Modulation in Plant Growth and Drought Tolerance of Wheat Crop upon Inoculation of Drought-tolerant-Bacillus Species Isolated from Hot Arid Soil of India

Drought is one of the most detrimental environmental stressors to plants with the potential to decrease crop yields and affect agricultural sustainability. Native bacteria with beneficial traits enhance plant growth and help avoid and reverse the effects of drought in plants to a greater extent. In the present study, we aimed to ( i ) isolate drought-tolerant Bacillus isolates from the rhizosphere soil of wheat crop grown at different locations in Jaisalmer district, Rajasthan state and (ii) further evaluate their ability to enhance plant growth and induce drought tolerance in wheat ( Var. HD-2967) grown under drought stress conditions. Of more than 100 isolates, two putative Bacillus isolates capable of tolerating 30 % polyethylene glycol-6000 (PEG-6000) [equivalent to -9.80 MPa (Megapascal)] were identified as Bacillus altitudinis DT-89 and Bacillus paramycoides DT-113. These isolates exhibited different plant growth promoting (PGP) attributes such as phosphate solubilization, and production of siderophore, exopolysaccharide, ammonia, indole acetic acid and cytokinin at low osmotic stress of 10% PEG-6000 but shown variable response at higher osmotic stress particularly at 30% PEG-6000. However, they did not show any antifungal activity and one isolate was negative for phosphate solubilization. Of two strains, B. altitudinis DT-89 function more prominently with respect to plant growth promotion and drought tolerance to plant in the early stage but protective traits of B. paramycoides DT-113 was more prominent after 75 days as evident by increased EPS (164%), root dry weight (144.44%), chlorophyll content (90.26%), SOD (389%) and proline (99.3%). The results support both the strains as a potential candidate to alleviate drought stress and enhance plant growth in the drought regions.

Pengaruh priming terhadap vigor benih kedelai (Glycine max (L.) Merril.) yang dikecambahkan pada media dengan cekaman alumunium

Kandungan aluminium yang tinggi pada tanah Ultisol merupakan salah satu masalah utama dalam budidaya tanaman kedelai mulai dari fase perkecambahan hingga pertumbuhan tanaman. Perlakuan priming pada benih diyakini mampu memperbaiki perkecambahan pada lingkungan yang kurang menguntungkan. Penelitian dilakukan untuk mengetahui pengaruh priming pada perkecambahan benih kedelai yang dikecambahkan dalam media masam dan mengandung aluminium. Penelitian disusun dalam Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) pola faktorial. Faktor pertama adalah jenis priming : tanpa priming, H2O (air), KNO3 1%, KNO3 2%, GA3 50 ppm, GA3 100 ppm, dan PEG 6000 7,5%. Faktor kedua adalah varietas kedelai yaitu: Anjasmoro, Burangrang, dan Grobogan. Data dianalisis sidik ragamnya dan dilanjutkan dengan uji Beda Nyata Jujur (BNJ) 5% menggunakan program statistika R Studio. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan priming PEG 7,5% dan varietas Burangrang secara mandiri merupakan perlakuan terbaik untuk meningkatkan vigor benih kedelai berdasarkan variabel waktu muncul kecambah, kecepatan perkecambahan, dan panjang hipokotil. Implikasi penelitian ini adalah PEG 7,5% dapat digunakan untuk perbaikan perkecambahan pada tanah masam dengan kandungan aluminium yang relatif tinggi. High aluminium content in Ultisol is the main problem in soybean cultivation from germination to planting growth phases.Priming treatment is believed to improve seed germination in a poor-growing environment. This study aimed to determine the effect of priming of soybean seeds germinated under acid medium and aluminium stress. The experimental design used was Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with factorial pattern. The first factor was priming type : no priming, H2O (water), 1% KNO3, 2% KNO3, 50 ppm GA3, 100 ppm GA3, and 7.5% PEG 6000. The second factor was soybean variety : Anjasmoro, Burangrang, and Grobogan. The data obtained were analyzed using the R Studio statistic program with a 5% HSD test. The study resulted that each PEG 7.5% priming and Burangrang variety independently was the best in increasing soybean seed vigor based on sprout time emergence, germination speed and hypocotyl length. This research implicates that PEG 7.5% can be used to improve seed germination on acid soils with high aluminium content.

