the FFA content, reaction conversion, and the reaction rate constant. The best condition of VCO hydrolysis using 1% of hydrochloride acid catalyst was on ratio of VCO:water 1:12, reaction temperature 80°C for 8 hours. The relationship between the reaction rate constant and temperature, follow Arrhenius equation k = 1,62 x 1015 e -25831/RT. Free fatty acid and glycerol are extensively used as raw materials in the manufacture of products such as detergents, cosmetics, surfactants, and pharmaceuticals.ABSTRAKHidrolisis dapat berjalan baik apabila menggunakan data kinetika yang tepat untuk mendapatkan produk yang diinginkan. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan di Laboratorium Pengolahan Hasil, Balai Penelitian Tanaman Palma pada bulan Juni-Juli 2015. Penelitian bertujuan menentukan kondisi optimum hidrolisis Virgin Coconut Oil (VCO) secara kimiawi dengan katalis HCl dan mendapatkan data kinetika reaksi, yaitu konstanta kecepatan reaksi (k), energi aktivasi (Ea), dan rumusan persamaan kinetika reaksi. Hidrolisis VCO dilakukan 2 tahap, yaitu tahap pertama penentuan rasio VCO:air (1:3; 1:6; 1:9; dan 1:12) dipilih yang menghasilkan kadar ALB terbesar, dilanjutkan pada tahap kedua, yaitu penentuan suhu reaksi (60°C, 70°C, dan 80°C). Penentuan kondisi optimum berdasarkan kadar asam lemak bebas yang dihasilkan dan nilai konstanta kecepatan reaksi. Kadar asam lemak bebas ditentukan dengan titrasi asam-basa, sedangkan konstanta kecepatan reaksi menggunakan rumus persamaan kecepatan reaksi -ln(1-XA)=kt. Hidrolisis VCO menggunakan rasio VCO:air (1:12) menghasilkan kadar asam lemak bebas (ALB) yang lebih tinggi (0,11%), selanjutnya digunakan untuk penentuan suhu optimum hidrolisis. Suhu hidrolisis optimum adalah 80°C dengan kadar ALB sebesar 0,14%, konversi reaksi 0,88 dan konstanta kecepatan reaksi 0,27 jam-1. Konsentrasi air dan suhu reaksi berpengaruh terhadap kadar ALB, konversi reaksi, dan konstanta kecepatan reaksi. Hidrolisis VCO dengan katalis HCl 1% terbaik pada rasio VCO:air 1:12, suhu reaksi 80°C selama 8 jam. Hubungan konstanta kecepatan reaksi dengan suhu reaksi mengikuti persamaan Arrhenius k = 1,62 x 1015 e -25831/RT. Asam lemak bebas dan gliserol hasil hidrolisis banyak digunakan sebagai bahan baku dalam industri deterjen, kosmetik, surfaktan, dan obat-obatan.

Download Full-text