Improving of true shallot seeds germination by the application of plant growth regulators and osmoconditioning treatment

This study aims to determine the effect of the application of plant growth regulators and osmoconditioning treatment to improve the germination of true shallot seeds. This research was conducted in Asam Kumbang, Medan Selayang, Medan, Indonesia. The research method was a Randomize Block Design with 2 factors, the first factor is Plant Growth Regulators (Z) with 6 levels, namely Z0 (Without PGRs Application), Z1 (Gibberellin 500 ppm), Z2 (Putrescine 15 ppm), Z3 (Putrescine 20 ppm), Z4 (Putrescine 15 ppm + Gibberellin 500 ppm), Z5 (Putrescine 20 ppm + Gibberellin 500 ppm). The second factor was the osmoconditioning treatment with Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) 6000 (O) with 4 levels, namely O0 (Without Osmoconditioning Treatment), O1 (PEG 6000 3%), O2 (PEG 6000 4%), O3 (PEG 6000 5%). Parameters observed were germination rate, germination rate index, percentage of germination, germination ability, simultaneous growth of seeds, seedling length, root length, seedling dry weight, and catalase activity test. The results of this study were: application of plant growth regulators could improve true shallot seed germination, indicated by the observed values of all parameters which were significantly different from those of the control (without PGRs application). The plant growth regulator that produced the best increase in germination was Gibberellins 500 ppm, although the difference in effect with other PGRs was not significantly different. Meanwhile, the osmoconditioning treatment with PEG 6000 was also able to improve the germination of true shallot seeds as indicated by an increase in most of the observed parameters, but in the root length parameter it was seen that the tendency of PEG 6000 3% always gave the highest value but gave the lowest value for this parameter. The best concentration of PEG 6000 in the osmoconditioning treatment to improve true shallot seed germination was 3%.

The Effect of Invigoration Using Polyethylene Glycol And Ultra Fine Bubble on Improving of Sengon Seeds (Falcataria Moluccana Miq.) Quality After Two Years Storage

Utilization of seeds storage results in decreased plant productivity. The increase can be used by treating seeds before planting through the technique of invigoration. This purpose of the study is to assess the effectiveness of invigoration methods using polyethylene glycol (PEG 6000) and ultrafine bubbles (UFB) to improve viability and vigor of sengon seeds (Falcataria moluccana). Seed agieng using 96 % ethanol was carried out to obtain the diversity of seedlot viability as the materials for testing the effectiveness of invigoration treatments. A complete random design was used to test the effectiveness of 5 invigoration treatments, i.e., seed without invigoration treatment, soaking in PEG 6000 -0.8 Mpa, soaking in PEG 6000 -1.2 Mpa, soaking in UFB water injected by environmental air, and soaking in UFB water injected by oxygen 99 %, with soaking time is 24 hours for each treatment. Seed agieng resulted three classes of seed viability, i.e. 62 % (initial seed), 83 % (seed agieng for 30 minutes) and 57 % (seed agieng for 60 minutes). In the condition of seed germination before treatment (DBA) 57 % and DBA 62%, invigoration treatments were significantly affected on seed germination capacity, but not significantly different in DBA 83 %. The soaking treatment of UFB injected by oxigen 99 % was able to improve the germination parameters (germination capacity, germination rate, and vigor index) on the sengon seeds with DBA 57 %. For seeds with DBA 62 %, the soaking treatment in UFB injected by environmental air was provided the best germination capacity, T50, and vigor index. The treatment of UFB injected by oxygen 99 % was more effective to improve the seed with very low viability and vigor (DBA 57 %). In general, improving of seed viability and vigor is more effective by using UFB than PEG 6000.

Pengaruh Poliethilen Glikol 6000. 8% Pada Serum Lipemik terhadap Hasil Pemeriksaan Glukosa, SGOT dan SGPT

<p>Setiaplaboratoriumharusmemberikanhasil yang teliti, cepat dan tepat.Dari total kesalahanlaboratorium 61% merupakankontribusidarikesalahanpraanalitik, kesalahananalitik 25%, dan kesalahanpascaanalitik 14%. PraAnalitik merupakantahappersiapanawal, tahapini sangat menentukankualitassampel yang akandihasilkan dan proses kerjaselanjutnya. Ada duakelompokpraanalitikyaitupraanalitikekstralaboratorium dan praanalitik intra laboratorium. Proses praanalitikmeliputipersiapanpasien, cara dan waktupengambilansampel, pengirimansampelkelaboratorium, penanganan, perlakuanterhadap proses persiapansampelsampaiselesaidikerjakan.Kondisi serum lipemikdapatmenggangguhasilpemeriksaankimiadarah ,kususnyapemeriksaanGlukosa , SGOT dan SGPT.Dilakukanpreparasisampellipemiksebelumpemeriksan parameter tersebut. PreparasiberupapresipitasimenggunakanPoliethilenGlikol( PEG).6000 8% SupernatandigunakanuntukpemeriksaanGlukosa dan SGOT ,SGPT. TujuandaripenelitianiniadalahuntukmengetahuipengaruhpresipitasimenggunakanPoliethylenGlikol pada serum LipemikterhadaphasilpemeriksaanGlukosa, SGOT dan SGPT. Penelitiandilakukan di Laboratorium Kimia KlinikJurusan Analis Kesehatan, sampellipemikdiperiksasebelum dan sesudahpresipitasimenggunakan (PEG) 6000 8% sejumlah 30 kali pengulangan.Hasilsebelum dan sesudahpresipitasi di analisamenggunakan Independent Sampel T test.diperoleh p value sebesar 0,000 berartiadaperbedaansebelum dan setelahpresipitasidengan PEG 6000.8%.</p>

Formulation and Optimization of Dolutegravir Fast Dissolving Tablets Using Various Solubility Enhancement Methods

Dolutegravir is a HIV-1 antiviral agent to control HIV/AIDS. In the present study Dolutegravir solid dispersion has been subjected to improve the solubility and dissolution rate performance by formulating as fast dissolving tablets, in which PEG 6000 and Poloxamer 407 were used as polymers. Solid dispersions of Dolutegravir were prepared with different carriers in different ratios of drug and carriers such as PEG 6000 and Poloxamer 407 (1:1, 1:2 and 1:3) by solvent evaporation and fusion method. The pre-compression and post-evaluation parameters were studied and the results were shown. All the results were within acceptable IP limits Finally, by comparing all the dissolution profile of solid dispersions , formulation F3 containing Dolutegravir + PEG 6000 (1:3) showed better results by solvent evaporation method at the end of 60 min with maximum drug release, hence it is selected as the best formulation. From the obtained optimized solid dispersion formulation, the fast dissolving tablets were prepared by using different concentrations of various super disintegrants. The in-vitro drug releases of the formulated Dolutegravir tablets were performed using a 6.8 pH Phosphate buffer as dissolution medium. The optimized DF3 formulation containing Sodium starch glycolate (SSG) (6% w/w) as super disintegrant, and it showed 98.04±1.9 % percentage drug release at 25 min. Characterization in solid-state were done by analytical methods such as UV-Visible, FT-IR studies. The optimized formulation followed first order release kinetics.

Effect of PEG Induced Drought Stress on Seed Germination and Seedling Growth of Greengram Genotypes

Greengram (Vigna radiata L. Wilczek) is the third most important pulse crop and drought is the most severe constraint to greengram growth and productivity. The present study was conducted to identify the drought tolerant greengram genotypes. Four greengram varieties used for standarization of drought stress using Polyethyleneglycol (PEG) 6000. The effect of water stress caused by different concentration of PEG 6000 are control (0 MPa), -0.4MPa, -0.5 MPa, -0.6MPa and -0.7 MPa. Increasing PEG concentration decrease the germination percentage, root length, shoot length, fresh weigh and dry weight of seedlings. At -0.5 MPa shows 50% seedling mortality , So control and -0.5 MPa level of drought stress was used for screening the greengram genotypes. Under PEG induced drought situations, parameters such as germination percentage, growth indices and proline content were recorded in all greengram genotypes. Compared to control, PEG induced drought stress (-0.5MPa) decrease all these parameters studied, where as drought has increased the proline content in all greengram genotypes screened. Among the greengram genotypes VGG17019 and VGG17004 posses higher germination percentage, GSI and proline content indicates high level of tolerance to drought stress.

Identification of PEG 6000 concentrations for assessing drought resistance in millet genotypes during the seed germination phase

Background. Using LD50 concentrations of the osmotic PEG 6000 to select millet genotypes during seed germination for drought resistance breeding is the best way of millet genotype differentiation according to the studied trait.Materials and methods. The millet cultivars ‘Omriyane’, ‘Kharkovskoe 57’, ‘Konstantinovskoe’, ‘Slobozhanskoe’, and the accession IR 5 were selected as the test material. Water stress was applied through five concentrations of PEG (6000 MW): 11.5%, 15.3%, 19.6%, 23.5%, 28.9%, and 0.0% (control). On the sixth day of incubation, millet seed germination was measured. The regression method for assessing LD50 (half-lethal dose) by V. B. Prozorovskii was used to theoretically substantiate the selection of an optimal osmotic concentration, which would be most accurate in identifying the level of drought tolerance in millet genotypes during seed germination.Results and conclusions: The 15.3% to 28.9% concentrations of PEG 6000 solutions had a negative effect on seed germination of millet genotypes. A strongly suppressed seed germination rate was observed at the PEG concentration of 23.5%: germination percentage in all cultivars (except for IR 5, with 56.0%) fell below 50%. Calculations according to the Verhulst logistic curve and the probit analysis by V. B. Prozorovskii’s technique showed that the mean LD50 concentration of PEG 6000 solutions for all studied genotypes was 23.03%. Thus, as a result of the analysis of our experimental data and their statistical processing, we recommended the 23.0% concentration of PEG 6000 solution as the most differentiating in terms of drought resistance in the millet seed germination phase.

Differentiation of accessions from the national lentil collection according to the level of drought resistance on a various concentrations PEG-6000 solution

Aim. assessment of accessions from the lentil national collectionon the level of drought resistance on a PEG-6000 solution. Methods. The germination was carried out in growth plates on a filter paper bed at t = 21ºC for five days. A working solution of PEG-6000 with concentrations of 15.0% and 19.5% was used. The control was germinated in distilled water. The length of the shoot and root was measured and the level of depression of growth processes was calculated. Results. When germinating on a PEG-6000 solution with 19.5% concentration, the overwhelming number of accessions had depression indicators for shoots above 85% and above 60% for roots, and therefore it was not possible to isolate samples tolerant to the action of PEG-6000. When germinating on a 15% solution of PEG-6000, a wider range of variation was noted: depression in feature of “root length” ranged from 0% to 100%, “shoot length” - from 50% to 100%. The calculated Spearman's rank correlation coefficient confirms that shoots, in comparison with roots, are more sensitive to the action of osmotic in both variants of the experiment. Conclusions. The concentration of PEG-6000 was established for the selection of sources and the ranking of samples by drought resistance. Sources of drought resistance were identified from the studied sample – accessions subsp. microsperma: 8-MIL M 5 (UD0600007, France), UD0600028 (Ethiopia), Giza 9 (UD0600065, Egypt) and the accession-standard of drought resistance is Gornostepnaya (UD0600131, Armenia) subsp. microsperma. Keywords: lentil, PEG-6000, concentration, sources of drought resistance.